Vertical distribution of sand-dust aerosols and the relationships with atmospheric environment

The vertical distribution of aerosols in the troposphere is important for determining their effects on cli- mate. The vertical distribution of aerosols under different atmospheric conditions in the free troposphere was di- rectly observed using a surface micro-pulse LIDAR （MPL） and a TP/WVP-3000 microwave radiometer at the Semi-Arid Climate ＆ Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University （SACOL, 35.95~N, 104.10~E） in the western Loess Plateau, China, in the spring of 2008. The results showed two possible transportation paths of a sandstorm from May 1 to May 4 in 2008. In one path, sand-dust aerosols were transported toward the east from the Taklimakan Desert to the Badain Jaran Desert and the Tengger Desert by a westerly wind and then toward the southeast to Jingtai and Lanzhou. A weak aerosol index （AI） indicated another possible transport path toward the east from the Taklimakan Desert to the Qaidam Basin and through the Tibetan Plateau eastward to SACOL. The aerosol profile of sandstorm processes over the SACOL area displayed three patterns： a single peak distribution under stable at- mospheric conditions, indicating urban aerosol distribution; an exponential decrease under unstable atmospheric conditions in the presence of a sandstorm; and a slight change in the mixed layer during the first and last stages of the sandstorm, indicative of thorough mixing during lifting and deposition stages. Analyses of the aerosol layer height （ALH） showed that there are two types of ALH diurnal variation. The ALH during the first sandstorm stage was complex and disordered, and affected by atmospheric circulation. While the ALH had obvious diurnal variation in the other stage, the ALH and aerosol extinction coefficient （AEC） had a single peak, and was higher in the af- ternoon and lower in the morning. In the second case the ALH was in agreement with the atmospheric boundary layer height （BLH） variation. As a result of the development of the atmospheric boundary layer （ABL） during day and maintenance at night, ALH during sandstorm-free days showed obvious diurnal variations. Multiple vertical distribu- tion patterns of sand-dust aerosols will result in different climate effects; therefore, the vertical distribution patterns can be used to parameterize climate and aerosol models.

Dependence of the AGCM Climatology on the Method of Prescribing Surface Boundary Conditions and Its Climatological Implication

By using IAP 9L AGCM, two sets of long-term climatological integration have been performed with the two different interpolation procedures for generating the daily surface boundary conditions. One interpolation procedure is the so-called “traditional” scheme, for which the daily surface boundary conditions are obtained by linearly interpolating between the observed monthly mean values, however the observed monthly means cannot be preserved after interpolation. The other one is the “new” scheme, for which the daily surface boundary conditions are obtained by linearly interpolating between the “artificial” monthly mean values which are based on, but are different from the observed ones, after interpolating with this new scheme, not only the observed monthly mean values are preserved, the time series of the new generated daily values is also more consistent with the observation. Comparison of the model results shows that the differences of the globally or zonally averaged fields between these two integrations are quite small, and this is due to the compensating effect between the different regions. However, the differences of the two patterns (the global or regional geographical distributions), are quite significant, for example, the magnitude of the difference in the JJA mean rainfall between these two integrations can exceed 2 mm/ day over Asian monsoon regions, and the difference in DJF mean surface air temperature can also exceed 2?C over this region. The fact that the model climatology depends quite strongly on the method of prescribing the daily surface boundary conditions suggests that in order to validate the climate model or to predict the short-term climate anomalies, either the “new? interpolation scheme or the high frequency surface boundary conditions (e.g., daily or weekly data instead of the monthly data) should be introduced. Meanwhile, as for the coupled model, the daily coupling scheme between the different component climate models ( e.g., atmospheric and oceanic general circulation models) is preferred in order to partly eliminate the “climate drift” problem which may appear during the course of direct coupling.

国家气候观象台多维度观测能力建设及科学研究——以深圳为例

国家气候观象台是中国国家级气象观测的重要节点,发展国家气候观象台的观测能力,并依托其开展有特色的科学研究,有助于推动我国大气科学发展。深圳国家气候观象台是我国珠三角经济圈环境综合观测区唯一的国家级气候观象台,经过20余年的持续不断建设,已具备了城市—郊区的对比监测、气象—环境的联合监测、地面—高空的立体监测和陆地—海洋的协同监测等多方面的监测能力。基于深圳国家气候观象台的观测数据,大气科学领域的学者们已在粤港澳大湾区城市气候、边界层风特性及致灾机理、大气环境与环境气象、气候资源、地闪雷电特征等多个领域开展研究并取得了丰硕的成果,进一步丰富了对这些领域的科学认识。此外,深圳国家气候观象台还支撑了深圳本地的防灾减灾、城市管理、城市规划以及生态文明建设等工作,已逐渐成为发挥气象观测社会效益的典范。

SENSITIVITY TESTS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN LAND SURFACE PHYSICAL PROCESS AND ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER

In this paper,an interactive model between land surface physical process and atmosphere boundary layer is established,and is used to simulate the features of soil environmental physics, surface heat fluxes,evaporation from soil and evapotranspiration from vegetation and structures of atmosphere boundary layer over grassland underlying.The sensitivity experiments are engaged in primary physics parameters.The results show that this model can obtain reasonable simulation for diurnal variations of heat balance,soil volumetric water content,resistance of vegetation evaporation,flux of surface moisture,and profiles of turbulent exchange coefficient,turbulent momentum,potential temperature,and specific humidity.The model developed can be used to study the interaction between land surface processes and atmospheric boundary layer in city regions,and can also be used in the simulation of regional climate incorporating a mesoscale model.

Numerical simulations on atmospheric stability conditions and urban airflow at five climate zones in China

Due to the quick development of urbanization,it is important to provide a healthy urban environment for the dweller.Previous studies have obtained valuable conclusions of how to improve the urban airflow distribution under isothermal conditions.How to adopt and interpret those conclusions when considering the solar-induced atmospheric stability conditions have not been clarified yet.In this study,the characteristics of atmospheric stability condition and influence of diurnal varying solar-induced thermal effect on urban airflow inside the idealized building arrays were investigated at five cities located at five climate zones in China.Urban energy model,CitySim,was employed to simulate the annual distribution of solar-induced walls’temperatures inside the idealized building arrays.The diurnal varying wall temperatures at the hottest days were set as thermal boundary conditions in computational fluid dynamic(CFD)simulations.With albedo value of 0.5,the possibility of adopting the results from isothermal condition directly ranged from 7%to 11%for the five cities in China throughout the year.The unstable condition ocuppied from 19%to 24%annually and the stable condition of more than 40%annually was observed.Under the diurnal varying solar-induced thermal effect,the spatially-averaged air speeds and airflow patterns were significantly different from the isothermal conditions.The percent of Richardson number under different atmospheric stability conditions annually based on the Citysim simulation results indicated that the atmospheric stability was most likely determined by the local climate characteristics and albedo value rather than the building layouts at the five selected cities in China,but this should be further investigated when the shadow effects of surrounding buildings were considered in simulations.

External Weather Data Assimilation to Simulate Wind and Temperature Fields in the Region of Gualeguaych~, Argentina

This work shows the comparison between the results of wind and temperature simulation and data weather measurements in low layers near Gualeguaychfi City, Argentine, for 12 h in January 1, 2011. The model ARPS （advanced regional prediction system） with two options in the boundary conditions is used. In such conditions, wave-radiating open （radiative） with relaxation to the initial state were used while otherwise used absorbing boundary conditions data forced from MBLM （meso-scale boundary layer model） operational forecasters used by the National Weather Office. The results of both simulations are compared with data measured by three weather stations located around of the Uruguay River. As both simulations are initialized using the same data, there is a better agreement between the values obtained by forcing the boundary conditions for which are using ＂radiative＂ boundary conditions after 2 h physical time from the start of the simulation.

琼州海峡一次持续性海雾过程分析

利用中国第一代全球大气/陆面再分析产品(China’s first generation global atmospheric/land surface reanalysis product,简称CRA),结合地面自动站观测、中国气象局陆面数据同化系统的能见度格点数据、葵花8号卫星资料,分析了2021年1月21—26日琼州海峡一次持续性海雾过程的发展演变、环流形势以及边界层特征,同时分析了两种不同类型雾的形成机制。结果表明:(1)21—22日为低层冷空气扩散形成的锋面雾;23—26日为冷高后部偏东气流型平流雾过程,其中23日23:00至24日14:00大雾发展最强盛,连续12个时次出现特强浓雾,最小能见度达25 m。(2)锋面雾阶段,偏北风影响,风速为1~3 m/s;平流雾阶段,偏东风影响,风速为4~6 m/s。(3)锋面雾阶段,水汽辐合中心位于琼州海峡南岸至海南岛东北部陆地,大雾在陆地开始发展。平流雾阶段,水汽辐合中心位于琼州海峡北岸至海南岛东部海面一带,大雾自海上发展。(4)锋面雾阶段,逆温层在950 hPa左右高度发展,为下冷上暖的平流配置;平流雾阶段,950 hPa以下均为暖平流,逆温层从地面开始发展。大雾过程中锋面雾和平流雾两种不同性质大雾的发展使得大雾长时间维持。

重庆冬季大气气溶胶的物理、化学特征

利用2001—2002年重庆冬季大气气溶胶粒子观测资料，分析了气溶胶粒子的数浓度、质量浓度、谱分布、化学元素组成及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明，重庆冬季大气气溶胶数浓度与我国其他大城市处于同一水平，大于0．3μm气溶胶粒子的平均数浓度为225．3个／cm^3（最大337．8个／cm^3）；冷空气入侵和降水是局地气溶胶的主要清除机制，雾的存在可以显著地改变气溶胶数浓度的一般日变化规律；PM10占TSP（Total Suspended Particles，总悬浮颗粒物）质量浓度的60％～80％；人为污染元素S、zn、As、Ph等在细粒子中富集较高。

陆面过程和大气边界层相互作用敏感性实验

文中建立了一个研究陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用的模式。模拟了草原下垫面的土壤 环境物理、地面热量通量、蒸发、蒸散及大气边界层结构特征。并对主要的环境物理参数进 行了敏感性实验。结果表明，本模式能合理地模拟地表热量平衡、土壤体积含水量、植被蒸 发阻抗、地表水汽通量日变化和湍流交换系数、湍流动能、位温和比湿廓线等。该模式还可 进一步应用于研究城市陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用机制，及与中尺度大气模式耦合用于区域气候的研究。

复杂条件陆-气相互作用研究领域有关科学问题探讨

实际大气都是在复杂条件之下,所以复杂条件带来的问题已成为陆-气相互作用研究领域面临的最大科学挑战,严重制约了该领域研究成果在解决实际天气气候问题中的应用。在概要总结近年来中国复杂条件陆-气作用研究领域进展的基础上,对复杂条件下陆-气相互作用有关的科学问题进行了探讨。从陆面过程和大气边界层这两个陆-气相互作用的关键环节分析了影响陆-气相互作用复杂条件的机制,归纳了复杂条件下陆-气相互作用研究领域面临的关键科学问题。同时,以复杂下垫面陆面过程和非均匀大气边界层问题为重点讨论了突破复杂条件陆-气相互作用关键科学问题的基本思路,并对进一步开展复杂条件陆-气相互作用研究提出了初步的科学建议。

城市及乡村大气边界层结构的数值模拟

建立了一个研究城乡非均匀下垫面陆面物理过程与大气边界层相互作用的模式。模拟了城市及郊区、乡村下垫面的地面热量通量、地表温度、混合层高度及大气边界层结构等特征。对城乡之间的差别进行了对比。模式主要依赖于以下参数和物理量 :地面反照率、下垫面粗糙度、土壤的可含水量、下垫面的热容量和热扩散系数、云量等参数。结果表明 ,本模式能合理地模拟不同地表热量平衡、地表气温、混合层高度、湍流交换系数、湍流动能、位温廓线等 ,以及它们的日变化。该模式所取参数主要针对北京市 ,时间为九月初 ,对于其他城市 ,参数应作相应的调整。本模式还可以用于其他均匀或非均匀下垫面的模拟。

夏季巴丹吉林沙漠陆面热状况对边界层高度影响的模拟实验

利用中尺度天气模式WRF对夏季晴天巴丹吉林沙漠地表温度、感热通量和边界层高度进行了数值模拟,研究了不同陆面热状况下边界层高度的变化特征。结果表明:WRF模式可以较好地模拟出沙漠的陆面热状况和边界层高度的变化;白天感热输送越强、地表温度越高时,对流边界层高度越高;夜间负感热越强、地表温度越低时,稳定边界层高度越厚。白天对流边界层变化与地表温度、感热通量变化呈显著的正相关,表明陆面热状况对对流边界层发展和维持的影响较大;夜间稳定边界层变化与地表温度、感热通量变化的相关性不大,影响夜间稳定边界层发展的因素较多,陆面热状况仅是因素之一。

数值模拟大气边界层中解决壁面函数问题方法研究

在雷诺平均N-S方程湍流模型框架内,壁面函数常用来模型化壁面附近的低雷诺数流动。探讨基于标准湍流模型数值模拟大气边界层中出现的壁面函数问题。在已有标准壁面函数基础上,通过增加一个附加项来模型化地表上面建筑结构等粗糙元由于大小不一、错乱分布对地表附近空气流动产生的附加影响。通过模拟缩尺比为1∶300的具有较大空气动力学粗糙长度的中性大气边界层,以及缩尺比为1∶50的TTU低矮建筑模型在中性大气边界层内的绕流,对附加项的有效性和使用场合进行评估和说明。结果表明:附加项对于解决壁面函数问题,即在计算域内保持来流边界条件是必要的。

大气边界层物理学的研究进展和面临的科学问题

回顾了大气边界层物理学的发展历史 ,总结了该领域国际上目前所取得的主要研究进展 ,提出国内外在未来大气边界层物理学研究方面可能面临的一些主要科学问题 ,还对未来大气边界层物理学的发展方向提出若干建议 。

基于FLUENT的大气边界层风场LES模拟

通过拟周期边界条件、布置粗糙元和添加随机扰动等措施实现了大气边界层风场的LES模拟。对可能影响数值模拟结果的网格密度、粗糙元高度、随机数大小、随机数赋值方向及范围等主要参数进行分析,确定其影响规律,并据此生成满足目标要求的四类不同地貌大气边界层风场。结果表明,本文的模拟结果满足结构抗风计算的要求,验证了本文所采用的数值模拟方法的可行性,为后续进行结构绕流的大涡模拟提供了有价值的来流生成方法。

山丘地形的陆面过程及边界层特征的模拟

将模式NP 89的陆面过程参数化方法应用到北京大学的三维复杂地形中尺度数值模式中 ,得到了一个较理想的三维陆面过程及边界层模式 ,利用这个改进的三维模式对 2 0km× 2 0km范围的山丘地形的陆面过程及边界层特征进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明 ,由于地形阻挡所造成山后的湍流较山前强 ,进而造成近地面温度梯度和感热支出小 ,最终造成山后的温度比山前的温度明显偏高 ;而且随着山高的增加 ,这种现象更加明显 ,即该模式对山丘地形条件下的陆面过程和大气边界层特征具有较强的模拟能力 ;模拟结果合理 ,对研究过山气流形成机制、起伏地形大气边界层物理特征和污染物的扩散具有理论和应用价值。

一个可供现代数学分析研究的气候动力学模型

针对以往大气动力学方程和气候动力学方程数学研究所使用模式的不足之处，本文作了改进，使数学模型更接近于实际情况。这些包括，（１）取大气上界气压为零，而非某个正的（小）常数；（２）消除了整层无辐散近似，从而使地面气压为直接的预报量，但在地面气压预报方程中加入了水平湍流扩散项（平滑）；（３）对大气运动的内热源的辐射传输过程和水汽相变过程作了合理的处理，而非看作已知的外强迫，用适当的方法可以用解析函数较好地逼近这些过程。另外还提出合理的边界条件。我们的目的是要证明这样提出的初—边值问题的解的存在性，以后还可研究其基本性质和长期行为。

平衡大气边界层自保持及TTU风压数值模拟

构造合理且满足水平均匀性的大气边界层是计算风工程的一个重要难题.基于雷诺平均方法,采用标准k-ε湍流模型,结合Richards&Hoxey入口条件,对数值风洞的顶面边界条件施加剪切应力修正,进行二维空流场的平衡大气边界层模拟,给出了一类能够较好满足大气边界层自保持要求的流场边界条件.并将此类边界条件同时运用到标准k-ε湍流模型和SST(shear stress transport)k-ω湍流模型中,针对美国德克萨斯技术大学模型场地试验进行三维流场全尺寸数值模拟,验证了所提边界条件对上述两类双方程湍流模型在低矮建筑钝体绕流的适用性.

大气边界层的研究——从均匀到非均匀

主要从理论、试验角度对大气边界层的研究进行了简要的回顾,尤其对近年来倍受关注的非均匀地表条件下的边界层研究进行了较详细的介绍,并对大气边界层的研究进行了展望。20世纪50年代,Monin和Obukhov提出的Monin-Obukhov相似理论,为现代大气边界层物理学奠定了基础。之后进行的多次大型综合性外场试验,不仅揭示和发现了大气边界层中的许多现象和规律,也验证和发展了Monin-Obukhov相似理论。80年代以后,非均匀地表条件下的大气边界层研究越来越受到关注,一些新的现象被揭示,新的问题被提出,同时也提出了一些新的概念和研究方法。未来10 a,除大气湍流机理等需长期坚持研究外,还应进一步开展非均匀复杂下垫面边界层研究、城市边界层研究和局地边界层气象预报研究。

超细粉尘的扬尘机理研究

目前对一般尘源控制研究较少，系统的粉尘扬尘（尘化）机理的研究更少，为此，作为首要问题提出弄清尘化机理，从源头上控制治理粉尘。对粉尘颗粒所受作用力进行分析，特别就超细粉尘的扬尘机理提出相应的物理模型。初步研究表明，1～10μm的粉尘关键是受机械力、升力和粘滞动力的影响；几微米的粉尘颗粒从静止到与主流速度一致，在瞬间即可完成；微细粉尘扬尘过程是极其复杂多变的。