A Global Ocean Biogeochemistry General Circulation Model and its Simulations

An ocean biogeochemistry model was developed and incorporated into a global ocean general circulation model （LICOM） to form an ocean biogeochemistry general circulation model （OBGCM）. The model was used to study the natural carbon cycle and the uptake and storage of anthropogenic CO2 in the ocean. A global export production of 12.5 Pg C yr-1 was obtained. The model estimated that in the pre-industrial era the global equatorial region within ~15~ of the equator released 0.97 Pg C yr-1 to the atmosphere, which was balanced by the gain of CO2 in other regions. The post-industrial air sea CO2 flux indicated the oceanic uptake of CO2 emitted by human activities. An increase of 20-50 ~mol kg-1 for surface dissolved inorganic carbon （DIC） concentrations in the 1990s relative to pre-industrial times was obtained in the simulation, which was consistent with data-based estimates. The model generated a total anthropogenic carbon inventory of 105 Pg C as of 1994, which was within the range of estimates by other researchers. Various transports of both natural and anthropogenic DIC as well as labile dissolved organic carbon （LDOC） were estimated from the simulation. It was realized that the Southern Ocean and the high-latitude region of the North Pacific are important export regions where accumulative air-sea CO2 fluxes are larger than the DIC inventory, whereas the subtropical regions are acceptance regions. The interhemispheric transport of total natural carbon （DIC＋LDOC） was found to be northward （0.11 Pg C yr-1）, which was just balanced by the gain of carbon from the atmosphere in the Southern Hemisphere.

Biogeochemistry of Nutrient Elements in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary

Based on the biogeochemical studies on nutrient elements in the Changjiang estuary, the main results and recent progresses are reviewed in this paper, such as the nutrient fluxes into the sea, the mixing behaviors, the distribution characteristics and transportation as well as the biogeochemical behaviors of nutrients in the plume frontal region. The exploring directions and research emphases in the future are proposed.

Advances in Chinese and international biogeochemistry research in the western Arctic Ocean: a review

Over the past decades, the Arctic Ocean has experienced rapid warming under climate change, which has dramatically altered its physical and biogeochemical properties. Reduction in the sea-ice cover is one of the most important driving forces of biogeochemical changes in the Arctic Ocean. Between 1999 and 2016, seven Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditions have taken place in the Bering and Chukchi seas, allowing assessment of the biogeochemical response of the western Arctic Ocean to global warming. Herein, we summarize advances in Chinese and international marine biogeochemistry research in the western Arctic Ocean, reviewing results from the Chinese expeditions and highlighting future trends of biogeochemistry in the Pacific Arctic region. The findings reported in this paper contribute towards a better understanding of water masses, greenhouse gases, nutrients, ocean acidification, and organic carbon export and burial processes in this region.

Biogeochemistry of Plane Trees as a Tool to Detect Atmospheric Pollution

The plane tree, which is a valuable tool to detect atmospheric pollution, is one of the most common trees in European cities. Soil and leaf samplings were carried out in Barcelona and its environs (NE Spain) to establish the soil-plant relationship. Dry and ashed leaves and soils were analyzed by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP/OES) at the ACTLABS laboratories in Ontario, Canada. Given that diesel is the main fuel used in vehicles in Europe, we sought to establish the role of diesel in atmospheric pollution. Diesel samples were obtained from service stations and analyzed after preconcentration using ICP/MS at the geochemistry laboratories of the University of Barcelona. The average content of diesel oil shows high values of Pb, Cu, Cr, Ag, Cd and Mn. High values of Pb, Cu, Au, Hg and Sb in leaves and soils were detected downtown and along main roads outside the city, whereas low levels of these elements were observed in rural areas.

Biogeochemistry of Lake Baikal Stony Littoral

The problem of biogenic income from rocks into a water ecosystem and of their use by hydrobionts is considered by the example of Lake Baikal biogeocenoses. A complex interreaction of stony material and Baikal water occurs on the stony littoral of Lake Baikal with an active participation of benthic and planktonic hydrobionts. Biogeochemical processes enable income of biophile elements providing productivity of stony littoral and hydrobionts biodiversity. A particular role in the littoral zone belongs to symbiotic organisms: lichens and sponges. They extract from the tocks a wide spectrum of macro- and micro- elements including phosphorus, fixe nitrogen and consume carbon. Biodiversity and bioproductivity of stony littoral depend on the diversity of petrographic composition of the rocks and on their geochemical peculiarities. Increase of anthropogenic impact onto the stony littoral manifested by income of biogenic elements and alien microbial cenosis flow results in degradation of primary aquatic biogeocenoses.

《Studies of the Biogeochemistry of Typical Estuaries and Bays in China》即将出版

由中国科学院海洋研究所沈志良研究员主编的《Studies of the Biogeochemistry of Typical Estuaries and Bays in China》将由Springer出版社出版。这是一部专门论述中国典型河口、海湾生物地球化学研究的书籍,以长江口和胶州湾为主要研究区域,研究内容包括营养盐、悬浮颗粒物、浮游植物、重金属等,涉及生物地球化学、生态学、环境科学、海洋化学、海洋生物学等多个学科。

Spatial patterns of phytoplankton communities in an International Seabed Authority licensed area(COMRA,Clarion-Clipperton Zone)in relation to upper ocean biogeochemistry

The Clarion-Clipperton Zone(CCZ)hosts one of the largest known oceanic nodule fields worldwide and is regulated by the International Seabed Authority.A baseline assessment of diversity and distribution patterns is essential for reliable predictions of disturbed ecosystem response scenarios for sustained commercial activities in the future.In the present study,the spatial patterns and diversity of phytoplankton communities were analyzed along with upper ocean biogeochemistry,in the licensed China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association(COMRA)contract area and the surrounding western CCZ between August 21 and October 8,2017.Results indicated this was a typical low-nutrient low-chlorophyll a(Chl a)environment,characterized by low levels of phytoplankton abundance and diversity.In total 112 species belonging to 4 phyla were recorded(>10μm),with species counts including 82 diatoms,27 dinoflagellates,1 cyanobacteria and 2 chrysophyte.Dominant taxa in successive order of descending abundance and occurrence included Nizschia marina,Cyclotella stylorum,Dactyliosolen mediterraneus,Rhizosolenia setigera,Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima,Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii,Synedra sp.,Chaetoceros simplex and Pseudo-nitzschia circumpora.The depth-averaged abundance and Chl a concentrations were(265±233)cells/L and(0.27±0.30)μg/L,respectively.Diatoms accounted for 90.94%of the community with(241±223)cells/L,while dinoflagellates accounted for 5.67%and(15±13)cells/L.The distribution pattern exhibited the same trend as abundance,Chl a and species richness,showing subsurface maximum levels at around 100 m,with stations near 10°N having higher levels than in the north.Cluster analysis was performed in two assemblages,relating to geographic locations to the south and north of 12°N.The subsurface maximum of abundance,Chl a,species richness,dissolved oxygen and nitrite were generally corresponding to the presence of high salinity North Pacific Central Water at depths of 50-120 m.Higher availability of nitrate,phosphate and silicic acid in the subsurface may account for the shift in phytoplankton distribution,as shown by redundancy correspondence and spearman correlation analysis.Diel variation in an anchor station demonstrated prominent species succession without significant differences in oceanographic variables,among which diatoms succession resulted from the light limitation,while dinoflagellate diel variation mainly related to lateral transport of water masses.The observed patchiness in spatial phytoplankton distributional patterns was attributed to upper ocean environmental gradients in the CCZ.The baseline generated in this study could be analyzed using current conservation strategy programs associated with deep-sea mining.

Modeling Biogeochemistry, the Key for Understanding Environmental Chemistry of a Semi-Arid Soil in Egypt

Modeling geochemistry of the studied Bahtim catchment in Egypt provides a powerful tool for untangling various connections and feedbacks between atmospheric inputs, vegetation, soil and hydrology within the system. The biogeochemical PROFILE model was used to study the integrated environmental monitoring of different environmental compartments as well as calculating geochemical weathering rate. The model is in steady state and includes multi-layers which have the mineralogical, physical and chemical attributes measured for individual soil layers. In this study, the base cations (Ca+{2+}, Mg+{2+}, Na++, K++) are produced from the minerals through chemical weathering. The total chemical weathering rate of base cations is 6.5 keq+{-1}·ha+{-1}·a+{-1}. In addition, the output results indicate that a small amount of dark minerals like hornblende, pyroxene and plagioclase largely contribute the field weathering rate in Egyptian Vertisols.

贡嘎山冰川退缩区土壤-植物-微生物功能多样性对磷循环的协同作用

对于植物和土壤微生物来说,磷是重要的生命元素。土壤磷的生物有效性随成土过程发生改变,同时植物和土壤微生物通过调整自身养分利用策略,对土壤磷循环产生影响。基于冰川退缩迹地土壤和植被原生演替序列,探讨了土壤-植物-微生物功能多样性的磷循环协同作用过程,分析了贡嘎山海螺沟冰川退缩区4次冰碛物出露时间(1980、1970、1958、1930年)退缩迹地上发育的土壤物理化学性质、磷形态和酶活性的演化规律。结果表明:①随着植被演替和土壤发育,海螺沟冰川退缩区土壤磷含量及其生物有效性发生明显改变;②成土作用初期,微生物促进了原生矿物磷的转化,并为早期植被发育提供养分;随着原生矿物磷释放量的减少,植物养分利用策略经历了由磷回收循环→简单获取→回收循环3个不同阶段;另外,随着植被演替,微生物更多地参与有机磷活化,提升了植物养分重吸收效率;③海螺沟冰川退缩区冰碛物磷的快速流失加剧了植物与微生物对磷的竞争。

水城茶园硒的地球化学特征及富硒茶开发探讨

富硒资源弥足珍贵,利用富硒土壤资源发展富硒功能农业是实施乡村振兴战略的新途径。贵州水城区地处高硒地质背景区,为了高效开发利用当地富硒资源,开发生产富硒农产品,本项研究针对水城区富硒区茶园,进行了硒的生物地球化学研究。结果表明,茶园出露二叠系峨眉山玄武岩、龙潭组煤系地层,硒含量分别为0.267±0.155 mg/kg、1.193±2.698 mg/kg,其中龙潭组石煤硒含量最高,高达11.499 mg/kg,是典型的富硒岩层,为茶园富硒土壤的形成提供了充足的地质来源。茶园土壤总硒含量为0.547~4.954 mg/kg,平均值1.682±0.953 mg/kg,50%的茶园土壤硒含量在1~2 mg/kg范围内,为二级富硒土壤。土壤硒含量受其形成母质的制约,与有机碳含量呈正相关性(r=0.27)。土壤有效硒平均含量为0.139±0.045 mg/kg,平均占总硒的8.31%,与pH关系密切(r=0.69)。茶叶硒含量为0.006~0.196 mg/kg,平均值为0.081±0.049 mg/kg,未达到富硒茶的国家标准。为提升水城茶叶的硒含量,从而达到国家富硒茶的标准,建议采取以下农艺措施:1)改良茶园土壤提升土壤pH值,以便提高土壤中硒的生物利用率;2)施外源硒肥进行硒生物强化;3)改换种植高积累硒茶叶品种。

海洋沉积物孔隙水硫酸盐的硫、氧同位素组成及其对硫生物地球化学过程的指示

海洋沉积物中由微生物硫酸盐还原作用(MSR)驱动的碳、硫耦合作用及甲烷消耗,是影响全球碳、硫循环和气候变化的关键生物地球化学过程。准确认识微生物硫酸盐还原代谢过程及其环境影响因子,是探究MSR驱动的碳、硫循环及生态环境效应的重要基础。沉积物孔隙水中硫酸盐的硫、氧同位素组成是揭示MSR过程及其驱动的硫循环的重要方法。本文从细胞内代谢途径和胞外硫循环过程角度,厘清影响孔隙水硫酸盐硫、氧同位素组成的硫的生物地球化学过程,阐述其在示踪有机质驱动和甲烷驱动的硫酸盐还原过程类型及“隐秘”硫循环的意义,为探究微生物硫酸盐还原作用在地球表层环境演化中的作用提供新启示。

Linking bacterial and archaeal community dynamics to related hydrological,geochemical and environmental characteristics between surface water and groundwater in a karstic estuary

Subterranean estuaries(STEs)are characterized by the mixing of terrestrial fresh groundwater and seawater in coastal aquifers.Although microorganisms are important components of coastal groundwater ecosystems and play critical roles in biogeochemical transformations in STEs,limited information is available about how their community dynamics interact with hydrological,geochemical and environmental characteristics in STEs.Here,we studied bacterial and archaeal diversities and distributions with 16S rRNA-based Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology between surface water and groundwater in a karstic STE.Principal-coordinate analysis found that the bacterial and archaeal communities in the areas where algal blooms occurred were significantly separated from those in other stations without algal bloom occurrence.Canonical correspondence analysis showed that nutrients and salinity can explain the patterns of bacterial and archaeal community dynamics.The results suggest that hydrological,geochemical and environmental characteristics between surface water and groundwater likely control the bacterial and archaeal diversities and distributions in STEs.Furthermore,we found that some key species can utilize terrestrial pollutants such as nitrate and ammonia in STEs,indicating that these species(e.g.,Nitrosopumilus maritimus,Limnohabitans parvus and Simplicispira limi)may be excellent candidates for in situ degradation/remediation of coastal groundwater contaminations concerned with the nitrate and ammonia.Overall,this study reveals the coupling relationship between the microbial communities and hydrochemical environments in STEs,and provides a perspective of in situ degradation/remediation for coastal groundwater quality management.

天然有机质及其在地表环境中的重要性

天然有机质是地表各种环境介质中的重要化学组分,分布广泛.越来越多的研究已经表明:它在地表生态系统的物理、化学和生物过程中都起着十分重要的作用;它与生态系统的各个重要环节密切相关,是生态系统中能量与物质循环的重要途径.因此,天然有机质不仅是生物地球化学、生态学和环境科学等研究领域的重要内容之一,而且也是环境污染的评价、预测和治理研究中的基础理论问题,是目前环境质量、毒理学、环境立法和管理研究共同关注的科学问题.本文主要以陆地地表淡水湖泊与河流水环境为例,对天然有机质的来源、化学结构、循环特征,与养分循环的耦合关系,对有毒金属元素和有机污染物迁移转化和毒性影响机理等几个方面的研究进展进行了简要的总结;针对我国水体富营养化和环境污染等重要环境问题,阐述当前应该采取的研究思路和存在的主要科学内容,并对现代有机环境与生物地球化学学科的研究趋势进行了展望.

沉积物中微生物资源的研究方法及其进展

沉积物生境条件特殊,含有丰富的微生物资源。作为自然界物质循环的主要推动力,沉积物中的微生物在水-沉积物的物质循环中起重要作用,水质变化如污染和富营养化反过来会引起沉积物中微生物群落的改变。沉积物中微生物多样性的研究,有助于从侧面了解上覆水水质、推测其污染及演化历史。沉积物中微生物物种、基因等资源的鉴定和获得,有助于丰富当前对微生物资源的认知领域,并为其在生物技术领域的应用奠定基础。研究描述了沉积物生境的一般特点,并对沉积物中微生物的多样性、微生物种质和基因资源等几个重要方面的研究方法和进展进行了综述。沉积物中微生物的研究是生物地球化学循环研究的基础,必将受到越来越广泛的关注。

植物中汞的研究进展

植物生态系统中汞的环境过程是生物地球化学循环过程的重要组成部分,且与整个生态系统中各物种的生存和发展密切相关。本文介绍了植物中汞生物地球化学循环的进展,包括汞对植物的生物毒性、植物中汞的来源、分布与迁移转化、植物-大气间汞的交换过程及其研究方法,以及植被在生态系统间汞循环中的重要作用,最后简要介绍今后的研究重点和热点。

包气带土体生物地球化学特征与氮转化研究——以河北平原正定试验场剖面为例

为研究氮素的生物地球化学循环问题 ,通过对河北平原典型试验场贯穿包气带 18.5m钻孔剖面土样的物理性质、地球化学指标、有机质含量的测试和微生物的培养鉴定 ,发现土体的氮素、可溶盐含量 (TDS)、Cl-含量以及微生物细菌的变化随深度不呈简单的线性分布。经分析认为 ,剖面中的粘性土层是生物的活性层 ,在氮素转化过程中起主导作用 ;剖面中多种指标的变化与地质结构呈良好对应关系 ,反映环境演化的过程。同时表明 ,包气带存在着更多尚待提取的全球变化对比研究信息。

汞的环境生物地球化学研究进展

汞是毒性极高的全球性环境污染物。即使在极低剂量下,汞对人类和野生动植物都有相当大的毒性,并导致生态系统功能退化和人类健康风险,有关汞及其化合物的环境生物地球化学研究是目前国际上的热点之一。基于近三十年来的相关研究报道,作者阐述了生态环境中汞的分布特征及化学行为、汞的来源及循环、当前汞的暴露及人类健康风险等方面的最新研究动态。同时,指出生态环境中及环境界面间汞的活化、迁移、转化机制研究、人类活动与汞释放间的关系研究以及生态环境中汞的甲基化作用、生物放大作用等过程和交互作用研究等是今后汞的环境生物地球化学领域内的研究重点。

长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物中磷的形态及其与水相磷的关系

研究了长江中下游22个不同生态类型的浅水湖泊表层沉积物中磷的地球化学形态及水相磷含量等水质特征.对沉积物中磷形态的连续提取分析发现,自然粒度下,绝大部分湖泊的沉积物中90%以上的磷是以生物较难利用的形态存在的,活性磷所占比例很小.而在严重污染的城市湖泊中,活性磷含量则可以占到总磷的35%以上.沉积物中活性磷含量的高低与总磷含量并不一致.水草的存在对水相磷含量及沉积物中磷的活性都有显著的影响.水相磷的含量与沉积物中交换态磷的含量、沉积物铁磷比有显著的相关关系.研究表明,沉积物地球化学性质、水体营养盐含量及浅水湖泊生态类型之间存在复杂而密切的联系.

长江口细颗粒泥沙絮凝作用及其制约因素研究

简要介绍了入海河口细颗粒泥沙的絮凝机理;以长江口细颗粒泥沙絮凝作用的研究为例,概述了影响河口细颗粒泥沙絮凝的若干因子;着重介绍了长江口水体生物地球化学过程对于细颗粒泥沙絮凝作用影响的研究进展。在此基础上,结合国内外相关研究的最新进展以及河口工程与环境中的泥沙问题,提出未来工作设想。

海洋中DMSP的研究进展

DMSP(dimethylsulfoniopropionate ,β 二甲基巯基丙酸内盐 )作为DMS(dimethylsulfide ,二甲基硫 )的前体 ,是 1种重要的生源硫化物。根据其在海洋生态系统和生物地球化学循环中所起着的重要作用 ,作者综述了国内外海洋科学工作者十几年来在DMSP研究方面的进展。