Past,present and future of industrial plantation forestry and implication on future timber harvesting technology

Plantation forests are established,and expanding,to satisfy increasing global demand for timber products.Shifting societal values,such as safety,productivity,environmental,quality and social are influencing the plantation forestry sector.This is primarily driven through an ever increasing world population,which in turn influences the way nations view the value systems by which they live.More people require more resources-also forest products.Also,the availability of information is influencing the pace of technological development.These changes could result in a difference in the management of plantations that could affect the forest engineering systems of the future.This review aimed to summarize the current status of plantation forests;summarize future developments and possible scenarios in forest plantation management for the various products;and assess whether these developments in a plantation environment could affect the harvesting systems used.Factors influencing the form of plantations include the type and nature of the plantation owner;the change in demand for different and new forest products;climate change factors,including the use of biomass for energy,carbon sequestration and trading;ecosystem services and other products and services;and sustainability certification of forest management.The impact and influence of these factors were summarised into a series of key drivers that will influence the technology used in harvesting machines,as well as the choice of harvesting machines,systems and methods.These drivers were the effect of variations in tree size,the expansion of plantation areas onto more difficult terrain,diversity in plantation design,increased attention towards site impacts and the increased use of biomass for energy.Specific information is provided regarding how the harvesting systems could be affected.

The status and prospects of in situ grain harvesting technology and its machine system

Two main types of in situ grain harvesttng machine are introduced. The comparison of their working principles and advantages are given. The limitations and prospects for stripper header are discussed.

Impact Assessment of Hillside Rainwater Harvesting Ponds on Agriculture Income: Case Study of Ntarama Sector in Rwanda

Nowadays, rainwater harvesting (RWH) technology is increasingly adopted as a strategic pathway for reducing poverty in rural drought prone areas for enhancing agricultural productivity and boosting farm income. The aim of this study is to assess the level of adoption and the impacts of RWH ponds on farm income in Ntarama sector of Bugesera District in Eastern Province of Rwanda. Fifteen farm ponds were visited and the level at which households adopted RWH ponds, their impact on farm income and performance in storing water were assessed. Interviews and questionnaires methods were used to farm ponds beneficiaries and the storage capacity of farm ponds was calculated to ensure that they meet irrigation water demand. Then, Microsoft excel was used as a data analysis tool. The results show that 42.5% of households have adopted RWH ponds and the adoption level of RWH ponds fails due to the lack of training about the role and use of RWH ponds before their implementation. Beside this the low level of public involvement during the site selection for ponds associated with social conflicts among water users was observed. However, it is further revealed that the use of RWH ponds positively impacts on agricultural income on 1/4 hectare per year by about 2,325,000 RWF (3100USD). The studied portion of area can bear 222 ponds of 120 m3 each if all the rain is harvested throughout the year instead of being three ponds. Furthermore, we found that the quantity of rainwater harvested of 328.5 m3 as a total of the 3 ponds was still too less to meet irrigation water demand. As negative impacts, the RWH technology can cause dangerous effects such as social conflicts, breeding site for mosquitoes, water related diseases, accidents and others with a level of severity of 32%, 24%, 20%, 16% and 8%, respectively. This happens when the RWH ponds are not properly managed.

Strategies for Household Water Supply Improvement with Rainwater Harvesting

There are significant household water supply challenges including quantity sufficiency and quality, which have economic and social implications. The challenges have remained despite the efforts of government establishing centralized or groundwater systems, and/or having individual crude systems. A Tanzanian rural household case study was considered by assessing the performance of a currently relied surface runoff collecting pond system for domestic purposes. A daily water balance model was applied with performance parameters, no water days (NWD) and rainwater usage (RUR). Rooftop runoff harvesting system was proposed as a water supply source in addition to the current one. Under such dual supply conditions, users can meet the drinking and non-drinking demand even in dry seasons at a minimum of 2 and 20 L/person/d, respectively. For rainwater harvesting adoption (considering selected regions), it was further established that amount and variation in rainfall impacts on quantity available for meeting demand. Increased catchment implies increased harvestable quantity, and with same storage higher reduction of number of NWD although with slight decrease of RUR. Also, increased storage is required for achieving higher RUR in case the same demand is maintained. But same storage can be maintained for increased demand relative to catchment size. However, rainwater catchment increase has greater impact on meeting a specified demand under given condition of rainfall quantity and variation. The RWH technology strategies presented in this study are replicable in other developing countries under site specific conditions.

Development and Commercialization of New Autonomous Low Power Systems for Energy Harvesting

This paper evaluates new technologies for energy harvesting from the environment. We assess the reliability, accuracy, and autonomy of low power electronic devices, their market opportunities, and their ability to enhance sustainable development. For small, portable applications that need long lifetime energy supply systems, size, width, finite energy lifetime, and the need for replacement are important drawbacks. New supply alternatives should be explored that are able to make recharging easier or to remove battery dependence altogether. A new trend in the energy sources for low power applications has emerged in recent years, involving the harvesting of the energy available in the environment to supply power for electronic applications instead of using battery technologies that provide only short, finite amounts of energy. In this paper, we describe an all-purpose module of energy harvesting from mechanical, thermal, solar and RF energy sources developed at the University of Barcelona. We provide proof of concept in order to incorporate this novel energy technology in a wide range of applications and environments.

Effects of Rice Combine Harvester Application to Harvest Chinese Milk Vetch Seeds

During the test, the seed yield, Iabor efficiency, harvesting costs and eco-nomic benefits were compared and analyzed between mechanical harvesting tech-noIogy and traditional artificial harvesting technoIogy of Chinese miIk vetch seeds to studied the mechanical harvesting technoIogy and appIication effects. The resuIts showed that mechanical harvesting technoIogy increased the yield of 92.7 kg/hm2, reducing the seeds Ioss. It improved the Iabor efficiency and reduced the harvesting cost. For exampIe, a rice combine harvester was the equal of 18-20 person in the harvest quantity in one day, which directIy reduced the Iabor cost of 2 175-3 000 yuan/hm2 and increased the economic income of 3 307-4 099 yuan/hm2. So it wiI pIay an important roIe in soIving the shortage of Chinese miIk vetch seeds and ac-ceIerating the deveIopment of Chinese miIk vetch green manure crop in south China rice region.

Cultivation and Management Technologies for New Banana Cultivar ‘Refen 1’(Musa Spp. ABB,Pisang Awak Subgroup)

Banana is one of the most important crops in tropical and subtropical regions of China. Fenjiao( Musa Spp. ABB,Pisang Awak subgroup) has been grown by small scale famers because of its stable market price and better sugar-acid blend. However,the traditional Fenjiao variety is susceptible to banana Fusarium wilt,has a high plant height( over 5. 0 m),and farmers lack large-scale planting techniques.Based on the traditional Fenjiao variety,we selected‘Refen 1’variety through mutagenesis technology,which has low temperature resistance,suitable to marginal soils and relatively low plant height( 3. 2-4. 0 m). This paper mainly introduces the major techniques of propagation,cultivation,and post-harvest stages of‘Refen 1’banana,including the selection of explant materials,treatment,disinfection,initial culture,nursery hardening of in vitro-produced banana plants,and transplant of tissue culture seedlings. The major points of the cultivation technology include banana plantation selection and preparation,planting methods,irrigation and fertilizer management,pruning and retaining,and prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests.

北五味子的采收加工与炮制研究进展

总结近年采收期对北五味子中木脂素、有机酸、多糖等多种成分的影响,考察晒干、阴干、烘干等产地初加工方法,以及醋制工艺、酒制工艺、盐制工艺等,炮制后北五味子中化学成分的变化,炮制后北五味子镇静催眠、降血糖、保肝和保肾等药理作用变化情况,指出北五味子具有多种药理活性,在多种常用复方中均有使用,应用前景广泛,但仍需要运用现代科学技术全面开展北五味子采收、加工、炮制等方面的研究,为北五味子的临床合理应用提供参考。

机收玉米新品种牡单27的选育及栽培技术

为了促进机收玉米杂交种牡单27高产栽培的推广与应用,本文介绍了牡单27的选育过程、特征特性、产量表现及栽培管理技术要点。牡单27是黑龙江省农业科学院牡丹江分院以玉米自交系My313为母本,以玉米自交系gl288为父本杂交选育而成,适合籽粒机械收获的玉米新品种。2021年参加黑龙江省第一积温带机收组区域试验平均产量10437.4 kg·hm^(-2),较对照品种益农玉10号增产2.9%;于2022年参加黑龙江省第一积温带机收组生产试验,平均产量达到13158.2 kg·hm^(-2),较对照品种益农玉10号增产7.9%。2023年牡单27通过了黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会的审定(审定编号:黑审玉20230044)。该品种具有耐密、优质、脱水快等特点,为适宜机械化收获的玉米新品种,在黑龙江省春播生育期为120 d,适宜在黑龙江省第一积温带需≥10℃积温2700℃及其他生态条件相近地区种植。

面向新型电力传感器的能量收集技术

电力传感器作为能源互联网的关键基础设施,其持续稳定的电力供应是保证能源互联网高效运行的前提。然而,传统供电方式存在诸多局限。全面梳理了面向新型电力传感器的能量收集技术,包括振动能量收集、温差能量收集、光伏能量收集和电磁能量收集等,这些技术利用环境中的分布式能源,通过不同的转换机理为传感器提供电力,有望解决供电难题。阐述了各种能量收集技术的应用现状,分析了目前所面临的关键技术挑战,如能量转换效率低、工作条件要求苛刻、器件可靠性和集成度有待提高等;探讨了未来能量收集技术的创新方向,包括开发新型高性能材料、优化器件结构设计、使用复合式收集技术等,以期实现更高的能量利用效率,满足新型电力传感器的实际需求,推动智能电网等相关领域的技术创新。

基于虚拟仿真技术的收割机零部件智能化装配研究

为准确实现收割机零部件智能化装配,并获取最佳收割机零部件智能化装配路径,该文设计了基于虚拟仿真技术的收割机零部件智能化装配方法。首先采用Pro/E软件构建收割机零部件三维模型;然后构建收割机零部件智能化装配结构树模型反映收割机与零部件间的父子关联特性,并设计零部件装配约束条件,以约束条件完成收割机零部件智能化装配;最后利用遗传蚁群算法获取收割机零部件智能化装配规划的最佳路径。实验表明,该方法既可实现收割机零部件智能化装配,又可计算出收割机零部件智能化装配规划的最佳路径,提升收割机的智能化装配速度。

基于专利分析的谷物联合收割机全球技术布局

基于专利数据揭示谷物联合收割机技术的全球布局、研究热点以及竞争态势,为中国联合收割机技术挖掘、产业化发展提供参考。以谷物联合收割机为研究对象,基于IncoPat专利数据库,从专利整体布局、技术申请趋势、专利申请机构、高价值专利分析等方面剖析联合收割机技术领域的全球创新布局和竞争力态势。近年来,全球联合收割机技术进入新一轮创新活动活跃期,日美中德4国专利申请量占全球的86.95%。中国专利申请在数量上与美日等国差距不断缩小,但高价值专利较少。久保田、井关农机、迪尔公司、CNH全球有限公司等国际农机巨头是谷物联合收割机技术创新的主要企业。中国技术研发关注联合收割机的控制和测量装置,而谷物分离清选还需要进一步加强研发以追赶世界先进水平。中国谷物联合收割机面临国际农机巨头的专利封锁,海外布局专利不足,高价值专利数量少,国内企业竞争力不足等问题。我国在该领域应发挥后发优势,积极利用失效专利合理开展专利布局,加强高校和科研机构与企业合作推进技术成果转化。

非线性压电俘能器宽频技术的研究综述

压电俘能器可以将环境中的振动能转换成电能,以自供能的方式满足低功耗产品的能量供应。然而,大多数压电俘能技术主要利用悬臂梁的线性振动原理,而且其有效频率带宽狭窄,极大限制了压电俘能器在实际中的应用。因此,通过拓宽压电俘能器的工作频带宽度的方法提高能量采集效率,成为当前压电领域的一项热门研究。为此对非线性压电俘能器宽频技术进行总结分析,并介绍了其工作原理、常用的压电材料和工作模式,最后对压电俘能器的未来发展方向提出了思考与展望。

面向无线无源印刷机状态监测的一种能量收集方法及装置设计

印刷机轮系是印刷机的重要组成部件,印刷机轮系的状态监测对于保障印刷品质量、设备安全具有重要意义。为解决印刷机内部无线状态监测系统的能源和续航问题,本研究提出了一种基于自供电技术的面向无线无源印刷机状态监测的能量收集方法,通过电磁式能量收集装置采集印刷机轮系的旋转机械能量,维持印刷机内部低功耗无线无源状态监测系统的数据获取。首先,调研了现代高速印刷机正常运转下轮系的转速特点;其次,设计了能量收集装置;之后,根据理论分析与有限元仿真结果,对装置结构进行了改进;最后,制作样机进行测试,并将仿真结果与实验结果相比较,验证了该能量收集方法的有效性。经实验验证,在1000r/m转速下,当外部负载电阻为50Ω时,该能量收集装置最大输出功率可达275.28mW。同时,该装置的电压与转速呈现良好的线性关系,证明其还具备作为转速监测传感器的潜力。

承德地区晚采干红葡萄酒主要呈香物质鉴定及感官特征分析

为解决河北承德地区酿酒葡萄成熟度不足、葡萄酒香气浓郁度不够的问题,以所产‘赤霞珠’‘美乐’和‘西拉’葡萄品种为原料,使用延迟采收结合抽汁工艺酿造干红葡萄酒。分别利用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱与质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)和感官品评分析葡萄酒酒精发酵与苹-乳发酵结束后的香气物质及香气特征。结果表明,葡萄酒中共检测到挥发性组分63种,其中,重要的呈香化合物(OAV>1)共有17种,包括9-癸烯酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯、乙酸异戊酯、辛酸异戊酯、β-大马士酮、β-苯乙醇、3-甲硫基丙醇、丁香酚等。感官品评试验证实,晚采葡萄酒具有较为突出的黑色浆果香与果酱香,及中等程度的红色果香、香料香和花香。本试验丰富了晚采工艺对承德地区葡萄酒品质影响的研究内容,可为该地区葡萄酒品质的提升提供理论依据。

我国菠萝生产机械化技术发展概况

菠萝是我国著名的热带水果,产量位居世界前列,但目前生产过程中主要依靠人工,机械化管理水平较低,成本逐年增加。实现菠萝生产全程机械化是降低劳动力,提高经济效益,推动菠萝生产现代化进程的根本途径。本文从菠萝生产全程机械化角度介绍了菠萝耕整地、种植、催花、采收及茎叶处理机械等方面的技术研究进展,为后续菠萝机械化技术研究提供参考。

鲜食玉米机械化收获技术装备现状及展望

随着我国种植业结构的调整,鲜食玉米种植面积不断增加,但机械化收获率较低,鲜食玉米收获机械需求紧迫。结合我国鲜食玉米产业发展现状,阐述了国内外鲜食玉米机械化收获装备及技术研究现状,通过分析得出我国鲜食玉米机械化收获装备主要存在果穗破损率高、籽粒破碎率高、含杂率高等问题。为促进我国鲜食玉米机械化技术与装备快速发展,提出了我国鲜食玉米机械化收获技术研究应重点突破柔性摘穗、多风机负压除杂、柔性输送收集、秸秆高效清洁收获等关键技术,并建议结合鲜食玉米不同种植区域研制多种规格的收获机型。

麻地梁煤矿首采综放面收作期间防灭火技术研究

麻地梁煤矿507首采面是采用放顶方法开采埋藏浅特厚的长焰煤,漏风严重,丢煤多,尤其在工作面收作期间未进行放顶,采空区遗煤量更大。另外,工作面未采阶段推进速度慢,遗煤氧化时间长,极易引起采空区煤自然发火。针对以上情况,采取注氮降氧、高位钻孔注浆和注高固水材料覆盖隔氧、堵漏控风等的综合防灭火措施,保证了该工作面支架的安全撤出,为类似回采条件的工作面收作期间的防灭火提供参考。

花生机械化生产技术

花生作为重要的油料和经济作物,其机械化生产技术在提高生产效率、降低劳动强度和保证生产质量方面具有关键作用。探讨了花生机械化生产的各环节,包括整地、播种、田间管理和收获等关键技术,以期提高花生机械化生产技术的生产效率和经济效益,促进农业现代化发展。

基于湿法收获苜蓿草捆阶段式热风干燥试验与工艺优化

通过苜蓿干燥加工工艺的分析,依据湿法收获加工工艺研究内强制式苜蓿草捆的热风干燥特性。为提高内强制式苜蓿草捆的干燥效率,优化干燥工艺流程,依据苜蓿草捆干燥特性试验数据,确定苜蓿草捆的内强制阶段式干燥工艺和工艺控制参数。试验在干燥热风量为2 500 m3/h、3 000 m^(3)/h、3 600 m^(3)/h保持不变时,测试不同干燥温度对苜蓿草捆含水率和干燥速率的影响。试验结果表明,草捆干燥工艺优化前,在干燥风量为3 600 m3/h,干燥温度为120℃时,草捆的干燥时间是37.5 min,耗电量为160 kWh/t,草捆干燥品质达到一级标准;工艺优化后,采用阶段式干燥工艺,在干燥风量为3 600 m^(3)/h,干燥温度设为120℃时,草捆的干燥效率提高近20%,能耗节省12.5%,草捆品质无显著差异。因此,采用优化后的干燥工艺,有效地保持苜蓿的营养品质,显著提高苜蓿草捆的干燥效率和内强制式热风干燥的热效率,为苜蓿干燥的规模化生产提供技术支持。