Diagnostics of laser-induced plasma on carbon-based polymer material using atomic and molecular emission spectra

Time-integrated optical emission analysis of laser-induced plasma on Teflon is presented.Plasma was induced under atmospheric pressure air using transversely excited atmospheric CO_(2) laser pulses.Teflon is a C-based polymer that is,among other things,interesting as a substrate for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis of liquid samples.This study aimed to determine the optimal experimental conditions for obtaining neutral and ionized C spectral lines and C2 and CN molecular band emission suitable for spectrochemical purposes.Evaluation of plasma parameters was done using several spectroscopic techniques.Stark profiles of appropriate C ionic lines were used to determine electron number density.The ratio of the integral intensity of ionic-to-atomic C spectral lines was used to determine the ionization temperature.A spectral emission of C2 Swan and CN violet bands system was used to determine the temperature of the colder,peripheral parts of plasma.We critically analyzed the use of molecular emission bands as a tool for plasma diagnostics and suggested methods for possible improvements.

Motion Characteristics of Single Electrons of Atoms of Atomic Gas of Hydrogen and Single Electrons of Hydrogen-Like Ions in Form Gas or Vapour during Decays of Such Atoms and Ions. Emission Line Spectra

For the first time the vector differential equation of central motion of single electron in electric field of an atomic nucleus as in external central electric field is set up and solved. Here the following findings are reported. Each of single electrons of a part of atoms of atomic gas of hydrogen and a part of hydrogen-like ions in the form of a gas or a vapour revolves around corresponding atomic nucleus in a flat spiral which has an interior maximum of turns density. The distance between each of these single electrons and corresponding atomic nucleus increases while a speed of single electron decreases. Such motion of single electrons takes place with no expenditures of external energy and points to decays of foregoing parts of atoms and ions. The electric field strength of the atomic nuclei of atoms of atomic gas of hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions in the form of a gas or a vapour is inversely proportional to the distance between the atomic nucleus and the corresponding single electron by greater than the power of 3. Calculated cyclic frequency (rough value 3.5×1014 s-1) of revolution of the electron around the nucleus of atom of atomic gas of hydrogen (in interior maximum of turns density of the flat spiral), which moves at speed 2.2×106 ms-1, and central cyclic frequency of α-line of Balmer series (4.5×1014 s-1) have the same order of magnitude. This fact and line structure of experimental emission line spectra confirm the formation of all lines of these spectra by continuous slight emission of light front by single electrons. The formation of series of lines of emission line spectra is linked to repeated creations of atoms of atomic gas of hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions in the form of a gas or a vapour.

Dental Erosion by Beverages and Determination of Trace Elements in Teeth by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

The analysis of trace elements in human tooth for use as biomarkers continues to generate considerable interest in environmental and bioanalytical studies, medical diagnostic and forensic science. This study investigated concentrations of essential and toxic elements (Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Co and Cd) using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) and (Na and K) flame atomic emission spectroscopy (FAES) in human tooth obtained from Misan province, Iraq. The influence of smoking habits and born children on the levels of trace elements in additional to dental erosion by some beverages in the tooth samples were investigated. The overall of mean concentrations of (Zn 185.2 ppm, Cu 36.11 ppm, Pb 18.63 ppm, Ni 13.44 ppm, Co 3.45 ppm, and Cd 0.58 ppm, Na 11.683 ppm and K 115.27 ppm), (Zn 178.243 ppm, Cu 35.877 ppm, Pb 15.64 ppm, Ni 12.89 ppm, Co 3.421 ppm, Cd 0.455 ppm, Na 11,558.04 ppm and K 114.04 ppm) in smokers and non-smokers tooth groups respectively, (Zn 81.12 ppm, Cu 24.37 ppm, Pb 11.18 ppm, Ni 13.68 ppm, Co 3.32 ppm, Cd 0.44 ppm, Na 8227 ppm and K 76.42 ppm), (Zn 80.58 ppm, Cu 24.30 ppm, Pb 10.86 ppm, Ni 12.74 ppm, Co 2.71 ppm, Cd 0.23 ppm, Na 8165 ppm and K 72.80 ppm) in mothers and wives tooth groups respectively. However the w/w% loss of tooth immersed in following order of beverages (green tea, black tea, cinnamon, hibiscus, vinegar and citrus aurantifolia (9.09, 9.68, 12.36, 15.01, 16.77 and 17.38), (8.19, 8.25, 9.76, 13.37, 14.02 and 15.33) in smokers and non-smokers groups respectively, (11.25, 11.47, 13.30, 15.75, 19.58, and 20.91), (8.31, 7.96, 11.39, 13.49, 17.40, and 17.67) in mothers and wives groups respectively. However, there is a statistically significant variance found Zn (tcal 5.029, ttab 2.131), Pb (tcal 4.8538, ttab 2.131), Ni (tcal 5.243, ttab 2.131), Cd (tcal 3.9062, ttab 2.131) and Na (tcal 3.0832, ttab 2.131) between smokers and non-smokers tooth groups. However, the Co (tcal 2.7403, ttab 2.131) also shows statistically significant variance between mothers and wives groups. There is no statistically significant variance in w/w% loss after immersed the tooth in some beverages but in general it was higher in smokers than non-smokers and in mothers higher than wives.

Phase Control of Spontaneous Emission of a Three-Level Atom in Two Bichromatic Fields

We use the relative phase difference of two bichromatic fields of equal frequency differences for the coherent control of spontaneous emission of a three-level atom in the A configuration, diffects such as selective and total cancellation of fluorescence decay are obtained simply by varying the phase difference. The phese dependence of fluorescence spectra is attributed to the fact that the four different field components induce the transitions in a closed loop configuratiou.

High-dimensional atomic microscopy in surface plasmon polaritons

We develop a new scheme of two-dimensional(2D)and three-dimensional(3D)atom localization via absorption and gain spectra of surface plasmon polaritons(SPPs)in a closed loop four-level atomic system.For the atom–field interaction,we construct a spatially dependent field by superimposing two(three)standing-wave fields(SWFs)in 2D(3D)atom localization,respectively.We achieve high-precision and high spatial resolution of an atom localization by appropriately adjusting the system parameters such as probe field detuning and phase shifts of the SWFs.The absorption and gain spectra are used to attain information about the position of an atom in SPPs.Our proposed scheme opens up a fascinating way to improve the atom localization that supplies some practical applications in a high-dimensional SPPs.

在Emission状态测定水中钾和钠的探讨

本方法讨论了在火焰原子吸收仪上分别于AtomicAbsorption和Emission两种状态,用标准曲线法测定可过滤态钾和钠。得出在Emission状态测定钾和钠更加灵敏,加标回收率为93%～110%,相对标准偏差为<3%,避免了因灯不稳造成的基线偏移。

Application and Development Trends of Spectral Analysis in Draft of Non-Ferrous Metal Standards in China

Spectral analysis was a method of identifying substances, determining their chemical composition and calculating their content based on their spectral characteristics. This paper mainly discussed the application of various spectroscopic techniques, mainly including atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) direct reading spectroscopy (OES) glow discharge emission spectroscopy (GD-OSE) laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), in the formulation of non-ferrous metal standards in China. The AAS method was the most widely used single-element microanalysis method among the non-ferrous metal standards. The ICP-AES method was good at significant advantages in the simultaneous detection of multiple elements. The XRF method was increasingly used in the determination of primary and secondary trace elements due to its simple sample preparation and high efficiency. The AFS was mostly detected by single-element trace analysis. OES GD-OES and LIBS were playing an increasingly important role in the new demand area for non-ferrous metals. This paper discussed matrix elimination, sample digestion, sample preparation, instrument categories and other aspects of some standards, and summarized the advantages of spectral analysis and traditional chemical analysis methods. The new methods of future spectroscopic technology had been illustrated in the process of developing non-ferrous metal standards.

铬污染场地的地下水中钾钠钙镁测定方法的比对

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)和原子吸收光谱法(AAS),分别测定了水质标准质控样和铬污染场地的地下水中钾、钠、钙、镁的含量,对检出限、精密度、准确度等指标进行了比对。结果表明,2种方法的测定结果无显著差异,均能满足实验室的质控要求。相比AAS法,ICP-OES法无需进行样品稀释和换灯,操作更简单,并可同时测定多种元素。

Effects of Doubled_CO_2 Concentration on Ultrastructure, Supramolecular Architecture and Spectral Characteristics of Chloroplasts from Wheat

Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) plants were grown under ambient and doubled_CO 2(plus 350 μL/L) concentration in cylindrical open_top chamber to examine their effects on the ultrastructure, supramolecular architecture, absorption spectrum and low temperature (77 K) fluorescence emission spectrum of the chloroplasts from wheat leaves. The results were briefly summarized as follows: (1) The wheat leaves possessed normally developed chloroplasts with intact grana and stroma thylakoid membranes; The grana intertwined with stroma thylakoid membranes and increased slightly in stacking degree and the width of granum, in spite of more accumulated starch grains within the chloroplasts than those in control; (2) The particle density in the stacked region of the endoplasmic fracture face (EFs) and protoplasmic fracture face (PFs) and in the unstacked region the endoplasmic fracture face (EFu) and the protoplasmic fracture face (PFu) was significantly higher than that of control. Furthermore, in some cases many more particles on EFs faces of thylakoid membranes appeared as a paracrystalline particle array; (3) The variations in the structure of chloroplasts were consistent with the absorption spectra and the low temperature (77 K) fluorescence emission spectra of the chloroplasts developed under the doubled_CO 2 concentration. Results indicate that the capability of light energy absorption of chloroplasts and regulative capability of excitation energy distribution between PSⅡ and PSⅠ were raised by doubled_CO 2 concentration. This is very favorable for final productivity of wheat.

纺织品及附件铅释放量的测定

文章建立以人工睡液为萃取介质,测定纺织品及纺织品附件中铅释放量的试验方法,优化样品前处理条件和测试仪器参数。试验结果表明:采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定的定量限为0.02μg/(cm^(2)·h),在低、中、高3个加标浓度下的回收率在93.26%~107.65%,相对标准偏差为1.03%~5.99%(n=7);采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定的定量限为0.01μg/(cm^(2)·h),在低、中、高3个加标浓度下的回收率在82.65%~110.32%,相对标准偏差为1.08%~4.61%(n=7)。该方法前处理步骤简单,检测流程短,结果准确度高,适用于可放入婴幼儿和儿童口中的纺织品及其附件的检测。

液体火箭发动机尾焰金属发射光谱仿真与实验研究

液体火箭发动机尾焰包含丰富的光谱信息,可以作为检测发动机运行状态与故障情况的重要依据。本文建立了高精度的液体火箭发动机尾焰金属发射光谱数值模拟方法,该方法以逐线法(Line-by-Line,LBL)为基础,考虑介质的光学厚度影响。利用该方法,对液体火箭发动机发生故障时,尾焰中可能存在的铁、镍、钾发射光谱进行了数值模拟,模拟结果与NASA光谱模拟程序所得结果相吻合。最后,在甲烷-氧气、乙烯-氧气预混火焰开展了铁、钾发射光谱的实验验证,结果表明,以光谱面积与特征峰强度为对比参数,光谱模拟结果和实验结果的相对误差在2.5%以下,利用实验数据,进一步讨论了光学薄和光学厚两种模型的适用性。

天然水体中钾、钠、钙、镁测定方法的比对

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法和火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定天然水体中钾、钠、钙、镁,比较相关系数、检出限、精密度、准确度和实际样品的测定,结果表明:两种方法均可用于天然水体中钾、钠、钙、镁的测定,且电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法更优。

多种方法测定化肥中总镁含量的比较研究

研究建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES法)以及原子吸收分光光度法(AAS法)测定化肥中镁元素含量的检测方法。分别使用新方法和国家标准GB/T 19203—2003中的传统方法,对2种复合肥料标准物质以及15种不同产地、不同镁源、不同镁含量的化肥样品进行测定。t检验结果表明微波消解法与GB/T 19203—2003中硝酸-高氯酸电热板消解法的提取结果无显著性差异;ICP-OES法、AAS法和GB/T 19203—2003中容量法的测定结果无显著性差异。ICP-OES法与AAS法的回收率、精密度均优于容量法。微波消解-ICP-OES法的标准物质回收率分别为110%、108%,6次平行测定的相对标准偏差为0.80%。微波消解-AAS法的标准物质回收率分别为109%、108%,6次平行测定的相对标准偏差为1.29%。与AAS法相比,ICP-OES法的精密度和标准曲线决定系数均更优,标准曲线线性范围更宽,且在实验过程中更加简便、环保,更适用于化肥样品的分析测定。

DCB浸提-土壤中游离铁三种检测方法的比较与分析

土壤中游离铁的测试方法有电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法、原子吸收分光光度法、比色法等。通过对比实验,发现三种方法各项指标均能满足检测要求,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定RSD=0.50%,相关系数为1.0000,流程更简单,检出限更低,线性范围更宽,精密度更高,准确度更好。本文指出,在实际检测生产中,采用DCB浸提-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法,既可确保结果准确可靠,又可大幅提高检测效率。该方法更适合大批量土壤样品中游离铁的测定。

金属载体催化转化器贵金属元素分析仪器期间核查方法探讨

以原子吸收光谱法为例,通过对金属载体催化转化器贵金属含量检测的期间核查方法的研究,探讨形成适用于本项目的元素分析设备期间核查作业指导文件。

Sensitized photo-redox reaction——Ⅶ.The Synthesis,FAB mass spectrum,stationary absorption,emission,transient absorption spectra,redox potential of dihydroxy-tin(Ⅳ)-mesoporphyrin dimethyl ester and its sensitized photo-reduction of methyl viologen

In DMSO/water(4:1),photolysis of the dihydroxy-Sn(IV)-rnesoporphyrin dimethyl ester (SnP)/methyl viologen(MV^(2+))/ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA)ternary system produces methyl viologen cation radical with a quantum yield of 0.67,much higher than that of systems with other metal complexes of rnesoporphyrin dimethyl ester.Neither EDTA nor MV^(2+) quenches the stationary fluorescence of SnP,implying that the reaction does not take place at the singlet state.With flash photolysis we obtain the T-T absorption spectrum of SnP(λ_(max)-440 nm).By following the decay of this absorption,the triplet life time of SnP is estimated to be 41 μs.The life time is related to the concentration of either MV^(2+) or EDTA.Good linear relationships are obtained by plotting τ_0/τ vs.the concentration of MV^(2+) or EDTA(Stern-Volmer plot),from which we determine the quenching constants:k_q(MV^(2+))=5.5×10~7 mol^(-7) s^(-1);kq(EDTA)=2.7×10~7 mol^(-1),s^(-1).The data suggests that upon photolysis of the above ternary system,both oxidative quenching and reductive quenching of the triplet state of the sensitizer are occurring.From the measured phosphorescence spectrum(λ_(max) 704nm)and the ground state redox potentials (E_(1/2)^(red)～-0.84V,E_(1/2)^(ox)～ Ag/AgCl,KCl(sat.)),we obtain the redox potential of triplet SnP to be E (P^+/P)～-0.33 V, E(P/P-)～+0.92 V.Matching this data with the redox potential of MV^(2+) and EDTA,we establish the fact that during the photolysis of the SnP/MV^(2+)/EDTA ternary system,both oxidative and reductive quenching are thermodynamically favorable processes.This is also the reason why the SnP sensitized reaction is much more efficient relative to other mesoporphyrin derivatives.

光电探测技术在化工厂有害物质的检测与定量分析中的应用

为提高传统化工厂重金属检测技术的准度及精度,研究将光电探测技术中的原子吸收法与电感耦合等离子体-发射光谱法联合,用于测定有害物质的含量。发现研究提出的联合光电探测技术的最大误差不超过0.03μg/L,且联合光电探测技术的最大相对标准误差不超过0.3μg/L。综上结果可知,研究提出的两项光电探测技术对重金属有害物质检测及定性分析具有一定的可信性及可靠性,故该方法在化工厂中检测与定量分析重金属有害物质方面具有良好的应用前景。

火焰原子吸收光谱法、石墨炉原子吸收光谱法和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定地表水样中铜的研究方法对比

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)、石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GF-AAS)和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)分别测定地表水中的铜,对检出限、精密度、正确度、低浓度环境样品测试等指标进行对比。实验结果表明,三种方法对于测定地表水中铜,测试结果无显著差异;与FAAS和ICP-OES法相比,GF-AAS法具有较低的检出限、较高灵敏度,对于测定低浓度环境样品具有较高的准确性。

超级微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱测银矿石中的银

实验详细研究了银矿石中银的不同的消解和测定方法之间的差异,选择出一种简单、快速、节约成本,结果可靠的方法。消解程序主要研究了盐酸-硝酸-电热板消解、盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸-电热板消解、硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-双氧水-超级微波消解三种体系。测定方法主要研究了火焰原子吸收法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法。通过比较发现(硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-双氧水)超级微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱进行测定,可以实现检出限低,检测速度快,准确度高,精密度好,线性范围宽,也可实现多元素同时测定,结果满意,非常值得研究推广应用。

Growth and Spectral Properties of Crystal Er^(3+)∶Y_(0.5)Gd_(0.5)VO_4

Er^3＋ ：Y0.5Gd0.5VO4 crystal with good optical quality was grown by Czochraski method. The structure of the crystal was determined by X-ray powder diffraction method. The segregation coefficient of Er^3 ＋ ions in the crystal was measured by the ICP method. The absorption and emission spectra were also measured. On the basis of the spectra, the absorption cross-sections, emission spectrum FWHM and fluorescence lifetime of the crystal were calculated. From the properties mentioned above.