Alloying of metals is known from antiquity. Alloy making <em>i.e.</em>, homogenizing metals started in a “hit-or-miss” way. The 1</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">...Alloying of metals is known from antiquity. Alloy making <em>i.e.</em>, homogenizing metals started in a “hit-or-miss” way. The 1</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">st</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> alloy from copper (Cu) and tin (Sn) was produced around 2500 BC and from then Bronze Age began. Subsequently iron (Fe) age started after the Bronze Age. Aluminium (Al) alloying was discovered much later because pure Al could not be recovered easily even though Al is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust. Refining of Al is a very difficult job because of its strong affinity towards oxygen. To ease alloying, melting points (mp) of the individual constituents and reactivity of metal towards oxygen were the hurdles. Now understanding the thermodynamics of metal mixing has paved alloying. Periodic properties of elements concerning size, electronegativity, crystal structure, valency, lattice spacing, etc. are considered for alloying. In this feature article, more emphasis is given to Hume-Rothery rules in which the necessary parameters for alloying have been illustrated. Importantly standard electrode potential (E</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) values, eutectic, phase diagram, size-related strain in metals, etc. have been looked into in the present discussion. One elegant example is Sn-Pb alloy, known as soft solder. Soft solder was in use for many years to connect metals and in electric circuitry. Low melting, flowability, and conductivity of soft solder had placed Sn-Pb alloy a unique position in industries, laboratories and even in cottage industries. However, toxic Pb volatilizes during soldering and hence soft solder is banned almost in all countries. We felt the need for a viable alternative to obtain soldering material and then silver (Ag) based highly conducting, an eco-friendly alloy of Sn resulted in from a high boiling liquid. The discovery engenders not only a new conducting soldering alloy but also a new concept of melting metals together. Furthermore, new ideas of alloying have been generalized at their nanostages from a suitable high boiling solvent.展开更多
Herein, we demonstrated the oriented attachment (OA) driven formation and characterization of Gd2O3 nanorods. The nanorods were synthesized via a surfactant free, inexpensive hydrothermal route and considering ~30 nm ...Herein, we demonstrated the oriented attachment (OA) driven formation and characterization of Gd2O3 nanorods. The nanorods were synthesized via a surfactant free, inexpensive hydrothermal route and considering ~30 nm nanoparticles as the seed. While maintaining a cubic phase throughout the process, complete transformation of Gd2O3nanoparticles to nanorods was found to occur at an elevated temperature (~180 oC) of the hydrothermal reaction. The elongated Gd2O3 nanostructures, as revealed from transmission electron microscopic imaging, possessed an average diameter of ~33 nm and an approximate length of 172 nm. From the kinetics of OA process, the activation energy of formation was estimated to be ~25 kJ/mole. The existence of defect mediated radia-tive emission was ascertained from the asymmetric broadening of luminescence spectra. The defect emission arising from the Gd2O3 nanorods was nearly 1.4 times stronger than that of nanoparticles. The morphological evolution and growth kinetics were discussed along with the luminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance features.展开更多
Spindle-shaped anatase TiO2 secondary particles were successfully fabricated via the oriented attachment of primary nanocrystals. By adjusting the concentration of tetrabutyl titanate, the size of the TiO2 nanocrystal...Spindle-shaped anatase TiO2 secondary particles were successfully fabricated via the oriented attachment of primary nanocrystals. By adjusting the concentration of tetrabutyl titanate, the size of the TiO2 nanocrystals and particles could be controlled, resulting in pore evolution. Pores for the random aggregation of secondary particles gradually transformed to nanopores originating from the oriented attachment of the primary nanocrystals, resulting in an excellent micro/nanostructure that increased the performance of a sodium-ion battery. The mesoporous TiO2 microparticle anode, with its unique combination of nanocrystals and uniform nanopores, displays super durability (95 mAh/g after 11,000 cycles at I C), high initial efficiency (61.4%), and excellent rate performance (265 and 77 mAh/g at 0.1 and 20 C, respectively). In particular, at slow discharge (0.1 C) and fast charge (5, 50, and 100 C) rates, the anatase TiO2 shows remarkable initial charge capacities of 200, 119, and 56 mAh/g, corresponding to 172, 127, and 56 mAh/g, after 150 cycles, respectively, thus meeting the requirements for fast energy storage. This excellent performance can be attributed to the stability of the material and its high ionic conductivity, resulting from the stable architecture with a mesoporous microstructure and without the random aggregation of secondary particles. A fundamental understanding of the pore structure and controllable pore construction has been proven to be effective in increasing the rate capability and durability of nanostructured electrode materials.展开更多
To address the insufficient electrocatalytic activity and stability of formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) electrocatalysts, as well as their high cost, we herein demonstrate the facile hydrothermal synthesis of u...To address the insufficient electrocatalytic activity and stability of formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) electrocatalysts, as well as their high cost, we herein demonstrate the facile hydrothermal synthesis of ultrathin AgPt alloy nanowires using amine-terminated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM-NH2) as a structure-directing agent. The initial generation of AgC1 precipitates, subsequent formation of AgPt nanoparticles, and their oriented attachment account for the formation of ultrathin AgPt alloy nanowires. Benefiting from their unique one-dimensional (1D) anisotropy and alloyed composition, the prepared ultrathin AgPt nanowires exhibit a superior electrocatalytic activity and better CO tolerance for the FAOR, reaching a 1.6-fold and 3.7-fold higher specific current density than AgPt nanoparticles and a commercial Pt black catalyst, respectively. Additionally, the ultrathin AgPt alloy nanowires manifest a superior electrochemical stability and structural robustness during electrocatalysis, making them a promising FAOR electrocatalyst. This work not only provides a reliable strategy for the synthesis of noble metal-based ultrathin nanowires, but also opens an avenue towards the rational des ign of efficient electrocatalysts for fuel cell systems.展开更多
Oriented attachment and Ostwald ripening are two aging mechanisms of precipitation particles which may result in differ- ent crystallization mechanism of precipitates during the aging process. In this work, the effect...Oriented attachment and Ostwald ripening are two aging mechanisms of precipitation particles which may result in differ- ent crystallization mechanism of precipitates during the aging process. In this work, the effects of different aging process on the structure and properties of cerium zirconium mixed oxides were investigated. The results indicated that the mixed structure of 11.48% CeO2 phase and 88.52% Ce0.26Zr0.62(LaPr)0.1202 solid solution phase were obtained under oriented attachment aging process. The rod-like CeO2 phase coexisted with spherical Ce0.26Zr0.62(LaPr)0.1202 solid solution phase, which improved the surface area (64 m2/g) and pore volume (0.32 mL/g) of cerium zirconium mixed oxides after 1000 ℃ 4 h thermal treatment. However, through controlling the aging process, the Ce0.35Zr0.55(LaPr)0.1002 solid solution with homogenous phase structure was generated by Ostwald ripening ag- ing process, exhibiting higher oxygen storage capacity (501 μmol O2/g) and H2 consumption per gram (1378.3 μmol H2/g).展开更多
Electrochemical upgrading of biomass ethanol to value-added chemicals is promising for sustainable society.Here,we synthesize defective Ni_(3)S_(2) nanowires(NWs),which show high activity towards electrochemical oxida...Electrochemical upgrading of biomass ethanol to value-added chemicals is promising for sustainable society.Here,we synthesize defective Ni_(3)S_(2) nanowires(NWs),which show high activity towards electrochemical oxidation of ethanol to acetate.The Ni_(3)S_(2) NWs are formed by the oriented attachment mechanism,and rich defects are introduced during the growth.A low onset potential of 1.31 V and high mass activity of 8,716 mA·mgNi^(-1) at 1.5 V are achieved using the synthesized Ni_(3)S_(2) NWs toward the ethanol electro-oxidation,which are better than the Ni(OH)2 NWs and the Ni_(3)S_(2) nanoparticles(NPs).And the selectivity for the acetate generation is ca.99%.The high activity of Ni_(3)S_(2) NWs is attributed to the easier oxidation of Ni(II)to the catalytically active Ni(III)species with the promotion from S component and rich defects.These results demonstrate that the defective NWs can be synthesized by the oriented attachment method and the defective Ni_(3)S_(2) NWs structure as the efficient nonnoble metal electrocatalysts for oxidative upgrading of ethanol.展开更多
Oriented attachment can be used as a good synthetic route to make highly anisotropic nanostructures including nanorod,nanowire,nanoplate,and nanosheets.In a typical growth of anisotropic nanostructures,coalescence and...Oriented attachment can be used as a good synthetic route to make highly anisotropic nanostructures including nanorod,nanowire,nanoplate,and nanosheets.In a typical growth of anisotropic nanostructures,coalescence and reshaping after attachment make dense nanostructures.In this report,we show the formation of Ag sheets having fractal network by oriented attachment at low reaction temperature of 30℃.The synthesized Ag sheets exhibited good crystalline nature despite of their network structure and low synthetic temperature.We also investigated the effect of reaction conditions for the formation of the Ag sheets.In addition,using the Ag sheets as a sacrificial template,we could make hollow Au sheets via galvanic replacement.展开更多
Exposed crystal facets directly affect the electrochemical/catalytic performance of MnO2 materials during their applications in supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and fuel cells. Currently, the facet-controlled ...Exposed crystal facets directly affect the electrochemical/catalytic performance of MnO2 materials during their applications in supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and fuel cells. Currently, the facet-controlled synthesis of MnO2 is facing serious challenges due to the lack of an in-depth understanding of their surface evolution mechanisms. Here, combining aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and high-resolution TEM, we revealed a mutual energy-driven mechanism between beta-MnO2 nanowires and microstructures that dominated the evolution of the lateral facets in both structures. The evolution of the lateral surfaces followed the elimination of the {100} facets and increased the occupancy of {110} facets with the increase in hydrothermal retention time. Both self-growth and oriented attachment along their {100} facets were observed as two different ways to reduce the surface energies of the beta-MnO2 structures. High-density screw dislocations with the 1/2〈100〉 Burgers vector were generated consequently. The observed surface evolution phenomenon offers guidance for the facet-controlled growth of beta- MnO2 materials with high performances for its application in metal-air batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, etc.展开更多
A simple, surfactant-free, and environmentally benign method has been developed to synthesize a novel 3D flocculus-like CuO hierarchical nanostructure self-assembled with 2D nanosheet as building blocks. Detailed proo...A simple, surfactant-free, and environmentally benign method has been developed to synthesize a novel 3D flocculus-like CuO hierarchical nanostructure self-assembled with 2D nanosheet as building blocks. Detailed proofs demonstrate that the overall synthetic process underwent the dehydration and re-crystallization of precursor Cu(OH)2 nanowires, and the subsequent two-step oriented attachment. In addition, 3D butterfly-like and flower-like CuO nanostructures consisted of 2D nanosheets could be obtained by adjusting the concentration of NaOH(cNaoH) in the solution. CNaOH played a key role in tailoring the thickness of the nanosheets and changing the morphology of the product. This report may be helpful to constructing fine-tune hierarchical CuO nanostructures under basic conditions.展开更多
文摘Alloying of metals is known from antiquity. Alloy making <em>i.e.</em>, homogenizing metals started in a “hit-or-miss” way. The 1</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">st</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> alloy from copper (Cu) and tin (Sn) was produced around 2500 BC and from then Bronze Age began. Subsequently iron (Fe) age started after the Bronze Age. Aluminium (Al) alloying was discovered much later because pure Al could not be recovered easily even though Al is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust. Refining of Al is a very difficult job because of its strong affinity towards oxygen. To ease alloying, melting points (mp) of the individual constituents and reactivity of metal towards oxygen were the hurdles. Now understanding the thermodynamics of metal mixing has paved alloying. Periodic properties of elements concerning size, electronegativity, crystal structure, valency, lattice spacing, etc. are considered for alloying. In this feature article, more emphasis is given to Hume-Rothery rules in which the necessary parameters for alloying have been illustrated. Importantly standard electrode potential (E</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">0</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) values, eutectic, phase diagram, size-related strain in metals, etc. have been looked into in the present discussion. One elegant example is Sn-Pb alloy, known as soft solder. Soft solder was in use for many years to connect metals and in electric circuitry. Low melting, flowability, and conductivity of soft solder had placed Sn-Pb alloy a unique position in industries, laboratories and even in cottage industries. However, toxic Pb volatilizes during soldering and hence soft solder is banned almost in all countries. We felt the need for a viable alternative to obtain soldering material and then silver (Ag) based highly conducting, an eco-friendly alloy of Sn resulted in from a high boiling liquid. The discovery engenders not only a new conducting soldering alloy but also a new concept of melting metals together. Furthermore, new ideas of alloying have been generalized at their nanostages from a suitable high boiling solvent.
基金supported by University Grants Commission(UGC)New Delhi(37-367/2009(SR))
文摘Herein, we demonstrated the oriented attachment (OA) driven formation and characterization of Gd2O3 nanorods. The nanorods were synthesized via a surfactant free, inexpensive hydrothermal route and considering ~30 nm nanoparticles as the seed. While maintaining a cubic phase throughout the process, complete transformation of Gd2O3nanoparticles to nanorods was found to occur at an elevated temperature (~180 oC) of the hydrothermal reaction. The elongated Gd2O3 nanostructures, as revealed from transmission electron microscopic imaging, possessed an average diameter of ~33 nm and an approximate length of 172 nm. From the kinetics of OA process, the activation energy of formation was estimated to be ~25 kJ/mole. The existence of defect mediated radia-tive emission was ascertained from the asymmetric broadening of luminescence spectra. The defect emission arising from the Gd2O3 nanorods was nearly 1.4 times stronger than that of nanoparticles. The morphological evolution and growth kinetics were discussed along with the luminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance features.
文摘Spindle-shaped anatase TiO2 secondary particles were successfully fabricated via the oriented attachment of primary nanocrystals. By adjusting the concentration of tetrabutyl titanate, the size of the TiO2 nanocrystals and particles could be controlled, resulting in pore evolution. Pores for the random aggregation of secondary particles gradually transformed to nanopores originating from the oriented attachment of the primary nanocrystals, resulting in an excellent micro/nanostructure that increased the performance of a sodium-ion battery. The mesoporous TiO2 microparticle anode, with its unique combination of nanocrystals and uniform nanopores, displays super durability (95 mAh/g after 11,000 cycles at I C), high initial efficiency (61.4%), and excellent rate performance (265 and 77 mAh/g at 0.1 and 20 C, respectively). In particular, at slow discharge (0.1 C) and fast charge (5, 50, and 100 C) rates, the anatase TiO2 shows remarkable initial charge capacities of 200, 119, and 56 mAh/g, corresponding to 172, 127, and 56 mAh/g, after 150 cycles, respectively, thus meeting the requirements for fast energy storage. This excellent performance can be attributed to the stability of the material and its high ionic conductivity, resulting from the stable architecture with a mesoporous microstructure and without the random aggregation of secondary particles. A fundamental understanding of the pore structure and controllable pore construction has been proven to be effective in increasing the rate capability and durability of nanostructured electrode materials.
文摘To address the insufficient electrocatalytic activity and stability of formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) electrocatalysts, as well as their high cost, we herein demonstrate the facile hydrothermal synthesis of ultrathin AgPt alloy nanowires using amine-terminated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM-NH2) as a structure-directing agent. The initial generation of AgC1 precipitates, subsequent formation of AgPt nanoparticles, and their oriented attachment account for the formation of ultrathin AgPt alloy nanowires. Benefiting from their unique one-dimensional (1D) anisotropy and alloyed composition, the prepared ultrathin AgPt nanowires exhibit a superior electrocatalytic activity and better CO tolerance for the FAOR, reaching a 1.6-fold and 3.7-fold higher specific current density than AgPt nanoparticles and a commercial Pt black catalyst, respectively. Additionally, the ultrathin AgPt alloy nanowires manifest a superior electrochemical stability and structural robustness during electrocatalysis, making them a promising FAOR electrocatalyst. This work not only provides a reliable strategy for the synthesis of noble metal-based ultrathin nanowires, but also opens an avenue towards the rational des ign of efficient electrocatalysts for fuel cell systems.
基金Project supported by the Twelfth Five-Year National Science and Technology Pillar Program(2012BAE01B02,2012BAB10B11)
文摘Oriented attachment and Ostwald ripening are two aging mechanisms of precipitation particles which may result in differ- ent crystallization mechanism of precipitates during the aging process. In this work, the effects of different aging process on the structure and properties of cerium zirconium mixed oxides were investigated. The results indicated that the mixed structure of 11.48% CeO2 phase and 88.52% Ce0.26Zr0.62(LaPr)0.1202 solid solution phase were obtained under oriented attachment aging process. The rod-like CeO2 phase coexisted with spherical Ce0.26Zr0.62(LaPr)0.1202 solid solution phase, which improved the surface area (64 m2/g) and pore volume (0.32 mL/g) of cerium zirconium mixed oxides after 1000 ℃ 4 h thermal treatment. However, through controlling the aging process, the Ce0.35Zr0.55(LaPr)0.1002 solid solution with homogenous phase structure was generated by Ostwald ripening ag- ing process, exhibiting higher oxygen storage capacity (501 μmol O2/g) and H2 consumption per gram (1378.3 μmol H2/g).
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21971008)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(buctrc201916,buctrc201823).
文摘Electrochemical upgrading of biomass ethanol to value-added chemicals is promising for sustainable society.Here,we synthesize defective Ni_(3)S_(2) nanowires(NWs),which show high activity towards electrochemical oxidation of ethanol to acetate.The Ni_(3)S_(2) NWs are formed by the oriented attachment mechanism,and rich defects are introduced during the growth.A low onset potential of 1.31 V and high mass activity of 8,716 mA·mgNi^(-1) at 1.5 V are achieved using the synthesized Ni_(3)S_(2) NWs toward the ethanol electro-oxidation,which are better than the Ni(OH)2 NWs and the Ni_(3)S_(2) nanoparticles(NPs).And the selectivity for the acetate generation is ca.99%.The high activity of Ni_(3)S_(2) NWs is attributed to the easier oxidation of Ni(II)to the catalytically active Ni(III)species with the promotion from S component and rich defects.These results demonstrate that the defective NWs can be synthesized by the oriented attachment method and the defective Ni_(3)S_(2) NWs structure as the efficient nonnoble metal electrocatalysts for oxidative upgrading of ethanol.
基金This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT,&Future Planning(2014R1A5A1009799)by a National Research Foundation of Korea grant funded by the Korean government(MSIP)(NRF-2015R1C1A1A01054109 and NRF-2016M3D1A1021140).
文摘Oriented attachment can be used as a good synthetic route to make highly anisotropic nanostructures including nanorod,nanowire,nanoplate,and nanosheets.In a typical growth of anisotropic nanostructures,coalescence and reshaping after attachment make dense nanostructures.In this report,we show the formation of Ag sheets having fractal network by oriented attachment at low reaction temperature of 30℃.The synthesized Ag sheets exhibited good crystalline nature despite of their network structure and low synthetic temperature.We also investigated the effect of reaction conditions for the formation of the Ag sheets.In addition,using the Ag sheets as a sacrificial template,we could make hollow Au sheets via galvanic replacement.
文摘Exposed crystal facets directly affect the electrochemical/catalytic performance of MnO2 materials during their applications in supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and fuel cells. Currently, the facet-controlled synthesis of MnO2 is facing serious challenges due to the lack of an in-depth understanding of their surface evolution mechanisms. Here, combining aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and high-resolution TEM, we revealed a mutual energy-driven mechanism between beta-MnO2 nanowires and microstructures that dominated the evolution of the lateral facets in both structures. The evolution of the lateral surfaces followed the elimination of the {100} facets and increased the occupancy of {110} facets with the increase in hydrothermal retention time. Both self-growth and oriented attachment along their {100} facets were observed as two different ways to reduce the surface energies of the beta-MnO2 structures. High-density screw dislocations with the 1/2〈100〉 Burgers vector were generated consequently. The observed surface evolution phenomenon offers guidance for the facet-controlled growth of beta- MnO2 materials with high performances for its application in metal-air batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, etc.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province, China(No.QC2012C072).
文摘A simple, surfactant-free, and environmentally benign method has been developed to synthesize a novel 3D flocculus-like CuO hierarchical nanostructure self-assembled with 2D nanosheet as building blocks. Detailed proofs demonstrate that the overall synthetic process underwent the dehydration and re-crystallization of precursor Cu(OH)2 nanowires, and the subsequent two-step oriented attachment. In addition, 3D butterfly-like and flower-like CuO nanostructures consisted of 2D nanosheets could be obtained by adjusting the concentration of NaOH(cNaoH) in the solution. CNaOH played a key role in tailoring the thickness of the nanosheets and changing the morphology of the product. This report may be helpful to constructing fine-tune hierarchical CuO nanostructures under basic conditions.