Regional Finite-Fault Source Model for Development of Ground Motion Attenuation Relationship in Sichuan, China

The attenuation relationship of ground motion based on seismology has always been a front subject of engineering earthquake.Among them,the regional finite-fault source model is very important.In view of this point,the general characteristics of regional seism-tectonics,including the dip and depth of the fault plane,are emphasized.According to the statistics of regional seism-tectonics and focal mechanisms in Sichuan,China,and the sensitivity of estimated peak ground acceleration(PGA)attenuation is analyzed,and the dip angle is taken as an average of 70°.Based the statistics of the upper crustal structure and the focal depth of regional earthquakes,the bottom boundary of the sedimentary cover can be used as the upper limit for estimating the depth of upper-edge.The analysis shows that this value is sensitive to PGA.Based on the analysis of geometric relations,the corresponding calculation formula is used,and a set of concepts and steps for building the regional finite-fault source model is proposed.The estimation of source parameters takes into account the uncertainty,the geometric relationship among parameters and the total energy conservation.Meanwhile,a set of reasonable models is developed,which lay a foundation for the further study of regional ground motion attenuation based on seismology.

Hybrid Slip Model for Near-Field Ground Motion Estimation Based on Uncertainty of Source Parameters

The hybrid slip model used to generate a finite fault model for near-field ground motion estimation and seismic hazard assessment was improved to express the uncertainty of the source form of a future earthquake.In this process, source parameters were treated as normal random variables, and the Fortran code of hybrid slip model was modified by adding a random number generator so that the code could generate many finite fault models with different dimensions and slip distributions for a given magnitude.Furthermore, a simple method to choose an optimal one from these generated models was proposed.The 1994 Northridge earthquake was taken as an example to demonstrate the procedure of the application of the improved model.Three rock stations, LV3, MCN and PCD, in near-field were used to compare the simulated ground motion from the improved model and optimal model with the observed one.The agreement between them in the periods of interest indicates that the improved model and the method to choose the optimal model are available for the engineering practice of ground motion estimation.

Lg-Q model and its implication on high-frequency ground motion for earthquakes in the Sichuan and Yunnan region

Low-rise buildings are susceptible to high-frequency ground motion.The high-frequency ground motions at regional distances are mainly controlled by crustal Lg waves whose amplitudes are typically much larger than those of body waves.In this study,we develop a Lg-wave Q model for the Sichuan and Yunnan region in the frequency band of 0.3–2.0 Hz using regional seismic records of 1166 earthquakes recorded at 152 stations.Comparison between the observed pattern of ground motion from real earthquake and model prediction demonstrates the robustness and effectiveness of our Lg-Q model.Then,assuming that the Lg-wave Q structure is the main factor affecting the propagation of the high-frequency ground motions,we calculate the spatial distributions of high-frequency ground motions from scenario earthquakes at different locations in the region using the average Lg-wave attenuation model over the frequency band of 0.3–2.0 Hz.We also use the Lg-Q model to estimate the distribution of cumulative energy of high-frequency ground motions based on the historical seismicity of the Sichuan and Yunnan region.Results show that the Lg-Q model can be used effectively in estimating the spatial distribution of high-frequency seismic energies and thus can contribute to the assessment of seismic hazard to low-rise buildings.

Analysis of Ground Motion Attenuation Characterization for Moderate Earthquakes in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region

The ground motion attenuation models for PGA,PGV and response spectrum at rock sites and soils sites are derived separately from the digital strong motion records of moderate earthquakes in the Sichuan-Yunnan region after 2007. By comparison with Yu Yanxiangs attenuation model for rock sites in western China,reliability of the model is verified for moderate earthquake. According to the distribution of strong motion data against magnitude and epicentral distance,the applicability and reliability of the results in this paper are discussed.

Attenuation characteristics of ground motions in northern China

Four recently developed attenuation models are calibrated by using a very limited amount of strong motion data recorded in China.The research shows that the attenuation characteristics of the earthquake shaking in northern China are similar to those in the western US.The supporting evidence includes Q factors,preliminary results of kappa values,stress drop, shear wave velocity profile in the shallow earth crust,areas enclosed by the isoseismals of Modified Mercalli Intensity V.From these comparison,s of different attenuation models,it is recommended that the Crouse and McGuire spectral attenuation model could possibly be used for northern China.

An investigation on the ground motion parameters and seismic response of underground structures

Peak ground acceleration (PGA), frequency content and time duration are three fundamental parameters of seismic loading. This study focuses on the seismic load frequency and its effect on the underground structures. Eight accelerograms regarding different occurred earthquakes that are scaled to an identical PGA and variation of ground motion parameters with ratio of peak ground velocity (PGV) to PGA, as a parameter related to the load frequency, are considered. Then, concrete lining response of a circular tunnel under various seismic conditions is evaluated analytically. In the next, seismic response of underground structure is assessed numerically using two different time histories. Finally, effects of incident load frequency and frequency ratio on the dynamic damping of geotechnical materials are discussed. Result of analyses show that specific energy of seismic loading with identical PGA is related to the seismic load frequency. Furthermore, incident load frequency and natural frequency of a system have influence on the wave attenuation and dynamic damping of the system.

Prediction of near-field strong ground motions for scenario earthquakes on active fault

A method to predict near-field strong ground motions for scenario earthquakes on active faults is proposed. First, macro-source parameters characterizing the entire source area, i.e., global source parameters, including fault length, fault width, rupture area, average slip on the fault plane, etc., are estimated by seismogeology survey, seismicity and seismic scaling laws. Second, slip distributions characterizing heterogeneity or roughness on the fault plane, i.e., local source parameters, are reproduced/evaluated by the hybrid slip model. Finally, the finite fault source model, developed from both the global and local source parameters, is combined with the stochastically synthetic technique of ground motion using the dynamic comer frequency based on seismology. The proposed method is applied to simulate the acceleration time histories on three base-rock stations during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Comparisons between the predicted and recorded acceleration time histories show that the method is feasible and practicable.

The Study on the Strong Ground Motion Attenuation Relationship in the Pishan Area,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Small earthquake data from the Pishan MS6.5 aftershocks is collected by the Xinjiang Regional Digital Seismic Observation Network.Five parameters of the focal region are obtained by micro genetic inversion:stress dropΔσof 75.95 bars,quality factor parameters Q0of 186.33 andηof 0.26,geometric attenuation parameters R1of 72.18km and R2of 139.70km.We calculate the Fourier spectrum and combine it with the random phase spectrum to get the ground motion time history,and build the strong motion acceleration attenuation relationship.The strong ground motion acceleration attenuation of the Pishan area is thus obtained.Because of the insufficiency of strong ground motion records,we added the records from the Wuqia MS6.9 earthquake on October 5,2008,the Akto MS6.2 earthquake on October 6,2008,and the Lop MS6.0 earthquake on March 9,2012 to the data.The comparison of the calculation results and the empirical attenuation relationships with strong ground motion records reveal that the strong motion data of Pishan and Lop earthquakes is higher than the empirical attenuation relationships.The Wuqia MS6.9 earthquake strong motion data is consistent with Yu Yanxiangs(2013)short axis result,and lower than the present result.

海域地震动强度包络模型研究

人工模拟地震动是目前开展海洋工程结构抗震分析的主要地震输入分析。强度包络函数是人工模拟地震动的重要参数,决定了地震动的强度非平稳性特性,并对地震动持时起控制作用。目前的地震动强度包络模型均是基于陆域地震动记录统计分析得出,无法准确反应海域地震动的强度特性。因此,基于日本K-Net强震动观测台网的实测地震数据库,分析海域地震动在时域中强度分布特性;提出适用于海域地震动的三段式强度包络模型,回归得到震级M、震中距R及关键参数上升段t_(1)、强震平稳段ts、下降段衰减率c(无量纲)的计算表达式;研究震级、震中距对海域地震动强度包络模型的影响规律,并探讨海域地震动与陆域地震动强度包络模型的异同。研究结果表明:海域地震动强度包络模型中关键参数上升段t_(1)、强震平稳段ts、下降段衰减率c的取值范围分别为[13~52 s],[12~79 s],[0.037~0.173];震级对关键参数(t_(1)、t_(s)、c)的影响要大于震中距;与陆域地震动相比,海域地震动的强度包络模型的下降段衰减率c相差显著,且各关键参数的分布范围更大。

基于地震学的天山地区地震动衰减关系研究

选取天山地区3171条矩震级为3.5~4.5级测震记录,通过计算S波段速度傅里叶幅值谱,采用微遗传算法,反演得到5个区域地壳介质参数,即应力降Δσ为18.206 MPa,品质因子参数Q 0为444.20,η值为0.35,几何衰减参数R 1和R 2分别为74.30 km和106.59 km。根据地壳介质参数计算加速度傅氏谱,再配合随机相位谱,得到某一震级、震中距下地震动时程,提取其PGA,建立区域地震动峰值加速度衰减关系。研究结果显示,矩震级为5级和6级中远场地震动衰减关系与强震动记录符合较好,尤其是5级结果,在选取的5条经验值衰减关系中,其均值和标准差均为最小,结果最优;矩震级为7级的地震动衰减关系,远场结果高于大多数强震动记录。

考虑下部结构单层球面网壳的地震动参数与易损性分析

目前大跨空间球面网壳结构的地震动参数研究与易损性分析多关注于上部结构,忽视了下部支承体系对整体结构的影响。为选取适于评估带下部结构肋环斜杆型单层球面网壳响应的地震动参数,以6个不同矢跨比、不同下部结构的单层球面网壳为模型,研究下部支承体系对球面网壳动力特性的影响,选取多条三维地震动作为输入对模型进行增量动力分析,从相关性、有效性和充分性三个方面对18个地震动参数进行分析评估。并基于大量算例失效时刻的特征响应,建立了考虑下部结构的单层球面网壳的地震损伤模型。结果表明:有无下部支承对结构基频影响较大,随着下部结构高度的增加,结构基频不断减小,无支承柱结构与带10 m支承柱结构的基频相差高达24%;加速度谱强度、峰值加速度与结构地震响应的相关性、有效性及充分性均优于其它地震动参数,可作为考虑下部结构肋环斜杆型单层球面网壳易损性分析的地震动参数。与此同时,在下部支承结构相同时,矢跨比小的网壳结构抗震性能更好,所致结构倒塌的临界荷载更大;支承高度对网壳抗震性能的影响并非呈线性关系,因此,在结构设计时应合理选取下部支承结构高度。

基于Copula模型的多维地震动参数相关性分析

地震动常被拆解为两个水平向分量(x、y)和一个竖向分量(z)。为探寻Copula模型在多维地震动参数相关性分析中的应用可行性,从太平洋工程抗震研究中心选取1500组实测地震动,并从强度、持时和频谱3个方面筛选出12组地震动参数用于表征分析地震动不同向分量间的相关性。首先,计算得到u-v(u、v为地震动两个水平向分量和一个竖向分量中的任意两个分量,u、v=x,y,z)向分量间12组地震动参数的Pearson线性相关系数、Kendall秩相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数。其次,结合柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫(Kolmogorov-Smirnov,K-S)检验和贝叶斯信息准则(the Bayesian information criteria,BIC)建立了12组地震动参数在x、y、z向分量上的最优概率模型。最后,利用BIC准则确定了u-v向分量间地震动参数的最优Copula函数,建立了u-v向分量间12组地震动参数的联合概率函数。结果表明:12组地震动参数相关性较好,但反应谱峰值对应周期参数在u-v向分量间的相关性和阿里亚斯强度参数在x-z向、y-z向分量间的相关性较低;通过Copula理论可以较为精准的建立u-v向分量间地震动参数的联合概率函数;在给定u向分量地震动参数条件下,得到的Copula条件均值和条件随机数能够用于v向分量地震动参数预测。

地震动演变功率谱模型参数的统计建模

工程上常将规范反应谱拟合的确定性取值作为地震动演变功率谱参数,这虽然便于工程应用,但同时存在明显弊端:一方面,参数并非从实测强震记录中获得,具有较强的经验性;另一方面,确定性参数生成的地震动样本过于规则,且工程特性单一,无法全面地反映地震动的随机性。为了克服上述难题,从PEER的NGAGWest2地震动数据库中筛选1766条主轴方向的实测强震记录,并根据《中国地震动参数区划图》建议的场地类别和聚类方法划分为15组;随后,识别实测强震记录的演变功率谱参数,并结合K-S检验和BIC信息准则,确定每个参数最优概率模型;最后,根据演变功率谱参数统计建模结果,结合降维方法,生成了Ⅱ类场地与Ⅲ类场地的代表性时程。与《建筑抗震设计规范》中建议取值不同,研究参数来源于实测地震动,且具有随机性,避免地震动样本工程特性的单一化和规则化。

地震动过程的时域降维建模

地震动建模是工程结构随机地震反应和动力可靠度分析的基础。为此,提出了一类新的地震动过程的时域降维模型,并建议了模型中确定性参数的取值及随机参数的概率分布。首先,从平稳过程时域表达的基本理论出发,导出了平稳和非平稳地震动过程的时域表达形式,通过引入随机函数的降维思想,实现了地震动过程的时域降维表达。同时,基于实测强震记录,给出了地震动时域降维模型的参数识别方法,进而获得模型中基本参数的确定性取值或概率分布。最后,通过地震动过程的降维模拟分析,并与实测强震记录的反应谱和傅里叶幅值谱对比分析。结果表明,地震动过程的时域降维模型具有良好的精度、收敛性和工程适用性,生成的代表性地震动时程能够反映地震动的自然变异性。

An alternative construction of normalized seismic design spectra for near-fault regions

This paper presents a methodology for constructing seismic design spectra in near-fault regions. By analyzing the characteristics of near-fault pulse-type ground motions, an equivalent pulse model is proposed, which can well represent the characteristics of the near-fault forward-directivity and fling-step pulse-type ground motions. The normalized horizontal seismic design spectra for near-fault regions are presented using recorded near-fault pulse-type ground motions and equivalent pulse-type ground motions, which are derived based on the equivalent pulse model coupled with ground motion parameter attenuation relations. The normalized vertical seismic design spectra for near-fault regions are obtained by scaling the corresponding horizontal spectra with the vertical-to-horizontal acceleration spectral ratios of near-fault pulse-type ground motions. The proposed seismic design spectra appear to have relatively small dispersion in a statistical sense. The seismic design spectra for both horizontal and vertical directions can provide alternative spectral shapes for seismic design codes.

顺倾层状碎裂结构岩质边坡地震动力响应及破坏模式分析

顺倾层状边坡沿软弱带剪切方式破坏是滑坡的主要类型之一。采用块体砌筑斜坡振动台模型,在多维多参数地震动作用下,考虑斜坡不同工况下力学参数弱化的过程,研究了层状碎裂结构岩质边坡的地震动力响应和失稳破坏模式。结果表明:斜坡地震动特性和斜坡地质结构是决定斜坡地震动力稳定性以及破坏模式的决定因素;斜坡水平动力响应具有明显的高程和坡表放大效应,高程对斜坡的垂直动力响应影响较小,地震动放大效应与结构面力学强度、地震波波形、频谱特性等均有一定的关系,正弦波较天然波对坡体放大效应影响更为显著;坡体裂纹依托优势结构面在最弱部位起裂萌生扩展,并向节理面追踪形成蠕滑段和锁固段,节理面强度参数在外界地质营力作用下发生弱化,使潜在滑带出现由后缘向前端搭接贯通的前进式破坏模式和由前端向后缘的后退式破坏模式的分化,滑体也由高位剪出向溃散破坏演变。

随机地震动作用下结构-TMDI系统参数设计与概率密度演化分析

针对随机地震动作用下结构-调谐质量惯容阻尼器(TMDI)系统参数设计与概率密度演化分析开展研究。首先采用定点理论公式和基于遗传算法的数值优化方法,结合规范选波进行低惯质比、中惯质比和高惯质比TMDI参数优化。在此基础上,结合概率密度演化理论与物理随机地震动模型,进行随机地震动作用下结构-TMDI系统概率密度演化分析,并比较具有相同质量比的常规调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)的减震性能。算例分析表明:定点理论公式不能合理设计结构-TMDI系统,基于遗传算法的数值优化方法能高效、可靠地获得最优阻尼器参数;相同等效质量比的TMDI比TMD的减震性能更优越,结构可靠度显著提升,达到安全性设计要求;同时,TMDI仅采用了TMD设计1/50的物理质量,且仅需40%的冲程设计要求。文章研究在概率意义上揭示了TMDI增效、减质、限程的技术优势。

近断层地震动的一种随机模型及其参数识别

近断层脉冲型地震动是一类特殊的破坏性地震动,但此类地震动记录数量匮乏,难以满足近场工程结构抗震分析需求。本文首先从PEER强震数据库中选取典型近断层脉冲型地震动记录,形成近断层脉冲型地震动数据库。然后,将基于小波包变换的随机地震动模型与速度脉冲模型相结合,建立了一种考虑竖向分量的脉冲型地震动随机模型。在此基础上,利用非线性规划方法进行了模型参数识别,并选取走滑断层和逆断层地震动记录各一条,将实际地震动与模拟结果进行对比,验证了模型有效性。结果表明:本文模型可对近断层区域的水平向及竖向地震动进行有效模拟,文中给出的模型参数识别方法可在时域上和频域上均获得与目标地震动相匹配的结果。

Clough-Penzien功率谱模型参数的识别与统计建模及应用

地震动的Clough-Penzien功率谱(简称“C-P谱”)模型具有明确的物理意义,但是该模型需要识别的参数较多;而普通最小二乘(OLS)算法存在对数据的非线性识别初始值选择要求高、无法快速有效实现对大批量参数的精确识别等缺点。本文采用自适应加权粒子群优化(AWPSO)算法,基于典型的地震记录对C-P谱模型参数进行识别。结果表明:AWPSO算法识别的精度相比于OLS算法至少提升2.3%,且在计算效率方面具有较大的提升。从地震记录数据库中挑选出4159条地震记录,按照建筑抗震设计规范中的场地分类标准对其分组,采用AWPSO算法对各类场地的C-P谱模型参数进行识别和统计。采用K-S检验、A-D检验及AIC准则,确定了各参数的最优概率分布模型,并进一步计算了各参数之间的相关系数,建立了C-P谱模型的联合概率密度函数。采用Latin超立方抽样方法,得到了场地的统计抽样C-P谱模型,与规范转换的功率谱进行了对比分析,利用功率谱迭代修正的人工地震动合成方法,生成了具有场地特性的人工地震记录。

考虑随机效应的Clough-Penzien功率谱参数预测模型及地震动合成

国内外学者对典型的地震动参数(a PG,v PG,SAs,I A,Ds等)预测方程的研究不断深入,但对于表征地震动频谱特性的功率谱模型参数预测方程的研究却很少。鉴于地震动的频谱特性与震源特性、传播路径和场地条件紧密相关,该研究基于地震动传播的物理机制建立了Clough-Penizien功率谱(C-P谱)模型参数的预测模型。为了更好地描述不同地震事件不同记录之间的相关性,对模型考虑随机效应,建立了谱参数的预测随机效应模型。采用改进的随机效应一次迭代回归算法,对各类场地C-P谱模型参数的预测随机效应模型进行回归分析,确定了模型系数。结合相位谱的物理传播模型与所提出的C-P谱参数预测模型,构建了“震源-传播路径-局部场地”物理传播机制的随机函数模型。算例分析结果表明,该研究提出的谱参数预测方程模型与实际功率谱拟合较好,模拟得到的地震动记录与原始地震记录的时频特性十分接近,可以较好实现地震动记录的模拟和预测,对地震危险性、易损性和风险分析及抗震设计与评定具有重要的指导意义。