Oxidative Molecular Layer Deposition Tailoring Eco-Mimetic Nanoarchitecture to Manipulate Electromagnetic Attenuation and Self-Powered Energy Conversion

Advanced electromagnetic devices,as the pillars of the intelligent age,are setting off a grand transformation,redefining the structure of society to present pluralism and diversity.However,the bombardment of electromagnetic radiation on society is also increasingly serious along with the growing popularity of"Big Data".Herein,drawing wisdom and inspiration from nature,an eco-mimetic nanoarchitecture is constructed for the first time,highly integrating the advantages of multiple components and structures to exhibit excellent electromagnetic response.Its electromagnetic properties and internal energy conversion can be flexibly regulated by tailoring microstructure with oxidative molecular layer deposition(oMLD),providing a new cognition to frequency-selective microwave absorption.The optimal reflection loss reaches≈−58 dB,and the absorption frequency can be shifted from high frequency to low frequency by increasing the number of oMLD cycles.Meanwhile,a novel electromagnetic absorption surface is designed to enable ultra-wideband absorption,covering almost the entire K and Ka bands.More importantly,an ingenious self-powered device is constructed using the eco-mimetic nanoarchitecture,which can convert electromagnetic radiation into electric energy for recycling.This work offers a new insight into electromagnetic protection and waste energy recycling,presenting a broad application prospect in radar stealth,information communication,aerospace engineering,etc.

Measurement of Attenuation Q Value of Cylindrical Sample from Wave Energy

Two methods for measuring the attenuation Q value,frequency-amplitude ratio method andwaveform inversion method,were analyzed.The size and shape of most rock samples in thelaboratory can hardly fulfill the rigorous requirements of the above methods.A new testmethod of using the wave energy to calculate the Q value was proposed.The principle,calculation formulae and some points for attention were expounded;the relationship betweenQ_P and Q_E was discussed;and many samples were measured by this method.The result wascompared with those by other methods,and it was considered that the Q value by this methodlies between Q_P and Q_E·

Wave Extraction and Attenuation Performance of An Edinburgh Duck Wave Energy Converter

Edinburgh Duck wave energy converter(ED WEC)has excellent energy extraction performance and shows a great potential to integrate with other marine structures.This paper aims to investigate its wave energy extraction performance as a WEC and wave attenuation performance as a protection method for shoreline or marine structures.The wave and ED WEC interactions in regular waves are modeled using the Star-CCM+software and verified by comparisons with published experimental results.The motion response,energy conversion efficiency,and transmission coefficient of the ED WEC with different attack angles,rotation center,and incident wave heights are investigated.Results indicate that the ED WEC with an attack angle of 42°and a rotation center of 0.55 m below the mean water line can achieve both good wave energy extraction and wave attenuation performances.The wave energy extraction and wave attenuation performance of the ED WEC decrease significantly with the increase of wave nonlinearity characterized by the wave steepness.This paper can guide the practical application of the ED WEC at the early stage of design.

Feasibility of Improved Attenuation Correction for SPECT Reconstruction in the Presence of Dense Materials Using Dual-Energy Virtual Monochromatic CT: A Phantom Study

Objective: Computed tomography (CT)-based attenuation correction (CTAC) offers the clear benefit of reliable reconstruction of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images through its ability to achieve object-specific attenuation maps, but artifacts from dense materials often deteriorate CTAC performance. Therefore, we investigate the feasibility of CTAC in the presence of dense materials using dual-energy virtual monochromatic CT data. Methods: A sodium pertechnetate-filled cylindrical uniform phantom, with a pair of undiluted iodine syringes attached, is scanned with a dual-source CT scanner to obtain both single-energy (120 kVp) polychromatic and dual-energy (80 kVp/140 kVp with tin filtering) virtual monochromatic CT images. The single-energy and the dual-energy CT images are then converted to attenuation maps at 141 keV. SPECT images are reconstructed from 99mTc emission data of the phantom using each single-energy and dual-energy attenuation map and incorporating CTAC procedure. A region-of-in- terest analysis is performed to quantitatively compare the attenuation maps between the single-energy and the dual-energy techniques, each at an iodine-free position and a position adjacent to the iodine solutions. Results: At the iodine-free position, the phantom provides a uniform distribution of attenuation maps in both the single-energy and the dual-energy techniques. In the presence of adjacent iodine solutions, however, severe artifacts appeare in the single-energy CT images. These artifacts make attenuation values fluctuate, resulting in erroneous pixel values in the CTAC SPECT images. In contrast, dual-energy CT strongly suppresses the artifacts and hence improves the uniformity of the attenuation maps and the resultant SPECT images. Conclusions: Dual-energy CT with virtual monochromatic reconstruction has the potential to substantially reduce artifacts arising from dense materials. It has the potential to improve the accuracy of attenuation maps and the resultant CTAC SPECT images.

The Time-Frequency Energy Attenuation Factor and Its Application on the Basis of Gauss Linear Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wavelet Transform

Based on the Gauss linear frequency modulated wavelet transform, a new characteristic index is presented, namely time frequency energy attenuation factor which can reflect the difference features of waveform in earthquake focus mechanism, wave traveling path and its attenuation characteristics in focal area or near field. In order to test its validity, we select the natural earthquakes and explosion or collapse events whose focus mechanisms vary obviously,and some natural earthquakes located at the same site or in a very small area. The study indicates that the time frequency energy attenuation factors of the natural earthquakes are obviously different with that of explosion or collapse events, and the change of the time frequency energy attenuation factors is relatively stable for the earthquakes under the normal seismicity background. Using the above mentioned method, it is expected to offer a useful criterion for strong earthquake prediction by continuous earthquake observation.

Wave Attenuation and Friction Coefficient on the Coral-Reef Flat

Several sets of S4 direction-wave-current-tide meters have been deployed on the coral-reef flat of Yongshu Reef in the sea area of Nansha Islands.Based on the observational sea wave data, the attenuation characteristics of the waves propagating on the coral reef flat, the bottom friction coefficients and the transfer of wave energy are discussed in the paper. The results show that, in the relative depths of 0.0613～0.0867, the wave height attenuation per unit distance of wave propagation is 22.09%～46.56%, with an average of 31.35%; the wave energy attenuation coefficient, 33.74%～53.22%, with an average of 43.61%. The average of the bottom friction coefficients on the coral-reef flat is 0.1346, which is about 10 times that on the sand or silt bottom. In the course of propagation on the reef flat, the waves sustain more loss in high frequency than in low frequency and the spectral energy transfers to the low frequency. These results may be used for reference in island and reef engineering.

Attenuation characteristics of impact-induced seismic wave in deep tunnels:An in situ investigation based on pendulum impact test

The radiated seismic energy is an important index for the intensity assessment of microseismic(MS)events and the early warning of dynamic disasters.However,the energy of MS signals is significantly attenuated due to the heterogeneity and viscous damping of rock media.Therefore,the study on attenuation characteristics of MS signals in underground engineering has practical significance for the accurately estimation of radiated seismic energy.Based on a pendulum impact test facility and MS monitoring system,an in situ investigation was carried out to explore attenuation characteristics at a deep tunnel.The results show that the seismic energy and peak particle velocity(PPV)attenuation are exponentially related to the propagation distance.The attenuation coefficient of energy is larger than that of PPV.With the increase in the input impact-energy,the seismic energy attenuation coefficient decreases as a power function.An empirical relationship between energy attenuation coefficient and wave impedance of rock mass was established in this scenario.Moreover,the time-frequency characteristics and energy distribution laws of impact-induced signals were investigated by the continuous wavelet transform(CWT)and wavelet packet analyses,respectively.The dominant frequency of signals decreases gradually as the propagation distance increases.Based on the energy attenuation characteristics,a new method was proposed to calculate the released source energy of MS events in the field.This study can provide an insight into energy attenuation characteristics of seismic waves and references for attenuation correction in seismic energy calculation.

Wave attenuation mechanism of cross-plates applied in landslide-induced tsunami in river course

Since the impounding of the Three Gorges Reservoir, the channel of the Yangtze River has become a busy watercourse and the probability of landslide-induced tsunamis has increased. In the case of landslide-induced tsunamis in the Three Gorges Reservoir, even after shipping closures in advance,there are still facilities and objects in urgent need of protection within the risk zone of the watercourse,such as wharfs, marine fueling stations, berthed ships.The emergency protection against and decay of landslide-induced tsunamis in inland watercourses is a new challenge. In this study, 37 sets of wave decay experiments were conducted with the hydromechanics numerical method. The wave decay efficiencies of common simple structures including submerged horizontal plate, horizontal plate on the water surface,inclined thin plate and cross-plates in coastal areas were compared and analyzed. Cross-plates structure showed better wave decay capacity than other simple plates. The wave decay performance of cross-plates was related to five modes of energy dissipation and transformation, namely run-up/run-down, overtopping,reflecting, return flow and disturbed wave orbital path. The type of wave had little relation with the decay performance of cross-plates, but a strong correlation with cross-plates structure, especially the height of the vertical emerged plate. The best decay performance was observed when the ratio of wave amplitude to emerged vertical plate height was between 1 and 1.5, which can reduce up to about 80%of the incoming wave amplitude. Finally, the emergency way of cross-plates applied to the decay of landslide-induced tsunami in river course is discussed.This study provides a conceptual reference for related studies to practice the attenuation of landslide-induced tsunami in reservoirs.

Attenuation coefficients of gamma and X-rays passing through six materials

The aim of this study was to determine the attenuation of gamma and X-rays with different energies caused by passage through different materials.To this end,different materials with a range of atomic numbers were chosen to measure gamma and X-ray attenuation coefficients and to explore the mechanisms of interaction of gamma and X-rays with matter of various kinds.It is shown that the attenuation coefficients first decrease and then increase with increase in the radiation(photon)energy.The attenuation of gamma and X-rays passing through materials with high atomic number is greater than that in materials with low atomic number.The attenuation minimum is related to the atomic number of the irradiated materials.The larger the atomic number is,the lower the energy corresponding to attenuation minimum is.Photoelectric and Compton effects are the main processes when gamma rays pass through individual materials with high and low atomic numbers,respectively.Therefore,for radiotherapy and radiation protection,different methods should be considered and selected for the use of gamma and X-rays of different energies for use in different materials.

Wave Extraction and Attenuation Performance of A Hybrid System of An Edinburgh Duck WEC and A Floating Breakwater

Installing the Edinburgh Duck Wave Energy Converter(ED WEC)on a floating breakwater provides a potential solution to reduce costs and improve the reliability of the ED WEC.To investigate the interactions between the ED WEC and the breakwater,a two-dimensional numerical model of a hybrid WEC-breakwater system is established based on Star-CCM+Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)software.The wave energy extraction performance,wave attenuation performance,and wave forces on the breakwater of the hybrid system are compared with those of the corresponding single device.The effects of the initial attack angle,the distance between the WEC and the breakwater,and the incident wave height on the pitch motion,energy conversion efficiency,transmission coefficient,and wave forces on the breakwater of the hybrid system are analyzed.The results indicate that combing the ED WEC with a breakwater can improve the energy extraction performance of the ED WEC and reduce the wave forces on the breakwater in shorter-period waves.The conversion efficiency of the hybrid system with the initial attack angle of 42°is the largest in shorter-period waves,but is reduced with the increase of initial attack angle in longer-period waves.The wave attenuation performance of the hybrid system is determined by the draft of the breakwater.The distance between the WEC and the breakwater has little effect on the hybrid system.Wave energy extraction of the ED WEC of the hybrid system decreases significantly with the increase of the incident wave height.

Experimental Evaluation of the Attenuation Effect of a Passive Damper on a Road Vehicle Bumper

To mitigate the degree of damage to passengers caused by automobile collisions, a friction damper was built and used in experimental tests to test its effectiveness in impact energy attenuation. The study revealed that energy absorption capacity of a bumper can be improved with the addition of a friction damper. The results revealed that the addition of the friction damper to an automobile bumper to give a bumper-damper system could attenuate about 32.5 % more energy than with the bumper alone. It can be concluded that the effectiveness of automobile bumpers to withstand impact of vehicles by absorbing the kinetic energy from the impact can be improved with the use of a passive friction damper. That is, a passive friction damper system could be used to attenuate more road vehicle impact energy in collisions.

The Experimental Measurements of Total Mass Attenuation Coefficients in Arsenic Oxide

Measurements of K-shell mass attenuation coefficients are reported for the first time in Arsenic oxide (As2O3). Experiments are performed using Arsenic Oxide extended range HPGe detector. To achieve measurements at many small and regular energy intervals, secondary X-ray emission technique using “Seventeen Scatters” is employed. The results are in agreement with the proposed theoretical estimates. No evidence could, however be gained in favor of microscopic theories such as RRS and EXAFS, insofar as there are no energy points within a range of 100eV on either side of the K-edge.

Direct Analytical Method to Calculate Photopeak Efficiency and Photopeak Attenuation Coefficient of NaI(Tl) Well-Type Detector

In this paper full-energy peak (photopeak) efficiency and photopeak attenuation coefficient of 3'' × 3'' NaI(Tl) well-type scintillation detector were calculated using gamma-rayisotropic radiating point sources (with photon energy: 0.245, 0.344, 0.662, 0.779, 0.964, 1.1732, 1.333 and 1.408 MeV) placed outside the detector well. These energies were obtained from 152Eu, 137Cs and 60Co. The relations between the full energy peak efficiency and photopeak attenuation coefficients, were plotted vs. photon energy at different sources to detector distance, and it found that the full energy peak efficiency decreased by increasing the distance between the source and the detector.

基于变分模态分解的采空区“三带”微震信号能量衰减规律

为探明微震信号能量在采空区“三带”结构中的衰减规律,拟开展采空区覆岩相似模型试验,采集人工激发微震波经由采空区结构传播的微震信号,通过变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)处理微震信号,获取各频率下模态分量。针对采空区微震信号在VMD下各模态分量中心频率与能量之间的关系展开分析。根据中心频率法确定微震信号最佳模态数量,并计算微震信号欠分解状态、最佳分解状态、过分解状态下各分量能量;对各震源下信号最佳分解状态时各模态分量能量与中心频率分布关系进行拟合,分析在“三带”结构中,微震信号不同传播状态下各结构层对信号能量影响作用。研究结果表明:(1)在VMD过程中,人工激发震动信号有效模态数量在6~11范围内,微震信号能量随模态数量变化明显。(2)采用幂函数可实现对微震信号模态能量与频率关系的拟合,且拟合状态良好(决定系数大于0.9),其中低频模态分量包含能量占信号总能量近50%;采用高斯函数可以拟合震源各分量能量在频域上的分布表现,拟合状态较好,且表现出高斯单峰特征。(3)微震信号穿越采空区“三带”结构,微震信号能量随震源位置与传感器距离增加而减小,同时信号能量随震源位置到达传感器穿越岩层数量增加而减小,信号能量在经由垮落带时,能量变化明显,相较于裂隙带和弯曲下沉带,垮落带对信号能量衰减作用明显。

高效低频消波俘能非线性防波结构

时刻存在的海洋波浪侵扰严重影响海洋工程装备的安全运行和服役性能,而海洋波浪能又是具有诸多优点的绿色可再生能源。如何通过混合消波-俘能结构减小波浪载荷的同时利用海洋能源是海洋工程领域的基础科学问题。传统消波-俘能结构尤其是深远海浮式结构存在低频消波俘能难的技术瓶颈。基于减小系统等效动刚度思想,提出非线性混合消波-俘能结构,并开展消波俘能特性研究。设计了一种连杆拉簧负刚度机构并应用于混合消波-俘能结构。为了求解非线性混合消波-俘能结构的波浪-结构物流固耦合问题,提出了混合特征值匹配法和谐波平衡法的半解析非线性频域求解方法。研究了机构关键参数对消波俘能性能的影响,揭示了负刚度机构提高低频消波俘能性能的“相位控制”机理。

电离层对月基对地观测平台辐射成像的影响

月基对地观测是一种全新的空间观测手段,其将月球作为搭载平台对地球进行持续长期观测,具有超大可观测范围、高测绘带幅宽、多角度成像、高时间分辨率和长使用寿命等优势。地球电离层位于地表以上至1000 km的高空区域,是影响月基对地观测成像质量的重要因素。为探索月基对地观测平台下热红外及微波辐射传输特性,研究开展了地球电离层对月基对地观测平台热红外和微波辐射成像影响分析的工作,并模拟不同纬度区域月基微波辐射亮温衰减值。首先根据Chapman分布定量化分析电离层电子浓度、折射率变化规律,再结合观测天顶角、碰撞频率等参数计算穿过电离层过程中不同高度处衰减及传输路径,最终采用积分方式获取热红外和微波在电离层中能量衰减量。结果表明,月基对地观测平台热红外和微波成像链路中电离层中造成的能量衰减与碰撞频率、热红外波长和观测天顶角有关,且地球电离层对月基对地观测平台微波成像的影响大于热红外成像的影响。此外,低纬度区域月基微波辐射受电离层衰减影响较大,月基微波亮温值降低约1.304 K;中纬度次之。

基于衰减层析的地下浅层震动能量场重建方法

针对地下浅层震动能量场重建过程中高精度、各向异性的需求,提出一种基于衰减层析的地下浅层震动能量场重建方法。首先,根据速度场模型通过射线追踪计算出地下震动波的传播路径;其次,使用对数谱比法对地下介质的品质因子进行反演;然后,求出震动波在不同传播距离情况下的吸收衰减系数;最后,对震动波进行吸收衰减及几何扩散衰减得到地下浅层震动能量场。仿真结果表明,重建的震动能量场与正演结果的均方根误差为7.653,单个网格的重建能量值与正演结果的最大相对误差为15.3%,平均相对误差3.4%,提出的方法相较于传统方法能够提升地下浅层震动能量场重建精度,对地下浅层震动能量场重建具有一定的应用参考价值。

电池储能系统状态估计综述

为了提高多场景应用的技术经济性,本文对电池储能系统状态估计进行了综述。首先,分析了电池性能衰减的机理,介绍了目前常用的物理建模和数据建模方法,进而对荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)和健康状态(state of health,SOH)进行了定义与关联性分析,并对电池及其系统的状态估计方法进行了汇总;其次,为了获取更多精确的电池运行数据,重点介绍了能够刻画电池内部演化机理的原位/非原位表征技术,进而分析了嵌入式电池管理系统(battery management system,BMS)实际应用的主流开发路线;第三,提出了基于联邦学习的电池储能系统状态估计方法,基于轻量化模型在本地进行电池储能系统SOC的估计以保证控制实时性,基于大数据驱动策略在云中心进行其SOH估计以保证容量可信度,由此实现云边的交互与协同;最后,对电池储能系统未来可能的发展方向和研究重点进行了预测。研究结果表明:活性锂损失是锂离子电池容量衰退的主要原因,高温、低温、过充放等滥用也会加速电池性能衰减;数据驱动在电池系统级建模与状态评估方面具有较大优势;利用原位/非原位表征技术可以获取更多的电池内部状态数据,基于FPGA的BMS轻量化建模更易实现,基于联邦学习的状态评估方法能够提高电池储能系统的智慧化运维水平。

非接触供电旋转超声加工系统负载特性研究

在旋转超声波加工过程中负载的变化会引起振幅衰减,进而造成加工精度和加工效率降低。本文针对非接触供电旋转超声加工系统在加工过程中振幅衰减的问题,首先,通过静态加载实验,获得了负载对超声振子电学参数的影响规律;其后,在此基础上进行了超声振子的非接触能量传输系统的加载实验,得到负载对能量传输特性的影响规律。实验结果表明,超声振子的电学参数受负载力大小、负载力方向和被加工材料特性的共同影响而发生改变,超声振子电参数改变引起了非接触供电超声系统输出功率的改变,进而导致了振幅衰减的问题;本文采用了串联谐振下主边串联电容、副边并联电容的电路补偿方式来减小振幅的衰减。本文的研究成果为解决振幅衰减问题提供了实验依据。