Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions of Secondary School Teenagers towards HIV Transmission and Prevention in Rural and Urban Areas of Central Uganda

HIV/AIDS has remained a challenge in Uganda among adolescent despite the ABC strategy used globally to prevent HIV infection. The study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of secondary school teenagers towards HIV transmission and prevention in rural and urban schools of central Uganda. A cross sectional study using self-administered questionnaires and structured interviews was used to collect data from adolescents in secondary schools in Kampala and Buikwe districts. Eight schools were randomly selected with 4 schools in each district. A total of 245 students from schools were recruited in the study with 120 and 125 students from urban Kampala and rural Buikwe district schools respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 11. The results were expressed as percentages in a 2 × 2 tables. The mean age of the participants was 15.9 ± 2.5 years. Results showed that 95.1% participants had knowledge on HIV/AIDS in both urban and rural schools and 27.4% knew all the modes of HIV transmission. About 83.7% knew the ABC strategy for HIV prevention and 37.6% would talk about HIV/AIDS mainly with friends. For HIV cure, 62.0% of study participants reported non-cure and 24.9% were not sure. The remaining 13.1% of the study participants in both urban and rural schools reported that HIV can be cured. And the modes of curing HIV that were mentioned by participants included spiritual healing, transmitting it to others through sexual intercourse and that antiretroviral (ARVs) drugs can cure it as well as that it can be cured abroad. About 65.7% of participants reported recognition of one with HIV/ AIDS and by having red lips, being sickly;weight loss, skin rash and being very rich were mentioned. About 39.2% of the study participants mentioned that they cannot get infected with HIV and can’t contract HIV at all and 18.4% believed that chances of getting HIV infection were high. On perception and attitude on condoms and their use, participants reported that it is a sign of mistrust, reduces sexual pleasures and they are embarrassing to buy. Majority of the participants in both urban and rural schools had some knowledge on HIV/AIDS and the ABC strategy for HIV prevention. However, there was a knowledge gap on the various modes of HIV transmission and prevention. There was misconception of the participants on HIV/AIDS cure, condom use and on the chances of contracting HIV. About the source of HIV/AIDS information, majority of the participants were getting information on HIV/AIDS from friends of which some information was misleading. This false information could be the reason for the increased HIV prevalence reported among the adolescents in the schools. Generally, participants had some knowledge on HIV/AIDS though they had knowledge gap on HIV transmission and prevention.

Evaluation of Nutrition and Physical Activity Knowledge, Attitudes, Self Efficacy and Behaviors in Teachers and Children after Implementation of the “Healthy Active Kids” Online Program in Australian Elementary Schools

The aims were to examine change in nutrition and physical activity knowledge, self efficacy and attitudes in a cohort of 23 teachers and 304 year 5 and 6 children after the “Healthy Active Kids” online program and to assess any behavioral change in children’s self reported nutrition and physical activity behaviors and investigate the predictors of nutrition knowledge gain in teachers and children. Results found significant (p < 0.0001) increases in teacher and student knowledge of the five food groups;key nutrients provided by each food group, The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating;food labelling laws, identification of common names for fats, sugars and salts on food labels, food proportions on the Healthy Food Plate and the level and percentage of water in the human body and human brain. Teacher attitudes towards the importance of nutrition and diet and self efficacy related to teaching nutrition in class improved (p < 0.01). The final regression model for predictors of the dependent variable, knowledge gain in students was R = 0.53, Adjusted R square = 0.28 (F = 4.76, p < 0.01) indicating that 28% of the variation in knowledge gain was predicted by the negative (low) Time 1 knowledge. Changes to eating habits reported by children were “drinking more water each day” (89.1%) and “eating foods from the five food groups each day” (76.2%);“sharing information about food labels with your family” (52.4%);“reading food labels when you go shopping” (50.0%);“changing what is on your dinner plate each night” (44.2%);“vegetables that you eat now that you didn’t eat before” (42.1%) and “fruits that you eat now” (39%). Results suggest that the development of basic nutrition knowledge is still very important for both teachers and students, but that other factors such as self efficacy, empowerment and skill development also contribute to nutrition behavior change in children.

A Cross-Sectional Survey of Knowledge Attitude and Prevention Practice towards Malaria among Basic Schools Pupils Prior to Health Education Campaign

Background: Malaria has historically been a major public health concern in Yemen, noted to be the country with the highest prevalence in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. As more and more children attend school, governments are increasingly recognizing the importance of child health for educational achievement. Aim: The aim is to assess the baseline knowledge, attitude and practice of pupil towards malaria before the health education activities. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study, in four randomly selected districts (rural and urban) of Taiz governorate. The study population was 1598 pupils in primary schools. Data was collected using questioner. Results: The pupils who recognized mosquito bite as a route of malaria transmission was 769 (48.1%), while the pupils who recognized fever as the main symptom were 786 (49.2%), 281 (17.58%) of pupils recognized convulsion as a complication of malaria. Regarding protective method 881 (55.31%) were mentioned the cover of the tanks as a protective method, about the BN 293 (18.3%) of pupils known about the BN and 280 (17.5%) mentioned children & pregnancy were the vulnerable groups to malaria. Conclusions and Recommendation: the percentage of knowledge of malaria knowledge and methods of prevention was low (24.5%). Also, the positive attitude and practice toward malaria was 45%. The rate of having bed-nets was very low (10.1%). There were misconceptions of malaria cause and transmission (48.1%). We recommend conducting health education activities that will focus on increasing the knowledge, attitude and practice levels of malaria among school pupils.

Actual Practical Attitude and Knowledge of Dental Implants among Senior Dental Students and General Dentists Graduated from Some Saudi and Non-Saudi Dental Schools

Objective: To assess the actual practical attitude and knowledge of dental implants among senior dental students and general dentists graduated from some Saudi and Non-Saudi dental schools. Methods: A total of 300 senior dental students and general dentists participated in the study. Hard copies of the self-designed, multiple-choice questionnaires were distributed to all participants. The questionnaire consisted of 31 questions in five parts. Data were collected and analyzed using Chi-square test and t-test, where p Results: There is a statistically significant relationship between the participants’ answers, and their dental schools. Participants’ general knowledge, training, and teaching of dental implants, as well as information about restorations retained for the dental implants, were higher among participants from Saudi dental schools than participants from non-Saudi dental schools, while the information about dental implants was higher among participants from non-Saudi dental schools than participants from Saudi dental schools. Conclusion: We conclude that the actual practical attitude and knowledge of dental implants among participants in the current study was insufficient. Therefore, dental implant education in the undergraduate curricula of dental schools surveyed should be updated to include teaching, laboratory training, and preclinical and clinical training.

2022年贵州省贵阳市贵安新区初中生性教育现状及对策研究

目的了解贵州省贵阳市贵安新区初中生性教育现状,为该地区学校性健康教育提供对策建议。方法2022年7月通过分层整群随机抽样的方法,随机抽取贵安新区七、八、九年级学生,采用自编问卷对受调查者的性知识、性相关态度、性相关行为和性相关教育的现状进行调查,应用Logistic回归模型分析相关影响因素对初中生性知识及性行为的影响。结果本次调查共纳入初中生2545人,受调查者的性知识及格率为47.8%。受调查者中5.6%有过性行为,年龄最小者为13岁。所有受调查者中,有33.8%表示曾遭遇过不同类型的性骚扰。大多数受调查者报告每学年接受性教育为1~3节课(64.4%),多通过生物课(82.3%)、班会课(39.6%)等相对单一方式讲授。受调查者的性别、年级、父亲/母亲文化程度、父母是否教过性知识与受调查者性知识的及格率有关。受调查者的性别、性知识及格率、是否同意性行为与受调查者有无性行为有关。结论贵安新区初中生性知识欠缺,尤以其中的艾滋病知识为主;中学生性态度较为开放,对婚前性行为持包容态度,未采取任何避孕措施的性行为比例较高,存在性健康隐患;学校性教育存在不足。建议该地区对学校性健康教育课程进行如增加课时、完善内容、丰富教学形式等改进。

新型冠状病毒感染疫情下在校医学生手卫生知信行现状调查

目的:探讨新型冠状病毒感染疫情下在校医学生手卫生现状及影响因素。方法:2020年9—11月在21个专业中随机抽取护理学专业和针灸推拿学专业医学生,最终确定调查样本量为240份。以知信行模式为理论依据,设计《在校医学生手卫生知信行调查问卷》,问卷内容包括知识、态度和行为三个维度,22个条目,知识、态度和行为三个维度的Cronbach′sα系数分别为0.67、0.70、0.76,重测信度分别为0.74、0.85、0.67。对在校医学生进行手卫生知信行现状问卷调查,采用生物荧光监测法测量手部菌落,采用SPSS 19.0软件对数据进行描述和分析。结果:本次调查共发放问卷240份,回收有效问卷232份,有效回收率为96.67%。232名在校医学生手卫生知识平均知晓率为76.73%,85.4%医学生认为通过自己的努力有信心做好手卫生,66%的在校医学生认为自己手卫生做得好或很好。在校医学生手卫生后手部菌落值为(52.36±55.08),手卫生达标率为41.81%。专业、手卫生培训内容和手卫生自我效能3个变量与手卫生均落值成共线性关系,共解释变异度的35.8%(t=-2.714~2.804,P=0.005~0.028.R^(2)=0.358,F=11.206,P=0.000<0.05)。结论:在校医学生手卫生知晓率和自我效能较高,但手卫生达标率不容乐观,护理专业、接受过手卫生培训和手卫生自我效能高者依从率高,可从转变学生的信念入手,进行教育和强化,促使学生养成良好的手卫生行为习惯。

六盘水市中学教师口腔健康知信行和教育态度的调查分析

目的了解六盘水市中学教师口腔健康知识的掌握情况以及口腔健康行为和对口腔健康教育的态度,为以后针对中学教师制订和展开口腔健康教育计划提供参考。方法采用单纯随机抽样的方法,于2023年3月抽取六盘水市4所中学280名中学教师作为研究对象,调查六盘水市中学老师的口腔保健行为习惯、口腔健康知识知晓率和对口腔健康及口腔健康教育的态度。结果收集有效问卷共276份,数据结果表明该教师群体的口腔健康知识知晓率为63.71%,恰当行为率为26.33%,绝大多数教师对口腔健康及健康教育持积极态度,统计分析显示接受过口腔健康教育的教师在口腔保健习惯和口腔健康知识知晓率方面均优于未接受过口腔健康教育的教师,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中学教师的口腔健康知、信、行不统一,应加强该群体的口腔健康教育。

人工智能辅助姿态识别和运动处方的研究

推进体育核心素养有效转化和成功落实,提高体育在中考的分数占比,是当前我国学校体育现代化建设和革新的重点和抓手。为应对目标任务繁重而体育资源有限的问题,针对立定跳远、引体向上等中学生普遍开展的体测内容,采用人工智能技术研究能够有效评估和辅助提高学生基础动作训练水平的姿态评鉴和处方系统。研究内容包括标准动作模型的建立、现场动作采集及与标准动作的对比判定、生成学生动作改进建议三部分,最终形成一套智能的基础体育动作识别、标准程度评估和体质提升建议系统。

师生关系对青少年创造力的影响:基于父母教养态度的异质性研究

基于生态系统理论,本研究提出青少年创造力与师生关系和父母教养态度紧密关联,父母教养态度调节上述影响过程。以经济合作与发展组织(OECD)发布的社会与情感能力项目(SSES)中国苏州的学生、家长、教师和校长数据为分析样本,研究发现:(1)在控制学生的个人、家庭、教师和学校因素后,师生关系对学生的创造力自我概念水平有显著正向预测作用;(2)当父母的教养态度越趋向理解型时,师生关系对学生创造力自我概念水平的积极效应越强,而惩罚型父母教养态度不产生上述影响。基于此,教师应注重与学生的高水平互动,父母以理解的教养态度对待青少年,同时从整合的视角探索家校沟通的必要性,为个体创造力的发展构筑安全、自由的心理环境和物质环境。

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Assessment of Intestinal Parasitic Infection among School Children in Asmara, Eritrea

Purpose: Poor hygiene practice, inadequate sanitary conditions and lack of awareness of correct mode of transmission are some factors that attribute to high intestinal parasitic infection among children. Therefore, having proper knowledge, good attitude and practice (KAP) against the aforementioned factors can significantly mitigate the spreading of intestinal infection. Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study which comprised of 127 students who were selected by stratified random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was used to record KAP of students against intestinal parasitic infection. Total 126 students gave stool samples which were analysed by formol-ether concentration technique. In addition, sewage samples were also collected and analysed for any parasitic load. Statistical data were generated by Chi-square test. Results: A total of 126 stool samples were examined in the study of which 46 (36.50%) were found infected with one or more intestinal parasites. Among the parasites identified, the most common was Hymenolepsis nana with a prevalence rate of 35 (76.0%). Here, most of the students 96 (76.1%) were having poor knowledge about the correct mode of transmission of intestinal parasites. Majority of the students 91 (72.2%) practicing defecation in open air when they are at home, and all 126 (100%) are doing that at school, and significant number of students were not washing hands after defecation. Conclusion: Lack of knowledge regarding mode of transmission and practice of defecation in open air and not washing hands after defecation are issues of great concern, because many parasitic infection have faecal-oral mode of transmission. So, health authorities have to take these issues seriously and action would be vital to resolve it.

Assessment of Environmental Health Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior among High School Students in a USA Southeast Texas School District

This cross-sectional descriptive study assessed general environmental health literacy among students focusing on their knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviors regarding the environmental health, stewardship, and sustainability, using a questionnaire consisting of 35 core questions from the Centers for Diseases Control (CDCs). Students (N = 185) from three high schools in the district were asked through their class teachers to voluntarily complete the questionnaire. Results indicated that about 41% (n = 77) of the students lacked knowledge regarding potential sources of radiation exposure and 70% (n = 133) lacked knowledge regarding radon gas being the number one risk factor for lung cancer among non-smokers. Additionally, the ANOVA test indicated significant knowledge differences among school location. Students in school #1, located in the most affluent area, had significantly higher knowledge scores (M = 4.39) than school #2 located in a moderately affluent area (M = 3.50). Furthermore, we found significant differences in ethnicity on the environmental health attitude of the high school students. Black students reported lower positive environmental health attitude (M = 29.86) than White students (M = 32.63), Hispanic students (M = 32.33) and Asian students (M = 33.84). These findings demonstrated knowledge deficiency in some key areas in environmental health particularly the environmental diseases and conditions caused by manmade hazards such as pesticides, chemicals, radiation, air, water, and soil pollution. Targeted educational interventions to increase awareness and understanding of health effects, exposure to environmental hazards and carcinogens as well as risks associated to direct exposure as in this study, radon and radiation, should be provided to high school students. Practical education through tours where students can observe directly and participating in laboratory experiments could empower the students to translate this knowledge into positive environmental health behaviors and practices now and in the future.

小学数学教材的劳动教育功能及其实现过程探析

小学数学教材是一种国家事权,理应贯彻党的教育方针,落实劳动教育.小学数学教材也融入了一定的劳动教育内容.通过案例分析,研究小学数学教材发挥劳动教育功能的可行性、维度及过程,有助于老师们在教学实践中更好地挖掘,助力小学数学教材完成培根铸魂的育人使命.研究发现,小学数学教材因其内容的实践性、素材的广泛性、呈现的问题化等特点能对学生进行劳动教育,主要培养学生劳动的科学态度、效率观念、规范意识和创新精神等,要经历以学致思、由思而事、以事成人几个阶段.

新疆兵团石河子市少数民族中学生国家通用语言文字态度调查研究--以石河子市第六中学和第二十中学为例

国家通用语言文字的推广普及是铸牢中华民族共同体意识的重要途径之一,新时代的语言文字工作要聚焦民族地区实施“推普攻坚”行动,实现国家通用语言文字普及程度和质量的全面提升。语言态度深刻影响着语言学习者的语言能力、语言使用现状、语言认同和国家认同,探索少数民族学生对国家通用语言文字的态度,能更好地促进其国家通用语言文字能力的提升。研究采用问卷调查法,从语言态度的认知、情感、行为倾向三个维度出发,调查分析了新疆兵团石河子市少数民族中学生对国家通用语言文字的态度。调查发现,被试学生整体上对于学习国家通用语言文字持积极态度,同时也存在一些学习上的困境。对此,从营造良好的语言环境、拓宽学习国家通用语言文字的途径、提高教师的国家通用语言文字教学能力三方面提出了对策和建议。

武汉市血吸虫病流行区农村小学生健康教育效果评价及行为影响因素分析

目的评价武汉市血吸虫病流行区农村小学生开展血吸虫病健康教育干预的效果,并分析血防行为影响因素。方法2021年11月-2022年3月采用整群随机抽样法,从武汉市血吸虫病流行区中随机抽取2所农村小学为研究现场,分别设为干预点和对照点。再整群抽取上述学校的全部3~6年级学生共248例为研究对象,对干预组开展5个月以学校为基础的血吸虫病健康教育干预,对照组不接受任何干预。干预后问卷调查学生的血防知信行,采用多因素Logistic回归分析影响农村小学生血防行为的相关因素。结果干预后,干预组的血防知识合格率高于对照组(69.44%vs 43.61%,P<0.01)。在血防态度和行为方面,干预组“认为血吸虫病可以消灭”和“在有钉螺地带下水时会穿胶鞋、戴手套等”的比例均高于对照组(分别为92.59%vs 84.21%,89.81%vs 72.93%,均P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,男生(OR=0.401,95%CI:0.196~0.822)、五年级(OR=0.293,95%CI:0.091~0.942)、未接受健康教育干预(OR=0.256,95%CI:0.113~0.576)、血防态度消极(OR=0.361,95%CI:0.131~0.992)相对于女生、六年级、接受健康教育干预、血防态度积极更易出现不正确血防行为。结论以学校为基础的血吸虫病健康教育对武汉市血吸虫病流行区农村小学生血防知信行有一定改善。正确血防行为的形成受多种因素影响,需进一步开展有针对性的健康促进活动,提高自我防护能力。

遵义市小学教师口腔健康知识和对口腔健康教育态度的调查

目的 了解遵义市小学教师的口腔健康知识和对口腔健康教育的态度。方法 采用分层随机抽样的方法,抽取遵义市10所小学636名小学教师作为研究对象,自行设计调查问卷,收集教师的基本信息、口腔保健习惯、口腔保健知识知晓率、对口腔健康和口腔健康教育的态度等信息,所得数据采用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计。结果 本调查回收有效问卷614份,在口腔保健习惯方面,小学教师刷牙时长在3 min及以上仅占8.8%,23.8%有横刷牙习惯,64.7%没有洁牙习惯,78.2%未使用过牙线。口腔保健知晓率方面,教师对六龄齿是不会换的、窝沟封闭可以预防龋齿、使用牙线可以去除牙菌斑等方面的认识薄弱,但是,总体对口腔健康和口腔健康教育的态度较好。结论 可通过组织培训等多途径提高遵义市小学教师的口腔健康知识,发挥教师在引领和培养学龄儿童建立良好的口腔习惯中的积极作用。

中学生人格尊严权利态度问卷的编制

目的:编制中学生人格尊严权利态度问卷并检验其信效度。方法:通过专家讨论、文献分析及对中学生的预测查,形成初始问卷;选取295名(样本1)中学生进行项目分析和探索性因素分析,选取213名(样本2)中学生进行验证性因素分析和信效度检验,形成正式问卷。结果:人格尊严权利态度问卷包括人格尊严权利认知、人格尊严权利情感和人格尊严权利行为倾向3个维度,共20道题。总问卷和各分维度的内部一致性系数、分半信度在0.776~0.915。验证性因素分析表明三因素模型拟合良好(χ^(2)/df=1.95,RMSEA=0.067,CFI=0.915,TLI=0.904,GFI=0.852);区分效度检验显示,3个维度之间显著相关(r=0.123~0.149,P<0.001),且均小于所对应的平均方差提取量(AVE)的平方根;聚敛效度检验显示,各题项的因子载荷均在0.541~0.855,AVE均在0.457~0.598且组合信度(CR)均大于0.80。结论:本研究编制的中学生人格尊严权利态度问卷具有良好的信效度,可以作为测量中学生人格尊严权利态度的工具。

北京市中学生对艾滋病的认知情况及态度分析

目的:探讨北京市中学生对艾滋病的认知情况及态度。方法:采用整群抽样方法抽取某中学2022年度七年级~九年级学生作为调查对象进行调查。共发放问卷1 225份,分析调查对象基本情况、对艾滋病相关知识的认知情况、对艾滋病的态度和相关的健康行为。结果:1 225名学生总体知晓率>70%;>95%的中学生知晓性接触、血液传播、母婴传播为艾滋病的3种主要传播途径。86.37%的中学生对艾滋病新闻有所关注,57.22%的中学生认为艾滋病话题与自己有关,63.59%的中学生想成为援艾志愿者。仅29.88%的中学生表示“不感到紧张、恐惧”,32.24%的中学生“认为艾滋病感染者应该公开他们的身份”。结论:中学生艾滋病宣传教育取得了一定成效,但知识知晓率仍然较低。在开展宣传教育时,应更加深入、细致地普及艾滋病知识。同时,避免因中学生对艾滋病患者错误态度而产生的对宣教效果的消极影响。

初中英语教师语音教学态度与实践教学差异性研究

教师标准的发音水平、系统的应用语音学知识和丰富的语音教学内容和手段,是达成语音教学目标的重要保障因素。通过对Z市初中英语教师问卷调查,探讨了初中英语教师语音教学态度与实践教学的差异性。定量研究结果发现:1.受访教师对语音教学重要性的认可和实际语音教学投入之间无显著相关关系,且不同教龄或发音水平的教师在语音教学侧重上不存在差异;2.男教师对于语音教学、语音作业和语音展示课态度的积极性显著高于女教师;3.自我发音报告水平高的教师更注重自身发音练习,在教学中也会进行更多的语音实践教学;4.语音识别能力弱的教师对学生语音纠错敏感度更低,语音识别能力强的教师更倾向于使用明确纠错策略。