Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions of Secondary School Teenagers towards HIV Transmission and Prevention in Rural and Urban Areas of Central Uganda

HIV/AIDS has remained a challenge in Uganda among adolescent despite the ABC strategy used globally to prevent HIV infection. The study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of secondary school teenagers towards HIV transmission and prevention in rural and urban schools of central Uganda. A cross sectional study using self-administered questionnaires and structured interviews was used to collect data from adolescents in secondary schools in Kampala and Buikwe districts. Eight schools were randomly selected with 4 schools in each district. A total of 245 students from schools were recruited in the study with 120 and 125 students from urban Kampala and rural Buikwe district schools respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 11. The results were expressed as percentages in a 2 × 2 tables. The mean age of the participants was 15.9 ± 2.5 years. Results showed that 95.1% participants had knowledge on HIV/AIDS in both urban and rural schools and 27.4% knew all the modes of HIV transmission. About 83.7% knew the ABC strategy for HIV prevention and 37.6% would talk about HIV/AIDS mainly with friends. For HIV cure, 62.0% of study participants reported non-cure and 24.9% were not sure. The remaining 13.1% of the study participants in both urban and rural schools reported that HIV can be cured. And the modes of curing HIV that were mentioned by participants included spiritual healing, transmitting it to others through sexual intercourse and that antiretroviral (ARVs) drugs can cure it as well as that it can be cured abroad. About 65.7% of participants reported recognition of one with HIV/ AIDS and by having red lips, being sickly;weight loss, skin rash and being very rich were mentioned. About 39.2% of the study participants mentioned that they cannot get infected with HIV and can’t contract HIV at all and 18.4% believed that chances of getting HIV infection were high. On perception and attitude on condoms and their use, participants reported that it is a sign of mistrust, reduces sexual pleasures and they are embarrassing to buy. Majority of the participants in both urban and rural schools had some knowledge on HIV/AIDS and the ABC strategy for HIV prevention. However, there was a knowledge gap on the various modes of HIV transmission and prevention. There was misconception of the participants on HIV/AIDS cure, condom use and on the chances of contracting HIV. About the source of HIV/AIDS information, majority of the participants were getting information on HIV/AIDS from friends of which some information was misleading. This false information could be the reason for the increased HIV prevalence reported among the adolescents in the schools. Generally, participants had some knowledge on HIV/AIDS though they had knowledge gap on HIV transmission and prevention.

Evaluation of Nutrition and Physical Activity Knowledge, Attitudes, Self Efficacy and Behaviors in Teachers and Children after Implementation of the “Healthy Active Kids” Online Program in Australian Elementary Schools

The aims were to examine change in nutrition and physical activity knowledge, self efficacy and attitudes in a cohort of 23 teachers and 304 year 5 and 6 children after the “Healthy Active Kids” online program and to assess any behavioral change in children’s self reported nutrition and physical activity behaviors and investigate the predictors of nutrition knowledge gain in teachers and children. Results found significant (p < 0.0001) increases in teacher and student knowledge of the five food groups;key nutrients provided by each food group, The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating;food labelling laws, identification of common names for fats, sugars and salts on food labels, food proportions on the Healthy Food Plate and the level and percentage of water in the human body and human brain. Teacher attitudes towards the importance of nutrition and diet and self efficacy related to teaching nutrition in class improved (p < 0.01). The final regression model for predictors of the dependent variable, knowledge gain in students was R = 0.53, Adjusted R square = 0.28 (F = 4.76, p < 0.01) indicating that 28% of the variation in knowledge gain was predicted by the negative (low) Time 1 knowledge. Changes to eating habits reported by children were “drinking more water each day” (89.1%) and “eating foods from the five food groups each day” (76.2%);“sharing information about food labels with your family” (52.4%);“reading food labels when you go shopping” (50.0%);“changing what is on your dinner plate each night” (44.2%);“vegetables that you eat now that you didn’t eat before” (42.1%) and “fruits that you eat now” (39%). Results suggest that the development of basic nutrition knowledge is still very important for both teachers and students, but that other factors such as self efficacy, empowerment and skill development also contribute to nutrition behavior change in children.

A Cross-Sectional Survey of Knowledge Attitude and Prevention Practice towards Malaria among Basic Schools Pupils Prior to Health Education Campaign

Background: Malaria has historically been a major public health concern in Yemen, noted to be the country with the highest prevalence in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. As more and more children attend school, governments are increasingly recognizing the importance of child health for educational achievement. Aim: The aim is to assess the baseline knowledge, attitude and practice of pupil towards malaria before the health education activities. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study, in four randomly selected districts (rural and urban) of Taiz governorate. The study population was 1598 pupils in primary schools. Data was collected using questioner. Results: The pupils who recognized mosquito bite as a route of malaria transmission was 769 (48.1%), while the pupils who recognized fever as the main symptom were 786 (49.2%), 281 (17.58%) of pupils recognized convulsion as a complication of malaria. Regarding protective method 881 (55.31%) were mentioned the cover of the tanks as a protective method, about the BN 293 (18.3%) of pupils known about the BN and 280 (17.5%) mentioned children & pregnancy were the vulnerable groups to malaria. Conclusions and Recommendation: the percentage of knowledge of malaria knowledge and methods of prevention was low (24.5%). Also, the positive attitude and practice toward malaria was 45%. The rate of having bed-nets was very low (10.1%). There were misconceptions of malaria cause and transmission (48.1%). We recommend conducting health education activities that will focus on increasing the knowledge, attitude and practice levels of malaria among school pupils.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Assessment of Intestinal Parasitic Infection among School Children in Asmara, Eritrea

Purpose: Poor hygiene practice, inadequate sanitary conditions and lack of awareness of correct mode of transmission are some factors that attribute to high intestinal parasitic infection among children. Therefore, having proper knowledge, good attitude and practice (KAP) against the aforementioned factors can significantly mitigate the spreading of intestinal infection. Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study which comprised of 127 students who were selected by stratified random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was used to record KAP of students against intestinal parasitic infection. Total 126 students gave stool samples which were analysed by formol-ether concentration technique. In addition, sewage samples were also collected and analysed for any parasitic load. Statistical data were generated by Chi-square test. Results: A total of 126 stool samples were examined in the study of which 46 (36.50%) were found infected with one or more intestinal parasites. Among the parasites identified, the most common was Hymenolepsis nana with a prevalence rate of 35 (76.0%). Here, most of the students 96 (76.1%) were having poor knowledge about the correct mode of transmission of intestinal parasites. Majority of the students 91 (72.2%) practicing defecation in open air when they are at home, and all 126 (100%) are doing that at school, and significant number of students were not washing hands after defecation. Conclusion: Lack of knowledge regarding mode of transmission and practice of defecation in open air and not washing hands after defecation are issues of great concern, because many parasitic infection have faecal-oral mode of transmission. So, health authorities have to take these issues seriously and action would be vital to resolve it.

Assessment of Environmental Health Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior among High School Students in a USA Southeast Texas School District

This cross-sectional descriptive study assessed general environmental health literacy among students focusing on their knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviors regarding the environmental health, stewardship, and sustainability, using a questionnaire consisting of 35 core questions from the Centers for Diseases Control (CDCs). Students (N = 185) from three high schools in the district were asked through their class teachers to voluntarily complete the questionnaire. Results indicated that about 41% (n = 77) of the students lacked knowledge regarding potential sources of radiation exposure and 70% (n = 133) lacked knowledge regarding radon gas being the number one risk factor for lung cancer among non-smokers. Additionally, the ANOVA test indicated significant knowledge differences among school location. Students in school #1, located in the most affluent area, had significantly higher knowledge scores (M = 4.39) than school #2 located in a moderately affluent area (M = 3.50). Furthermore, we found significant differences in ethnicity on the environmental health attitude of the high school students. Black students reported lower positive environmental health attitude (M = 29.86) than White students (M = 32.63), Hispanic students (M = 32.33) and Asian students (M = 33.84). These findings demonstrated knowledge deficiency in some key areas in environmental health particularly the environmental diseases and conditions caused by manmade hazards such as pesticides, chemicals, radiation, air, water, and soil pollution. Targeted educational interventions to increase awareness and understanding of health effects, exposure to environmental hazards and carcinogens as well as risks associated to direct exposure as in this study, radon and radiation, should be provided to high school students. Practical education through tours where students can observe directly and participating in laboratory experiments could empower the students to translate this knowledge into positive environmental health behaviors and practices now and in the future.

Actual Practical Attitude and Knowledge of Dental Implants among Senior Dental Students and General Dentists Graduated from Some Saudi and Non-Saudi Dental Schools

Objective: To assess the actual practical attitude and knowledge of dental implants among senior dental students and general dentists graduated from some Saudi and Non-Saudi dental schools. Methods: A total of 300 senior dental students and general dentists participated in the study. Hard copies of the self-designed, multiple-choice questionnaires were distributed to all participants. The questionnaire consisted of 31 questions in five parts. Data were collected and analyzed using Chi-square test and t-test, where p Results: There is a statistically significant relationship between the participants’ answers, and their dental schools. Participants’ general knowledge, training, and teaching of dental implants, as well as information about restorations retained for the dental implants, were higher among participants from Saudi dental schools than participants from non-Saudi dental schools, while the information about dental implants was higher among participants from non-Saudi dental schools than participants from Saudi dental schools. Conclusion: We conclude that the actual practical attitude and knowledge of dental implants among participants in the current study was insufficient. Therefore, dental implant education in the undergraduate curricula of dental schools surveyed should be updated to include teaching, laboratory training, and preclinical and clinical training.

Attitude, Secondary Schools and Student Success in a Tertiary Mathematics Unit

There is a consensus in the literature that mathematical ability contributes to student success in tertiary education. More importantly, mathematical skills are necessary when successfully completing mathematics- and/or science-based degrees. Social sciences such as psychology and economics require statistical skills which also require knowledge of mathematics. Even business students, such as marketing and accounting students need the necessary mathematical skills to successfully complete their degrees at university. This paper suggests that student success in a core business subject is dependent on their mathematical aptitude, attitude, and type of secondary schooling whether government or non-government schools. There is urgency for universities to recognize that high failure rates are due to insufficient mathematics exposure in secondary schooling and remedial classes might not be enough. Specifying a minimum （maths, e.g., two units） requirement for entry and/or providing bridging programs to ensure students have the necessary basic mathematical skills would increase student success in quantitative units.

基于叙事作文分析的初中生社会情感能力:基本特征与提升策略

在语文课程领域中探索初中生社会情感能力,分析学生叙事作文是一种有效途径。运用系统功能语言学评价理论中的态度系统框架对270篇初中生叙事作文进行文本分析,涵盖情感反应、行为判断和事物鉴赏。研究表明,从整体特征看,学生的社会情感能力主要集中在情感抒发和同理心,其次是自我意识和社会责任感,而文化认同感最少;从社会情感能力的差异特征看,女生在情感反应方面显著高于男生,高水平、中水平、低水平作文两两之间在情感反应和事物鉴赏方面均存在显著性差异,高水平与低水平、中水平与低水平作文在行为判断方面存在显著性差异。基于这些特征,建议推行多元化作文教学策略,增强学生批判性分析和多层次理解能力;采用包容性作文教学策略,提高学生理解他人和建立良好人际关系的能力;建立追踪性作文评价机制,促进学生社会情感能力的持续性发展。

泉州市高中生烟草知识和态度调查

目的通过调查泉州市高中生烟草知识的知晓率及对吸烟的态度,为深入开展高中校园控烟干预工作提供依据。方法采用随机抽样的方法,抽取泉州市普通高中生及职高学生,进行烟草危害知识知晓率及对吸烟的态度调查。结果本次共调查5348名学生。关于吸烟危害的知晓情况方面,“吸烟成瘾是一种慢性疾病”“戒烟越早越好”“烟草中有害物质引起多种癌症”的知晓率较高。关于吸烟可致的疾病,“肺癌”“气管炎”“肺炎”“肺气肿”在普通中学和职业中学学生中的知晓率均较高。除了“希望社会开展戒烟活动”,其余对吸烟的态度在普通中学和职业中学中的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论学校尤其是职业学校应加强校园控烟干预工作的力度,多方联合全力做好控烟行动,减少或避免烟草危害,保护高中生的身心健康。

家师关系与小学生学校态度:师生关系的中介作用及父母差异

良好的家师关系是家校合作的基础,有利于形成教育合力、促进学生全面发展。研究对北京1366名小学四年级学生及其父母进行连续两年的测查,旨在探讨师生关系在家师关系对小学生学校态度影响间的中介作用,并分析父母差异。结果发现:(1)父亲和母亲报告的家师关系质量均能负向预测学校回避,家师联系频率均能负向预测学校喜欢;(2)母亲报告的家师关系质量能正向预测学校喜欢、家师联系频率能正向预测学校回避,而父亲报告的这两条路径均不显著,存在父母差异;(3)师生关系在父亲和母亲报告的家师关系质量对学校喜欢和学校回避的影响中均起中介作用。

2022年贵州省贵阳市贵安新区初中生性教育现状及对策研究

目的了解贵州省贵阳市贵安新区初中生性教育现状,为该地区学校性健康教育提供对策建议。方法2022年7月通过分层整群随机抽样的方法,随机抽取贵安新区七、八、九年级学生,采用自编问卷对受调查者的性知识、性相关态度、性相关行为和性相关教育的现状进行调查,应用Logistic回归模型分析相关影响因素对初中生性知识及性行为的影响。结果本次调查共纳入初中生2545人,受调查者的性知识及格率为47.8%。受调查者中5.6%有过性行为,年龄最小者为13岁。所有受调查者中,有33.8%表示曾遭遇过不同类型的性骚扰。大多数受调查者报告每学年接受性教育为1~3节课(64.4%),多通过生物课(82.3%)、班会课(39.6%)等相对单一方式讲授。受调查者的性别、年级、父亲/母亲文化程度、父母是否教过性知识与受调查者性知识的及格率有关。受调查者的性别、性知识及格率、是否同意性行为与受调查者有无性行为有关。结论贵安新区初中生性知识欠缺,尤以其中的艾滋病知识为主;中学生性态度较为开放,对婚前性行为持包容态度,未采取任何避孕措施的性行为比例较高,存在性健康隐患;学校性教育存在不足。建议该地区对学校性健康教育课程进行如增加课时、完善内容、丰富教学形式等改进。

中国三省份小学生饮奶干预知信行评价

目的:对中国三省份小学生饮奶干预项目知信行进行评价,为指导小学生科学饮奶提供参考。方法:采用随机抽样的方法,各抽取海南省、湖北省和四川省的1个城市点和1个农村点,共计6个调查点;每个调查点分别选取1所推广学生奶的学校作为干预组,1所没有推广学生奶的学校作为对照组。每日向干预组学生发放200 mL的预包装纯牛奶,同时发放纸质宣传材料和开展有针对性的健康讲座;对照组学校学生不实施任何干预。干预组和对照组的调查对象均为小学三、四、五年级学生。结果:对于营养相关知识掌握情况,干预组在干预前后“学龄儿童每天的饮奶量”“纯牛奶的作用”“酸奶不可以代替牛奶”的知晓率差值高于对照组。对于营养相关态度情况,干预组在干预前后“愿意了解奶类相关的营养知识”“愿意听从书本、老师和家长的饮食指导”“食物喜好纯牛奶”“会坚持喝奶”“食物的营养重要”的百分比差值均高于对照组。对于营养相关行为情况,干预组在干预前后“每周饮奶5天及以上”“会关注配料表和营养标签”“经常选择奶或者奶制品作为零食”“会主动向家长或者学校索要奶”“会主动向家长或老师提出营养健康问题”的百分比差值均高于对照组。结论:综合运用营养健康指南,从饮奶知识和行为等多方面入手进行宣教和干预,能够提高学生的知信行,促进科学健康的饮奶行为。

新型冠状病毒感染疫情下在校医学生手卫生知信行现状调查

目的:探讨新型冠状病毒感染疫情下在校医学生手卫生现状及影响因素。方法:2020年9—11月在21个专业中随机抽取护理学专业和针灸推拿学专业医学生,最终确定调查样本量为240份。以知信行模式为理论依据,设计《在校医学生手卫生知信行调查问卷》,问卷内容包括知识、态度和行为三个维度,22个条目,知识、态度和行为三个维度的Cronbach′sα系数分别为0.67、0.70、0.76,重测信度分别为0.74、0.85、0.67。对在校医学生进行手卫生知信行现状问卷调查,采用生物荧光监测法测量手部菌落,采用SPSS 19.0软件对数据进行描述和分析。结果:本次调查共发放问卷240份,回收有效问卷232份,有效回收率为96.67%。232名在校医学生手卫生知识平均知晓率为76.73%,85.4%医学生认为通过自己的努力有信心做好手卫生,66%的在校医学生认为自己手卫生做得好或很好。在校医学生手卫生后手部菌落值为(52.36±55.08),手卫生达标率为41.81%。专业、手卫生培训内容和手卫生自我效能3个变量与手卫生均落值成共线性关系,共解释变异度的35.8%(t=-2.714~2.804,P=0.005~0.028.R^(2)=0.358,F=11.206,P=0.000<0.05)。结论:在校医学生手卫生知晓率和自我效能较高,但手卫生达标率不容乐观,护理专业、接受过手卫生培训和手卫生自我效能高者依从率高,可从转变学生的信念入手,进行教育和强化,促使学生养成良好的手卫生行为习惯。

师生关系对青少年创造力的影响:基于父母教养态度的异质性研究

基于生态系统理论,本研究提出青少年创造力与师生关系和父母教养态度紧密关联,父母教养态度调节上述影响过程。以经济合作与发展组织(OECD)发布的社会与情感能力项目(SSES)中国苏州的学生、家长、教师和校长数据为分析样本,研究发现:(1)在控制学生的个人、家庭、教师和学校因素后,师生关系对学生的创造力自我概念水平有显著正向预测作用;(2)当父母的教养态度越趋向理解型时,师生关系对学生创造力自我概念水平的积极效应越强,而惩罚型父母教养态度不产生上述影响。基于此,教师应注重与学生的高水平互动,父母以理解的教养态度对待青少年,同时从整合的视角探索家校沟通的必要性,为个体创造力的发展构筑安全、自由的心理环境和物质环境。

六盘水市中学教师口腔健康知信行和教育态度的调查分析

目的了解六盘水市中学教师口腔健康知识的掌握情况以及口腔健康行为和对口腔健康教育的态度,为以后针对中学教师制订和展开口腔健康教育计划提供参考。方法采用单纯随机抽样的方法,于2023年3月抽取六盘水市4所中学280名中学教师作为研究对象,调查六盘水市中学老师的口腔保健行为习惯、口腔健康知识知晓率和对口腔健康及口腔健康教育的态度。结果收集有效问卷共276份,数据结果表明该教师群体的口腔健康知识知晓率为63.71%,恰当行为率为26.33%,绝大多数教师对口腔健康及健康教育持积极态度,统计分析显示接受过口腔健康教育的教师在口腔保健习惯和口腔健康知识知晓率方面均优于未接受过口腔健康教育的教师,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论中学教师的口腔健康知、信、行不统一,应加强该群体的口腔健康教育。

大理白族自治州甸南镇部分小学生环境内分泌干扰物KAP调查分析

目的:探讨大理白族自治州甸南镇四至六年级小学生性成熟状况及环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs)相关知识、态度和行为。方法:采用分层随机抽样法,在大理白族自治州甸南镇选取2所小学四至六年级学生进行问卷调查。结果:不同年级、年龄学生及女生是否出现第二性征、月经初潮在EDCs相关知识态度得分上的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),四年级、六年级学生的EDCs相关知识态度均较五年级学生好;10岁学生的EDCs相关知识态度较11岁学生好;没有出现第二性征、月经初潮的女生EDCs相关知识态度比出现第二性征、月经初潮的女生好。女生出现月经初潮年龄在饮食行为习惯得分上的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),12岁、13岁出现月经初潮的女生的饮食行为习惯均比11岁出现月经初潮的女生好。结论:11岁出现月经初潮的女生饮食行为习惯较差,五年级学生、11岁学生、出现第二性征和月经初潮的女生EDCs相关知识态度较差,接触EDCs较多。应制定有效的防治方案,培养学生良好的日常生活习惯,加强EDCs相关知识的教育。

互动式健康教育在学校传染病预防中的应用效果

目的 探讨互动式健康教育在学校传染病预防中的应用效果。方法 采用随机数字表法将2021年3月至2023年4月福建技术师范学院附属小学的60名学生随机分为试验组和对照组,每组各30名。对照组接受常规健康教育,试验组接受互动式健康教育,比较两组健康知识评分、健康态度评分、健康行为评分、预防行为改善率、传染病发生率。结果 干预后,试验组的健康知识评分[(16.53±2.43)分vs.(14.34±2.31)分,P=0.001]、健康态度评分[(82.36±11.23)分vs.(74.31±10.54)分,P=0.006]、健康行为评分[(86.71±12.63)分vs.(79.35±10.67)分,P=0.018]均高于对照组;试验组预防行为改善率高于对照组(93.33%vs.70.00%,P=0.020),且传染病发生率低于对照组(6.67%vs.26.67%,P=0.038)。结论 互动式健康教育能够有效地提高学生的健康知识、健康态度和健康行为,降低传染病的发生率,是一种适用于学校传染病预防的教育模式。

农村初中生数学学习习惯现状及培养策略

良好的学习习惯能够提高学生的自主学习能力,提高学习效率,最终提升学习成绩。文章通过问卷调查分析了189名农村初中生的数学学习习惯,发现其整体水平一般,且没有性别差异;但与数学成绩、数学态度呈显著正相关,特别是主动回答问题的习惯对数学成绩和态度的影响最大。基于此,文章提出了针对性的培养策略,包括注重数学学习习惯在书面上的呈现,关注初中生青春期的心理变化,发挥学习习惯对成绩和态度的积极作用,并特别强调培养学生主动回答问题的习惯。

人工智能辅助姿态识别和运动处方的研究

推进体育核心素养有效转化和成功落实,提高体育在中考的分数占比,是当前我国学校体育现代化建设和革新的重点和抓手。为应对目标任务繁重而体育资源有限的问题,针对立定跳远、引体向上等中学生普遍开展的体测内容,采用人工智能技术研究能够有效评估和辅助提高学生基础动作训练水平的姿态评鉴和处方系统。研究内容包括标准动作模型的建立、现场动作采集及与标准动作的对比判定、生成学生动作改进建议三部分,最终形成一套智能的基础体育动作识别、标准程度评估和体质提升建议系统。

基于核心素养的初中地理情境教学探析

地理情境教学是一种独特的教学方法,其通过创设具有现实感和沉浸感的地理情境,激发学生的学习兴趣和探索动力,培养学生的地理思维和创新能力,拓宽学生的视野和社会认知。在教学实践中,教师可基于地理情境教学存在的问题,以主题式串联培养学生的地理思维,以虚拟技术融入培养学生的空间意识,以案例分析培养学生的地理态度,以环境保护内容培养学生的人地协调观,以课题研究培养学生的地理实践观,同时健全教学评价体系。