Spatial structural characteristics of the Deda ancient landslide in the eastern Tibetan Plateau:Insights from Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics and the Microtremor Survey Method

It is of crucial importance to investigate the spatial structures of ancient landslides in the eastern Tibetan Plateau’s alpine canyons as they could provide valuable insights into the evolutionary history of the landslides and indicate the potential for future reactivation.This study examines the Deda ancient landslide,situated in the Chalong-ranbu fault zone,where creep deformation suggests a complex underground structure.By integrating remote sensing,field surveys,Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics(AMT),and Microtremor Survey Method(MSM)techniques,along with engineering geological drilling for validation,to uncover the landslide’s spatial feature s.The research indicates that a fault is developed in the upper part of the Deda ancient landslide,and the gully divides it into Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅠand Deda landslide accumulation zoneⅡin space.The distinctive geological characteristics detectable by MSM in the shallow subsurface and by AMT in deeper layers.The findings include the identification of two sliding zones in the Deda I landslide,the shallow sliding zone(DD-I-S1)depth is approximately 20 m,and the deep sliding zone(DD-I-S2)depth is 36.2-49.9 m.The sliding zone(DD-Ⅱ-S1)depth of the DedaⅡlandslide is 37.6-43.1 m.A novel MSM-based method for sliding zone identification is proposed,achieving less than 5%discrepancy in depth determination when compared with drilling data.These results provide a valuable reference for the spatial structural analysis of large-deepseated landslides in geologically complex regions like the eastern Tibetan Plateau.

3D joint inversion of controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric and magnetotelluric data

Different geophysical exploration methods have significant differences in terms of exploration depth,especially in frequency domain electromagnetic(EM)exploration.According to the definition of skin depth,this difference will increase with the effective detection frequency of the method.As a result,when performing three-dimensional inversion on single type of EM data,it is not possible to effectively distinguish the subsurface geoelectric structure at the full scale.Therefore,it is necessary to perform joint inversion on different type of EM data.In this paper we combine the magnetotelluric method(MT)with the controlled-source audio-magnetotelluric method(CSAMT)to study the frequency-domain three-dimensional(3D)joint inversions,and we use the unstructured finite-element method to do the forward modeling for them,so that the numerical simulation accuracies of different electromagnetic methods can be satisfied.By combining the two sets of data,we can obtain the sensitivity of the electrical structure at different depths,and depict the full-scale subsurface geoelectric structures.In actual mineral exploration,the 3D joint inversion is more useful for identifying subsurface veins in the shallow part and blind mines in the deep part.It can delineate the morphological distribution of ore bodies more completely and provide reliable EM interpretations to guide the mining of minerals.

Proterozoic tectonothermal processes imaged with magnetotellurics and seismic reflection in southern Australia

Over the last two decades,co-located seismic and magnetotelluric(MT) profiles provided fundamental geophysical data sets to image the Australian crust.Despite their complimentary nature,the data are processed and often interpreted separately without common processes in mind.We here qualitatively compare 2 D resistivity inversion models derived from MT and seismic reflection profiles across a region of Archean-Proterozoic Australia to address the causes of variations in seismic response and anomalous conductivity in the crust.We find that there exists a spatial association between regions of low reflectivity in seismic sections and low resistivity in co-located2 D MT modelled sections.These relationships elucidate possible signatures of past magmatic and fluid-related events.Depending on their diffuse or discrete character,we hypothesize these signatures signify fossil melting of the crust due to mafic underplating,magma movement or hydrothermal fluid flow through the crust.The approach discussed herein is a process-oriented approach to interpretation of geophysical images and a significant extension to traditional geophysical methods which are primarily sensitive to a singular bulk rock property or state.

3D Step-by-step inversion strategy for audio magnetotellurics data based on unstructured mesh

A three-dimensional(3D)step-by-step inversion strategy for audio magnetotellurics(AMT)is investigated in this study.The objective function is minimized by iteratively solving the Gauss-Newton normal equation,and the inversion region is discretized with unstructured tetrahedral elements.The inversion proceeds step-by-step from a coarse mesh to a fine mesh.In the inversion iteration process,a mesh is adaptively optimized according to the spatial gradient information about the model resistivity to fine delineate the boundaries of abnormal bodies.In the early stage of inversion execution,a coarse mesh is used for inversion,and the inversion stability is improved by reducing the number of inversion elements.In addition,mesh refinement is performed in the iterative inversion process.The inversion results obtained from the previous mesh are used as the reference and initial models for the next mesh iterative inversion.The step-by-step inversion strategy can ensure that the inversion is performed in the correct direction,improving the inversion stability and results gradually.Synthetic results show that the step-by-step inversion strategy with a Gauss-Newton method for 3D AMT inversion is stable and reliable,which lays a foundation for further practical 3D AMT data inversion.

Intra-continental Orogeny:Insights from Magnetotelluric Data into the Mesozoic Uplift History of the Eastern Jiangnan Orogen in South China

Despite extensive efforts to understand the tectonic evolution of the Jiangnan Orogen in South China,the orogenic process and its mechanism remain a matter of dispute.Previous geodynamic studies have mostly focused on collisional orogeny,which is commonly invoked to explain the Jiangnan Orogen.However,it is difficult for such hypotheses to reconcile all the geological and geophysical data,especially the absence of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks.Based on the magnetotelluric data,we present a group of resistivity models produced through the combination of two-dimensional and three-dimensional inversions,revealing the geo-electrical structures of Jiangnan and a typical collisional orogen.In our models,the resistive crust is separated into three parts by a prominent conductive layer with opposite dipping directions on both sides.A special thrust-nappe system,which is different from that developed in a typical collisional process,is revealed in the Jiangnan Orogen.This structure suggests a process different from the simple collisional orogeny.To interpret our observations,an'intra-continental orogeny'is proposed to address the development of the Jiangnan Orogen in the Mesozoic.Furthermore,this'reworked'process may contain at least two stages caused by the decoupling of the lithosphere,which is revealed by an extra conductive layer beneath Jiangnan.

3D model of Svecofennian Accretionary Orogen and Karelia Craton based on geology,reflection seismics,magnetotellurics and density modelling:Geodynamic speculations

A 3D model of deep crustal structure of the Archaean Karelia Craton and late Palaeoproterozoic Svecofennian Accretionary Orogen including the boundary zone is presented.The model is based on the combination of data from geological mapping and reflection seismic studies,along profiles 1-EU,4 B,FIRE-1-2 a-2 and FIRE-3-3 a,and uses results of magnetotelluric soundings in southern Finland and northern Karelia.A seismogeological model of the crust and crust-mantle boundary is compared with a model of subhorizontal velocity-density layering of the crust.The TTG-type crust of the Palaeoarchaean and Mesoarchaean microcontinents within the Karelia Craton and the Belomorian Province are separated by gently dipping greenstone belts,at least some of which are palaeosutures.The structure of the crust was determined mainly by Palaeoproterozoic tectonism in the intracontinental settings modified by a strong collisional compression at the end of the Palaeoproterozoic.New insights into structure,origin and evolution of the Svecofennian Orogen are provided.The accretionary complex is characterized by inclined tectonic layering:the tectonic sheets,~15 km thick,are composed of volcanic-sedimentary rocks,including electro-conductive graphite-bearing sedimentary rocks,and electro-resistive granitoids,which plunge monotonously and consecutively eastward.Upon reaching the level of the lower crust,the tectonic sheets of the accretionary complex lose their distinct outlines.In the seismic reflection pattern they are replaced by a uniform acoustically translucent medium,where separate sheets can only be traced fragmentarily.The crust-mantle boundary bears a diffuse character:the transition from crust to mantle is recorded by the disappearance of the vaguely drawn boundaries of the tectonic sheets and in the gradual transition of acoustically homogeneous and translucent lower crust into transparent mantle.Under the effect of endogenic heat flow,the accretionary complex underwent high-temperature metamorphism and partial melting.Blurring of the rock contacts,which in the initial state created contrasts of acoustic impedance,was caused by partial melting and mixing of melts.The 3 D model is used as a starting point for the evolutionary model of the Svecofennian Accretionary Orogen and for determination of its place in the history of the Palaeoproterozoic Lauro-Russian intracontinental orogeny,which encompassed a predominant part of the territory of Lauroscandia,a palaeocontinent combining North American and East European cratons.The model includes three stages in the evolution of the Lauro-Russian Orogen(-2.5,2.2-2.1 and 1.95-1.87 Ga).The main feature of the Palaeoproterozoic evolution of the accretionary Svecofennian Orogen and Lauroscandia as a whole lay in the causal link with evolution of a superplume,which initiated plate-tectonic events.The Svecofennian-Pre-Labradorian palaeo-ocean originated in the superplume axial zone;the accretionary orogens were formed along both continental margins due to closure of the palaeo-ocean.

Three-dimensional magnetotelluric modeling in the spherical and Cartesian coordinate systems:A comparative study

With the increase in the coverage area of magnetotelluric data,three-dimensional magnetotelluric modeling in spherical coordinates and its differences with respect to traditional Cartesian modeling have gradually attracted attention.To fully understand the influence of the Earth’s curvature and map projection deformations on Cartesian modeling,qualitative and quantitative analyses based on realistic three-dimensional models need to be examined.Combined with five representative map projections,a type of model conversion method that transforms the original spherical electrical conductivity model to Cartesian coordinates is described in this study.The apparent resistivity differences between the spherical western United States electrical conductivity model and the corresponding five Cartesian models are then compared.The results show that the cylindrical equal distance map projection has the smallest error.A meridian convergence correction resulting from the deformation of the map projection is introduced to rotate the Cartesian impedance tensor from grid north to geographic north,which reduces differences from the spherical results.On the basis of the magnetotelluric field data,the applicability of the Cartesian coordinate system to western and contiguous United States models is quantitatively evaluated.Precise interpretations of the contiguous United States model were found to require spherical coordinates.

准噶尔盆地乌伦古凹陷电性结构特征

弄清准噶尔盆地乌伦古凹陷地下深部电性结构,对于准噶尔盆地乌伦古凹陷的深部油气勘探具有重要意义。综合钻井、地震、测井、地质露头观测及分析化验等资料,总结了研究区的地球物理特征,包括地层岩石密度特征、磁性特征、电性特征。在此基础上,对乌伦古凹陷的一条大地电磁测深原始时间序列的电场数据进行视电阻率曲线平滑处理和静态偏移校正处理,并采用Occam法进行反演,得到乌伦古凹陷地下10km深度范围内的电阻率剖面。依据该电阻率剖面,结合地震及钻井资料,初步确定了准噶尔盆地乌伦古凹陷地层的构造形态,发现乌伦古凹陷西北端和东南端地下存在高阻异常,且基底中存在低阻地层。研究结论对准噶尔盆地乌伦古凹陷的油气勘探具有重要的价值。

陆域大地电磁基础网规划与展望

阵列式大地电磁测深是区域地球物理调查的重点发展方向之一,对标国外先进水平和国家社会的基础性需求,中国阵列式大地电磁测深工作程度依然较低,缺乏整体规划,开展全国性观测计划亟需提上日程。系统总结了当前区域地球物理学的发展趋势及国内外大地电磁网建设现状,提出了合作共建陆域多层级大地电磁基础网和大数据中心的顶层设计和规划布局,并对中国大地电磁基础网未来的重点发展方向进行了展望和思考。相关工作的顺利开展将为中国的区域地球物理调查拓展一项新属性参数,推动构建物性地球、结构地球和地球物理场四维模型,进而变革区域地球物理研究范式和工作模式,支撑中国深地探测走向世界前列。

地磁感应电流多学科交叉研究进展

地磁感应电流(geomagnetically induced currents,GIC)是指地球变化磁场在地球表面导体中产生的感应电流,可对电网、油气管道、高铁等人造基础设施造成严重破坏,包括电力系统失效、通信干扰和电子设备损坏等,影响其稳定运行和功能。研究GIC的意义在于深入理解其产生机理及影响因素,为制定相应的预防和应对策略提供科学依据。论文在深入总结GIC研究进展的基础上,详细阐述了GIC的产生机理及影响因素,包括宇宙空间、地球环境和电力系统对GIC的影响;概述了GIC的研究现状,分别从空间物理、地球物理和电气工程领域对GIC进行了综合评述;进而详细介绍了GIC估算的步骤,包括地磁场数据与建模、地电场和导体中GIC的计算;并重点分析了不同地球物理参数对GIC估算结果的影响以及互相之间的差异;最后,对GIC研究面临的挑战、地球物理在相关问题解决中的潜在贡献以及研究未来进行展望。

基于人工神经网络的大地电磁时序分类研究

随着社会的发展,各类干扰日益加剧,高质量的大地电磁采集也变得愈加困难。为了提高数据质量,学者们针对不同类型的噪声提出了很多对应的去噪方法,由于大地电磁数据量都比较大,去噪前不可能对每条数据进行人工判读,急需一种高效率的噪声识别和分类方法。基于此,本文将人工神经网络应用于大地电磁时间序列分类中,为了选取最为合适的大地电磁时间序列分类网络模型,使用模拟方波、工频、脉冲噪声以及实测无噪声数据4类时间序列类型,分别对LSTM、FCN、ResNet、LSTM-FCN及LSTM-ResNet模型进行了噪声分类训练和实测数据分类对比试验。结果表明,FCN及LSTM-FCN在大地电磁时序分类中具有相对较好的效果。其中,FCN模型对实测数据分类准确率最高可达99.84%,每个epoch平均用时9.6 s,LSTM-FCN较FCN具有更高的分类精度,实测数据集最高分类准确率近乎100%,但是其每个epoch平均用时24.6 s,且较FCN也更易过拟合。总体来看,如果数据量较少使用LSTM-FCN可以获取更高的分类精度,数据量较大时需考虑时间成本,使用FCN则更为合适。最后,利用LSTM-FCN分类模型和LSTM去噪模型搭建了大地电磁噪声处理系统,对含有不同类型噪声的大地电磁数据进行了成功处理。

综合物探在矿山深部资源勘查中的应用

矿产资源是社会和经济发展必不可少的物质基础,目前国内多数老矿山面临已探明储量枯竭的严峻形势,现有的勘查知识和技术难以解决矿山找矿勘查所遇到的特殊难题。针对矿山找矿的特殊性,本文结合安徽省霍邱某矿区的地质及物探资料,在采矿区选取典型剖面进行重磁、微动及可控源音频大地电磁法(Controllable Source Audio Magnetotelluric Method,CSAMT)。以微动和音频大地电磁数据分析推测浅部矿体采空及塌陷区;在深部将微动勘探与重力数据结合,取长补短,通过剪切模量将微动视横波速度与地下介质密度直接联系起来,经已知矿体位置剪切模量的分布规律并结合重磁反演在300 m以深推测了两条近平行层状分布的矿体,矿体长200~250 m,最厚处约50 m;在标高100~200 m的类似S形褶皱拐点处可能为成矿有利位置;同时推测已知主矿体在底板以深还有延伸。通过本次工作,证实了在当前老矿区内,将新技术微动勘探与传统物探方法相结合,各取其长,能提高矿山深边部及外围隐伏矿床(体)定位预测的有效性,挖掘新的找矿潜力。

基于高密度电法及大地电磁法的典型滑坡联合勘察与应用效果分析——以安徽黄山市歙县深渡镇约源村汪山组滑坡为例

以安徽黄山市歙县深渡镇约源村汪山组滑坡作为研究对象,在野外踏勘和测绘的基础上,运用高密度电法和大地电磁法联合勘察,并结合钻探验证资料对勘察成果进行分析。研究结果表明:电阻率参数能够很好地反映研究区的地层分布特征及滑坡体的空间分布特征,并通过钻孔资料得到了有效验证;汪山滑坡局部富水,富水区存在水力联系,是滑坡的潜在动力,推断是由于古滑坡受雨水浸入,致使产生斜坡滑移。因此,采用高密度电法以及大地电磁法联合勘察,可以有效地应用于黄山市典型滑坡的勘察中,为进一步开展黄山市滑坡的成因机理和防治研究提供参考数据。

高干扰矿集区大地电磁噪声抑制技术探索

大地电磁测深(MT)在矿产资源勘探方面应用广泛,但强人文电磁干扰严重制约了高质量的原始MT数据的获取。本文详细总结了国内常见电磁噪声源的类型,对其产生的电磁噪声特征进行分类分析;对国内外MT电磁噪声去噪方法进行对比,结合实际生产需求,总结了一套适用于高干扰矿集区快速有效的MT数据去噪施工与处理工艺。研究表明:Robust处理、远参考道技术和人工挑选是提高MT数据采集质量的有效和必要的手段,而通过理论计算,远参考站设置距离不小于3.56倍趋肤深度即可;在江苏洪泽盐盆矿集区开展的MT试验工作验证了该设定。

大地电磁法的应用综述:以川滇地区为例

大地电磁法(包括音频大地电磁、宽频带大地电磁和长周期大地电磁)是探测近地表至上地幔深度的地球物理方法之一,以其对低阻体的敏感性,在深部结构探测、地震孕育环境、地球动力学以及地热和资源勘探等领域发挥着重要作用。川滇地区处于特提斯构造域的东段,诸多(微)板块在此碰撞拼贴,是青藏高原内部物质东流或块体侧向挤出的重要通道。川滇地区受板块边界的断裂带或者说缝合带相互切割及影响,是解析区域构造变形、孕震环境以及物质迁移的重要窗口。在简要介绍大地电磁法理论的基础上,也介绍了近年来兴起的人工源极低频电磁方法,本文综述了大地电磁法在川滇地区的应用,主要包括在地震孕育、火山和地热活动、成矿活动、构造与动力学以及电磁同震效应方面的应用,以较全面的视角为地球科学相关领域的学者提供川滇地区大地电磁学领域开展的工作。

用于滑坡探测的电磁仪数据采集电路设计与实现

随着人类社会的高速发展和工程建设的激增,地质环境扰动日益显著,极端气候因素影响日益增多,地质灾害日益频繁发生,对人类的威胁和造成的损失也随之日益加剧。滑坡是其中最主要的地质灾害,因此,研究滑坡发育、发展、发生整个地质过程中伴随的物理现象,研究其信号特征,从而间接获取滑坡发展变化的过程是地质灾害探测或监测的基础性研究,是值得深入探索的科学问题。但是专门用于滑坡探测的电磁仪器关键设计及具体实现的研究尚较缺乏。本研究以电子电路学、嵌入式计算机科学、数字信号处理技术、地球物理以及工程地质等多学科交叉的理论体系为基础,自主研发能用于滑坡探测电磁探测仪功能样机。本设计结合当前电子学科发展水平,将嵌入式多核达芬奇结构工业级计算机系统应用在地球探测仪器领域中,设计并实现了拥有自主知识产权的应用于滑坡探测的关键设备。若进一步完善并市场化,或可解决我国滑坡工程地质灾害监测领域业高端电磁仪器严重依赖进口的难题,可为滑坡不良地质勘察及防护提供强有力的技术支撑。

基于变维度贝叶斯反演的地热黏土盖层音频大地电磁探测能力研究

在地热探测中,黏土盖层作为水热型地热系统的典型标志,其埋藏深度及分布范围可为圈定地热资源的范围及确定地热钻井位置提供重要依据。黏土盖层通常由水热作用所形成的黏土层所构成,表现为低阻特征,利用音频大地电磁法可以对低阻盖层有效成像。为了获得黏土盖层位置分布及成像结果的不确定性信息,采用一维变维度贝叶斯反演方法,利用音频大地电磁数据对地热区低阻盖层的探测能力进行研究。首先进行模型试验,建立一个典型地热系统的地电模型,利用一维变维度贝叶斯算法对合成数据进行反演,获得地下电性结构和界面位置不确定性信息。接着将其应用于山西阳高地热区一条实测音频大地电磁数据处理。模型试验发现该方法对低阻黏土盖层具有较为准确的识别能力,所获得的低阻盖层上、下界面不确定分析的结果也较为可靠。实测数据试验发现,该方法对浅层低阻盖层具有较好的识别能力,并可以给出盖层界面位置的不确定性评价。该测线的二维非线性共轭梯度反演结果验证了一维贝叶斯反演的可靠性。该方法对浅层地热黏土盖层具有较准确的成像能力和不确定性分析能力,在地热探测中具有较强的应用前景。

三维大地电磁测深阶段式自适应正则化反演

如何合理地确定正则化因子是地球物理正则化反演领域的研究热点。阶段式自适应算法可以充分发挥模型稳定器的作用,提高反演结果的稳定性,但是该算法仅在一维、二维大地电磁测深(Magnetotelluric,MT)反演中得以实现。目前,三维MT反演正在快速发展,基于此,本文将阶段式自适应正则化算法引入三维MT正则化反演,按照“阶段”而不是“迭代次数”自适应地调整正则化因子的取值,进而观察反演结果的变化。本文设计单块体和双块体模型试验,并特意设置了较大的迭代次数,进而观察反演结果随反演进程的变化情况。模型试验表明:阶段式自适应算法是适用于三维MT正则化反演的,该算法在反演的后期可以更好地保持解的稳定,故此,从解的稳定性这个角度去考量正则化因子的选择是一种值得探索的方向。

滑坡探测电磁仪配套数据采集软件设计与实现

随着人类社会的高速发展和工程建设的激增,地质环境扰动日益显著,极端气候因素影响日益增多,地质灾害日益频繁发生,对人类的威胁和造成的损失也随之日益加剧。滑坡是其中最主要的地质灾害,因此,研究滑坡发育、发展、发生整个地质过程中伴随的物理现象,深入研究其信号特征,从而间接获取滑坡发展变化过程是地质灾害探测或监测的基础性研究,是值得深入探索的科学问题。但是专门用于滑坡探测的电磁仪器关键设计及具体实现的研究,特别是电磁仪器配套数据采集软件的设计及具体实现尚较缺乏。本研究以嵌入式计算机科学、软件工程、数字信号处理技术、地球物理、工程地质等多学科交叉的理论体系为基础,设计并实现了可用于滑坡探测或监测的仪器配套数据采集软件,拥有滑坡电磁法探测的嵌入式计算机软件自主知识产权,有助于科学探查滑坡地质灾害的动态发育、发展、发生。

基于深度学习的大地电磁二维反演方法

如何通过大地电磁测深反演方法来提高数据解释的精度一直都是大地电磁测深研究领域的重要课题。针对大地电磁传统反演方法存在的初始模型依赖、易陷入局部最优的问题,提出了一种基于深度学习的大地电磁二维反演方法。该方法首先设计GoogLeNetINV神经网络;接着构造多种地电模型,在TM模式下通过正演得到视电阻率数据,组成训练数据集;然后用训练数据集训练该神经网络并调整网络参数;最后,将视电阻率数据输入已训练好的GoogLeNetINV神经网络直接得到反演结果。实验结果表明,该方法能快速、准确地反演出“未学习”过地电模型的位置和电阻率数据,具有较好的泛化能力;使用噪声数据测试仍能取得良好的反演结果,有一定的抗噪声能力。将该神经网络应用于Bendigo Zone实际数据资料处理中,反演得到的电阻率模型与地震解释一致,因此基于深度学习的大地电磁反演方法能有效解决大地电磁反演问题。