Protective effects of a polymethoxy flavonoids-rich Citrus aurantium peel extract on liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation in mice

Objective: To evaluate the possible protective effect of Citrus aurantium peel extract(CAE) against apoptosis in cholestatic liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation in mice. Methods: Male ICR mice were divided to 5 groups: 1) Control group(Sham-operated mice), 2) Cholestatic liver injury group induced by bile duct ligation(BDL), 3) BDL mice treated with silymarin(200 mg/kg) for 4 weeks, 4) BDL mice treated with 50 mg/kg CAE for 4 weeks, 5) BDL mice treated with 200 mg/kg CAE for 4 weeks. Mice were sacrificed and liver fibrosis was evaluated by serum and hepatic tissue biochemistry tests and liver histopathological examination. Effects of CAE on inflammation and apoptosis gene regulation were investigated through real-time PCR. CAE effect on lipid metabolism related signaling was determined by western blot analysis. Results: In BDL mice, administration of CAE for 4 weeks markedly attenuated liver fibrosis based on histopathological alteration. Serum and hepatic tissue biochemistry results revealed that CAE(50 and 200 mg/kg) decreased the levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, gamma glutamyl transferase, total bilirubin, nitric oxide, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis showed that CAE regulated inflammation, apoptosis, and lipid metabolism factors increased by BDL. Interleukin family, tumor necrosis factor α, and related apoptosis factors m RNA levels were increased by BDL treatment. However, these increases were suppressed by CAE administration. In addition, CAE effectively increased phosphorylation of AMPactivated protein kinase, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2, and related cytoprotective proteins. Conclusions: CAE can efficiently regulate BDL-induced liver injury with antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities.

Effect of <i>Citrus aurantium</i>L. Essential Oil and Its Interaction with Fluoxetine on Anxiety in Male Mice

Anxiety is a very common mental disorder among neurological diseases. Some herbs have soothing effects and play an important role in reducing anxiety. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil on anxiety and its interference with serotonergic pathway. Sixty male mice were assigned into control, sham (saline and olive oil), and experimental groups. Intraperitoneal injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil was applied at doses of 0.5, 2.5, and 5 percent for 5 days. In another set of experiments, after intraperitoneal injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 0.5, 2.5, and 5 percent for 5 days, on the 5th day, 30 minutes before applying essential oil, fluoxetine (2 mg/kg) was injected. Then, the anxiety-related behavior was assessed using elevated plus maze test. The results revealed that injection of essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. alone or along with fluoxetine led to increasing the number of entries into the open arms and the time spent in open arms that was significantly different compared with control and sham groups (P?< 0.001). Besides, further effects revealed when fluoxetine added to essential oils, however no more effects obtained when compared to fluoxetine alone. It is concluded that Citrus aurantium L. essential oil can reduce the anxiety in male mice and due to fluoxetin potentiation and maximum response observed, the herb may express its anxiolytic effects in part, via serotonergic system.

Expressing p20 hairpin RNA of Citrus tristeza virus confers Citrus aurantium with tolerance/resistance against stem pitting and seedling yellow CTV strains

The Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) uses 3 silencing suppressor genes, p20, p23 and p25, to resist the attacks from its Citrus hosts. Inactivating these genes is therefore obviously a potential defensive option in addition to the current control strat-egies including aphid management and the use of mild strain cross protection. In this study, we cloned partial DNA frag-ments from the three genes, and used them to construct vectors for expressing hairpin RNAs (hpRNAs). To facilitate the formation of hpRNAs, the constructs were introduced in a loop structure. Fol owing transformation of sour orange (Citrus aurantium) with these constructs, 8 p20 hpRNA (hp20) and 1 p25 hpRNA (hp25) expressing lines were obtained. The 7 hp20 transgenic lines were further characterized. Their reactions to CTV were tested fol owing inoculation with CT14A and/or TR-L514, both of which are severe strains. Results showed that 3 lines (hp20-5, hp20-6 and hp20-8) were completely resistant to TR-L514 under greenhouse conditions for no detectable viral load was found in their leaves by PCR. However, they exhibited only partial suppression of TR-L514 under screen house conditions since the virus was detected in their leaves, though 2 months later compared to non-transgenic controls. Further tests showed that hp20-5 was tolerant also to CT14A under screen house conditions. The growth of hp20-5 was much better than others including the controls that were concurrently chal enged with CT14A. These results showed that expressing p20 hpRNA was sufifcient to confer sour orange with CTV resistance/tolerance.

A Study of the Effect of <i>Citrus aurantium</i>L. Essential Oil on Anxiety and Its Interaction with GABAergic Pathways in Male Mice

Anxiety is among the most common disorders affecting a great number of people. Different neurotransmitter systems, such as GABAergic system, play an important role in emergence of anxiety-related behaviors. In this study, we have investigated the effect of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil on anxiety and its interaction with GABAergic pathways. Male mice were assigned into control, sham, and experimental groups. Intraperitoneal injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil was applied at doses of 0.5, 2.5, and 5 percent for 5 days. Diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) was injected on the fifth day, thirty minutes before applying Citrus aurantium L. essential oil. The anxiety-related behavior of mice was then assessed using elevated plus-maze test. In groups receiving Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 2.5 and 5 percent, the percent time spent in the open arms increased significantly (P Citrus aurantium L. essential oil resulted in increasing in the number of entries to the open arms and the percent time spent in the open arms (P Citrus aurantium L. essential oil can reduce anxiety-related behaviors in male mice thah may act via GABAergic system.

Effect of <i>Citrus aurantium</i>L. Essential Oil and Haloperidol on Anxiety in Male Mice

Relationship between sociability and the amount of brain’s dopamine is very well known. In this study, we have examined the effect of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil on anxiety and its interaction with dopaminergic pathways. 70 male mice were assigned into experimental, control, and sham groups. Essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. was injected intraperitonealy at doses of 0.5%, 2.5% and 5% for 5 days. Subcutaneous injection of haloperidol was administered on the fifth day, 30 minutes before the injection of the essential oil. The anxiety-related behavior of mice was then assessed by elevated plus-maze test. The result of this study showed that the injection of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 2.5% and 5% increased significantly the time spent in the open arms (OAT) (p < 0.001), also there was a significant increase in the number of entries into the open arms (OAE). Injection of different doses of the essential oil along with haloperidol significantly increased OAT (p < 0.001(. The results demonstrate that the essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. along with haloperidol medication reduces anxiety-related behaviors.

Interaction of Flomazenil with Anxiolytic Effects of <i>Citrus aurantium</i>L. Essential Oil on Male Mice

Due to our previous findings about the role of GABAegic neurotransmission in anxiolytic effects of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil, we are now presenting flomazenil interaction with this herb, as an antagonist of benzodiazepines at GABA receptor. The study was performed on 84 male albino mice assigned to 14 groups of six. The animals were injected intraperitoneally with the Citrus aurantium L. essential oil for 5 days. On the fifth day, either normal saline or flomazenil (0.1 mg/kg) was injected to the experimental groups. Thirty minutes after the injection, all the groups were assessed for anxiety-related behavior by elevated plus-maze test. In groups receiving Citrus aurantium L. essential oil at doses of 2.5 and 5 percent, the time spent in the open arms increased significantly (P aurantium L. essential oil regarding the increment in the number of entries to the open arms and the time spent in the open arms (P aurantium L. essential oil induces its anxiolytic effects like benzodiazepines, in the same site at GABA receptor.

不同采收期的酸橙叶片形态及药材质量比较

研究不同采收期酸橙(Citrus aurantium L.)药材干燥后枳实和枳壳的性状特点,比较水分、灰分、浸出物含量和主要化学成分的变化规律,确定酸橙药材枳实和枳壳的最佳采收期,并为充分利用酸橙资源、完善质量控制提供科学依据。采用甲苯法测定水分、热浸法测定浸出物含量,按《中华人民共和国药典(2020年版四部)》规定的方法测定灰分,采用高效液相色谱法测定枳实、枳壳中辛弗林和3种黄酮苷的含量。结果表明,酸橙中果、大果性状稳定性较优,与药典规定规格相近。随着采收期推后,酸橙药材柚皮苷含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,新橙皮苷、橙皮苷、辛弗林含量均呈下降趋势。综合考虑劳动力、时间成本、药材性状、药材有效化学成分等,确定中果酸橙的枳实质量为佳,枳实6月中旬采摘为佳,枳壳7月上中旬果皮尚绿时采收为佳。

酸橙新品种“蜀枳一号”多点品种比较试验

“代代”酸橙(Citrus aurantium‘Daidai’)是传统中药材枳壳(干燥未成熟果实)、枳实(干燥幼果)极其重要的来源。“蜀枳一号”新品种是由广安市邻水县收集到的“代代”优良资源选育而来,于2023年通过四川省农作物品种审定委员会认定。在四川省资阳市、泸州市、广安市和重庆市潼南区开展的品种比较试验表明,“蜀枳一号”有良好的丰产性能,单位面积的枳壳、枳实和代代花(干燥花蕾)产量在所有参试品系和对照品系(广安地方种质)中最高,2020年度分别比对照品系平均增产5.78%、5.44%和5.50%,2021年度分别比对照品系平均增产6.12%、5.60%和5.58%;枳壳的柚皮苷、新橙皮苷含量和枳实的辛弗林、浸出物含量均最高,2020年度分别比对照品系高56.92%、60.46%、35.42%和49.68%,2021年度分别比对照品系高55.05%、86.28%、56.41%和27.99%;枳壳和枳实的水分和总灰分与对照品系无显著差异。“蜀枳一号”产量高,品质突出,在川渝两地具有推广价值。

Essential Oil from Citrus aurantium Alleviates Anxiety of Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective To determine the effectiveness and safety of essential oil from Citrus aurantium on anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography.Methods A single-blind,randomized controlled trial was conducted in 80 patients experiencing coronary angiography in Imam Ali Hospital in Kermanshah,Iran from April to November in 2016.All patients were randomly divided into intervention and control groups by a random number table,40 cases in each group.The patients in the intervention group inhaled Citrus aurantium essential oil for 15–20 min about 60 min before angiography.Following the same procedure,distilled water was used instead of Citrus aurantium in the control group.Spielbergers State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI)was filled in and vital signs including systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),respiratory and pulse rate were recorded before and 20 min after the intervention.Adverse reactions after intervention were observed.Results In the intervention group,the mean scores of STAI,SBP,DBP,respiratory and pulse rate were 53.30±10.13,134.82±11.75 mm Hg,84.49±6.99 mm Hg,17.87±1.73 times/min,and 76.48±12.55 beats/min at baseline and significantly decreased to 42.37±10.15,124.49±10.48 mm Hg,79.23±6.62 mm Hg,14.54±1.43 times/min,and 70.03±13.66 beats/min respectively 20 min after intervention(all P<0.05);however,in the control group,neither anxiety scores nor vital signs changed significantly(P>0.05).All subjects reported no adverse reactions.Conclusion Inhalation of the essential oil from Citrus aurantium was effective in reducing anxiety and stress levels in patients undergoing coronary angiography.

Two new phenolic glycosides isolated from the fruits of Citrus aurantium

The present study was designed to investigate the chemical constituents of the fruit of Citrus aurantium L.. The compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data. Two new phenolic glycosides(compounds 1 and 2) were obtained and identified as 1-O-3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl-(6-O-4-hydroxybenzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(1) and 1-O-3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl-(6-O-3-methoxy-4-hydroxy benzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(2), respectively.

Effects of lavender and Citrus aurantium on pain of conscious intensive care unit patients: A parallel randomized placebo-controlled trial

Background: Conscious patients admitted to intensive care units(ICUs) suffer from pain for various reasons, which can affect their recovery process.Objective: The present study compared the effects of aromatherapy with Citrus aurantium and lavender essential oils against placebo for reducing pain in conscious intensive care patients.Design, setting, participants and interventions: This study was a parallel randomized placebo-controlled trial. The ICUs of two educational hospitals in Kerman in Southeastern Iran were the study setting.One hundred and fifty conscious intensive care patients were randomly divided into three groups using a stratified block randomization method. Two groups received aromatherapy with essential oils: one with lavender and the other with C. aurantium;these patients received a 30-minute therapy session using their assigned essential oil on the second day of their intensive care stay. The placebo group used 5 drops of normal saline instead of essential oil during their session.Main outcome measures: Patient’s pain was assessed using a visual analog scale before the aromatherapy intervention, as well as immediately after and one and three hours after intervention.Results: The mean pain score of the lavender group was 40.01 before the aromatherapy intervention and fell to 39.40, 30.60 and 23.68 immediately after the intervention, and at hour one and three postintervention, respectively. The mean pain score of the C. aurantium group was 45.48 before the intervention and was reduced to 32.34 at three hours after the intervention. The mean pain of the placebo group decreased from 42.80 before the intervention to 35.20 at three hours after the intervention. Pain scores of all groups decreased during the study(P < 0.001). The mean pain of the lavender group was significantly lower than that of the placebo group at three hours after the intervention.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that aromatherapy with lavender essential oil reduced pain in conscious ICU patients. Our data could not justify the use of C. aurantium for reducing pain in this population.

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF CITRUS AURANTIUM BERGAMIA: ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN JUICE, TISSUES AND ESSENTIAL OIL OF THE FRUIT

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites from aromatic plants and one of the most present classes in the vegetable kingdom.This is thanks to its antioxidant properties but also through its benefits on the human body that these molecules have become the center of interest of many researchers in recent years.They are found in large quantities in citrus species.The aim of this study is

HPLC测定枳实导滞丸中枳实所含6种成分及其药材基原分析

目的建立枳实导滞丸中芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、新橙皮苷、水合橙皮内酯、马尔敏的含量测定方法,同时鉴别其中枳实来源。方法采用Waters Symmetry C 18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱分析,以乙腈(A)-乙酸水(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,柱温30℃,流速:1.0 mL·min^(-1),检测波长:285 nm、320 nm,进样量10μL。结果6个成分在各自线性范围内均符合要求,相关系数r均≥0.9993;各成分平均回收率范围在98.68%~101.16%,RSD均≤2.5%。12批枳实导滞丸中芸香柚皮苷质量分数在0.37~5.65 mg·g^(-1),柚皮苷在0~12.16 mg·g^(-1),橙皮苷在0~53.90 mg·g^(-1),新橙皮苷在0~18.90 mg·g^(-1),水合橙皮内酯在0~0.23 mg·g^(-1),马尔敏在0~0.13 mg·g^(-1)。12批次枳实导滞丸样品分别呈现与酸橙或甜橙药材一致的黄酮类成分含量情况。香豆素类成分主要存在于酸橙制备的丸剂中且含量偏低。结论该方法简便、准确、可靠,可同时测定枳实导滞丸中6种有效成分的含量并鉴别丸剂中枳实的基原,可为枳实导滞丸质量评价提供依据。

常山胡柚果实不同部位中主要功能性成分分析

本研究针对常山胡柚全果油胞层、白皮层、囊衣、汁胞和籽5个不同部位,连续提取其中的多酚类物质和果胶多糖,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定不同部位中的30种柑橘多酚类物质,比较果胶多糖的组成及分子量,全面分析常山胡柚果实不同部位中主要功能性成分的组成。结果表明:常山胡柚各部位黄酮类化合物主要以黄烷酮类形式存在,白皮层中新橙皮苷、新北美圣草苷质量分数较高,分别可达13700.72μg/g(按干质量计,下同)和6270.24μg/g;不同部位酚酸类组成中肉桂酸类含量高于苯甲酸类,且以油胞层中肉桂酸类含量最高;淀粉酶辅助乙二胺四乙酸溶液提取到的白皮层果胶多糖得率最高(27.46%),氢氧化钠(NaOH)溶液提取到的油胞层果胶多糖得率最高(11.30%),且2种提取方法得到的油胞层果胶多糖重均分子量均最大,分别为6.888×10^(5)g/mol和2.343×10^(5)g/mol。常山胡柚油胞层、白皮层和囊衣可作为黄酮类化合物和果胶的加工来源,其丰富的新北美圣草苷可作为胡柚加工副产物新的开发方向。

苦橙不同部位挥发油成分及抗氧化与抗菌活性分析

为较全面地研究苦橙(Citrus aurantium var.amara)全植株挥发油成分及抗氧化与抗菌活性,该研究以其叶、花、幼果为材料,采用水蒸气蒸馏法(SD)结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析其成分,并利用体外测试方法比较了三者的抗氧化与抗菌活性。结果表明:(1)从苦橙叶、花、幼果3个部位挥发油中共分离鉴定出94种成分,3个部位的挥发油成分种类及含量存在一定差异,其中13种为共有成分。从叶中鉴定出34种成分,含量较高的有芳樟醇(30.51%)、α-松油醇(14.78%);从花中鉴定出32种成分,主要成分有芳樟醇(57.59%)和d-柠檬烯(16.15%);从幼果中鉴定出69种挥发性成分,主要含有d-柠檬烯(25.55%)和γ-萜品烯(10.48%)。(2)苦橙3个部位挥发油表现出不同程度的抗氧化活性,其中苦橙幼果、叶及花的挥发油对ABTS自由基的IC 50值分别为2.6、5.1、8.2 mg·mL^(-1),对DPPH自由基的IC 50值分别为2.7、4.3、5.0 mg·mL^(-1),幼果挥发油的抗氧化活性最好。(3)苦橙幼果挥发油对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌表现出的抗菌活性强于叶和花。该研究结果为苦橙叶、花及其幼果中挥发油的提取与利用提供了理论依据。

基于GC-MS/MS技术的酸橙不同部位挥发油成分对比分析

目的:通过对酸橙不同部位(果油、枝油、纯露)的挥发油成分进行分析鉴定,研究其不同部位挥发性成分的共性与差异,进而筛选其不同部位间的差异性成分,为酸橙不同部位的资源再利用提供参考。方法:采用GCMS/MS技术对酸橙不同部位的挥发油成分进行分析,通过谱库检索结合CAS号及相关文献对挥发性成分进行鉴定,峰面积归一化法计算各挥发性成分的相对百分含量,利用主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)筛选酸橙果油与枝油、果油与纯露之间的差异性成分。结果:共鉴定出117个挥发性成分,包括烯烃类、醇类等,其中果油51个、枝油86个、纯露32个,三者共有成分有10个,果油特有成分14个,枝油特有成分47个,纯露特有成分14个。通过SIMCA-P 14.1软件分析可知果油与枝油、果油与纯露的差异性成分分别有24、20个。结论:酸橙不同部位的挥发油成分在种类和含量上具有一定的差异,可为酸橙不同部位的综合开发利用提供参考。

药食同源代代花药理作用及应用研究进展

代代花是药食同源目录公布的第一批中药材,含有挥发油类、黄酮类、多糖类、生物碱类、香豆素类等化学成分,具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、降血脂等药理作用,在食品、医药、日化等行业有一定应用。作为保健产品组分或中药配方组分,其可起调节机体功能或治疗病症的作用,在大健康领域彰显独特的价值。近年来,代代花的关注度进一步提升,针对其药理作用及应用方面的研究逐渐增加。该研究系统梳理国内外相关研究,从代代花的药理作用以及应用现状等方面进行分析和总结,期望推进深入研究和开发代代花的发展进程,为未来研究和综合开发利用代代花提供理论依据。

酸橙花总黄酮的分离纯化及其对抗运动疲劳的影响

从酸橙花中提取总黄酮并对其进行纯化,研究酸橙花总黄酮对抗运动疲劳的影响。结果表明:上样液在总黄酮质量浓度1.5 mg/mL、体积70 mL、pH 5.1、流速2.0 mL/min条件下上样至AB-8大孔树脂后,采用110 mL体积分数72.5%乙醇以1.0 mL/min流速洗脱,所得产物的总黄酮含量由22.12%±1.15%提高至66.42%±1.47%,酸橙花总黄酮回收率为71.9%。抗运动疲劳试验表明,酸橙花总黄酮能够延长小鼠的游泳力竭时间,减少乳酸与尿素氮在小鼠血清中的累积,改善肌酸激酶与超氧化物歧化酶的活力。

保心宁片(胶囊)中枳壳伪品香圆检查方法的研究

目的:建立保心宁片(胶囊)中枳壳伪品香圆的检查方法,为打击中药掺伪提供技术支撑。方法:采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS),Agilent SB C_(18)(100 mm×2.1mm,1.8μm)色谱柱,以乙腈和1%甲酸梯度洗脱,流速0.4 mL·min^(-1),柱温30℃;电喷雾离子化(ESI)正离子模式进行检测。采用多元分析统计软件筛选查找枳壳常见伪品香圆的特征性成分水合氧化前胡素,并应用超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱(UPLC-QQQ-MS)建立保心宁片(胶囊)中香圆的检查方法。结果:水合氧化前胡素在0.17~1.02 ng范围内线性良好,回归方程:Y=24451X+529.43,r=0.999,精密度RSD为1.8%,稳定性RSD为2.1%,回收率范围为81.1%~86.9%,检测限为0.028 mg·kg^(-1),定量限为0.092 mg·kg^(-1)。6批样品中有5批检出水合氧化前胡素,1批未检出。保心宁片(胶囊)中枳壳的处方量为每片(粒)0.5010 g,按照掺伪率10%和转移率30%拟定限度为每片(粒)2.5μg,4号和5号样品存在掺伪风险。结论:所建方法可用于检查保心宁片(胶囊)中是否存在香圆掺伪情况。

酸橙活性成分及其生理功效的研究进展

酸橙(Citrus aurantium L.)是可用于保健食品的柑橘属植物,其所含生物活性成分以黄酮类、生物碱类和挥发油类化合物为主。目前,酸橙以加工中药材枳壳和枳实为主,而在食品资源开发方面极为有限。综述了酸橙果实中活性成分的化学组成对大鼠等动物以及人的胃肠道、心血管系统和中枢神经系统的调节作用,及其抗肥胖、抗氧化和抗癌活性,旨在为酸橙的功能食品开发提供理论依据。