Our aim is to determine the cause(s) of migraine auras. Our understanding of how migraines and migraine auras originate is very imperfect. An important observation is that migraines occur more frequently in women at r...Our aim is to determine the cause(s) of migraine auras. Our understanding of how migraines and migraine auras originate is very imperfect. An important observation is that migraines occur more frequently in women at reproductive age than in men at a similar age. This suggests that gonadal hormones may be relevant triggers. The occurrence of classical (typical auras without headache) auras in one author (WB) has been recorded. Every aura in six years (85) has been noted, studied and analysed statistically. The auras occur predominantly in Spring and Autumn, especially in the longer reproductive season of Spring. This association is supported statistically. The results support the idea of gonadal hormones as relevant triggers, the strongest candidate being estrogen. Basic mechanisms underlying the auras are discussed, especially the phenomenon of cortical spreading depression. We also propose that both auras and migraines depend upon previous injury to the head or to the brain, giving rise to a condition of “deafferentation hypersensitivity”.展开更多
Background： An aura is usually considered to be the initial clinical sign of a seizure. The types ofabnomlal neuron activities （i.e., localized and generalized firing） play an important role in the diagnosis of epi...Background： An aura is usually considered to be the initial clinical sign of a seizure. The types ofabnomlal neuron activities （i.e., localized and generalized firing） play an important role in the diagnosis of epilepsy. The goal of this study was to investigate the types of auras and its correlation with the localization and treatment of epilepsy. Methods： The 426 epileptic patients with auras from a single center were reviewed with reference to International League Against Epilepsy （ILAE, 1981） classification; the clinical manifestations and incidence of auras were analyzed in this retrospective study, as well as the restllts of electroencephalogram （EEG）, brain magnetic resonance imaging （M RI） and the treatment inethods. Results： Among the 426 epileptic patients, six different types of auras were defined, including autonomic auras, sensory auras, mental and affective auras, aura as vertigo, cognitive auras, and unspeakable feelings. Duration of auras ranged fi＇om 2 s to 7 rain; the median duration of auras was 64.2 s. Abnormal EEG was observed in 297 （69.72%） patients. Moreover, abnormal brain MRI was observed in 125 （29.34%） patients. Nineteen （4.46%） epilepsy patients with auras underwent both surgeries and antiepileptic drugs （AEDs） while others were treated only with AEDs. Conclusions： This study suggested that auras played an important role in the diagnosis, classification, and localization of epilepsy. Epileptic aura could help differentiate partial seizure from generalized seizure.展开更多
A determination of how the color of animal integument is produced is a starting point for investigations into the function and evolution of coloration.The mechanisms that give rise to the color of bare skin of New Wor...A determination of how the color of animal integument is produced is a starting point for investigations into the function and evolution of coloration.The mechanisms that give rise to the color of bare skin of New World vultures are largely unexplored.Here,we investigate the source of color production in the bare skin of Turkey Vultures(Cathartes aura)and Black Vultures(Coragyps atratus).Using UV-vis reflectance spectroscopy,we found evidence that hemoglobin is the primary pigment responsible for the red coloration of the bare skin on the heads of Turkey Vultures,and that eumelanin is responsible for the black coloration of the bare skin on the heads of Black Vultures.Light microscopy of incisional skin samples further supported these mechanisms of color production by revealing the presence of numerous blood vessels near the surface of the Turkey Vulture skin,and a high concentration of melanosomes in the skin of Black Vultures.Using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),we detected carotenoids within the skin of both species with significantly higher total concentrations of carotenoids in the skin of Turkey Vultures compared to the skin of Black Vultures.The carotenoids detected were dietary carotenoids that typically produce yellow coloration when accumulated in integument and were present in low concentrations.We hypothesize that the dietary carotenoids present do not contribute to the color of the skin,but rather help to compensate for the lack of melanosomes found in Turkey Vulture skin.The presence of additional carotenoids may act as an antioxidant to minimize UV damage when the bare Turkey Vulture head skin is exposed to direct sunlight for prolonged periods of time when soaring and scavenging for food.展开更多
harman/kardon哈曼卡顿的音箱向来有着让人“一眼难忘”的设计,不仅是好看,更是有着艺术的韵味在其中。近期,harman/kardon旗下经典系列迎来了新作—AURA STUDIO 4音乐琉璃四代(后文简称音乐琉璃四代)桌面式立体声音箱。在带给用户听觉...harman/kardon哈曼卡顿的音箱向来有着让人“一眼难忘”的设计,不仅是好看,更是有着艺术的韵味在其中。近期,harman/kardon旗下经典系列迎来了新作—AURA STUDIO 4音乐琉璃四代(后文简称音乐琉璃四代)桌面式立体声音箱。在带给用户听觉愉悦的同时,它在视觉上又有着怎样的光影魅力呢?展开更多
文摘Our aim is to determine the cause(s) of migraine auras. Our understanding of how migraines and migraine auras originate is very imperfect. An important observation is that migraines occur more frequently in women at reproductive age than in men at a similar age. This suggests that gonadal hormones may be relevant triggers. The occurrence of classical (typical auras without headache) auras in one author (WB) has been recorded. Every aura in six years (85) has been noted, studied and analysed statistically. The auras occur predominantly in Spring and Autumn, especially in the longer reproductive season of Spring. This association is supported statistically. The results support the idea of gonadal hormones as relevant triggers, the strongest candidate being estrogen. Basic mechanisms underlying the auras are discussed, especially the phenomenon of cortical spreading depression. We also propose that both auras and migraines depend upon previous injury to the head or to the brain, giving rise to a condition of “deafferentation hypersensitivity”.
文摘Background： An aura is usually considered to be the initial clinical sign of a seizure. The types ofabnomlal neuron activities （i.e., localized and generalized firing） play an important role in the diagnosis of epilepsy. The goal of this study was to investigate the types of auras and its correlation with the localization and treatment of epilepsy. Methods： The 426 epileptic patients with auras from a single center were reviewed with reference to International League Against Epilepsy （ILAE, 1981） classification; the clinical manifestations and incidence of auras were analyzed in this retrospective study, as well as the restllts of electroencephalogram （EEG）, brain magnetic resonance imaging （M RI） and the treatment inethods. Results： Among the 426 epileptic patients, six different types of auras were defined, including autonomic auras, sensory auras, mental and affective auras, aura as vertigo, cognitive auras, and unspeakable feelings. Duration of auras ranged fi＇om 2 s to 7 rain; the median duration of auras was 64.2 s. Abnormal EEG was observed in 297 （69.72%） patients. Moreover, abnormal brain MRI was observed in 125 （29.34%） patients. Nineteen （4.46%） epilepsy patients with auras underwent both surgeries and antiepileptic drugs （AEDs） while others were treated only with AEDs. Conclusions： This study suggested that auras played an important role in the diagnosis, classification, and localization of epilepsy. Epileptic aura could help differentiate partial seizure from generalized seizure.
基金provided for by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture,U.S.Department of Agriculture,MclntireStennis project under accession number MISZ-082100the National Science Foundation grant number IOS-2037741prepared under contract with Mississippi State University,PI Scott Rush,with financial support from the Office of Local Defense Community Adjustment,Department of Defense。
文摘A determination of how the color of animal integument is produced is a starting point for investigations into the function and evolution of coloration.The mechanisms that give rise to the color of bare skin of New World vultures are largely unexplored.Here,we investigate the source of color production in the bare skin of Turkey Vultures(Cathartes aura)and Black Vultures(Coragyps atratus).Using UV-vis reflectance spectroscopy,we found evidence that hemoglobin is the primary pigment responsible for the red coloration of the bare skin on the heads of Turkey Vultures,and that eumelanin is responsible for the black coloration of the bare skin on the heads of Black Vultures.Light microscopy of incisional skin samples further supported these mechanisms of color production by revealing the presence of numerous blood vessels near the surface of the Turkey Vulture skin,and a high concentration of melanosomes in the skin of Black Vultures.Using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),we detected carotenoids within the skin of both species with significantly higher total concentrations of carotenoids in the skin of Turkey Vultures compared to the skin of Black Vultures.The carotenoids detected were dietary carotenoids that typically produce yellow coloration when accumulated in integument and were present in low concentrations.We hypothesize that the dietary carotenoids present do not contribute to the color of the skin,but rather help to compensate for the lack of melanosomes found in Turkey Vulture skin.The presence of additional carotenoids may act as an antioxidant to minimize UV damage when the bare Turkey Vulture head skin is exposed to direct sunlight for prolonged periods of time when soaring and scavenging for food.
文摘harman/kardon哈曼卡顿的音箱向来有着让人“一眼难忘”的设计,不仅是好看,更是有着艺术的韵味在其中。近期,harman/kardon旗下经典系列迎来了新作—AURA STUDIO 4音乐琉璃四代(后文简称音乐琉璃四代)桌面式立体声音箱。在带给用户听觉愉悦的同时,它在视觉上又有着怎样的光影魅力呢?
