Effect of deformation parameters on the austenite dynamic recrystallization behavior of a eutectoid pearlite rail steel

Understandings of the effect of hot deformation parameters close to the practical production line on grain refinement are crucial for enhancing both the strength and toughness of future rail steels.In this work,the austenite dynamic recrystallization(DRX)behaviors of a eutectoid pearlite rail steel were studied using a thermo-mechanical simulator with hot deformation parameters frequently employed in rail production lines.The single-pass hot deformation results reveal that the prior austenite grain sizes(PAGSs)for samples with different deformation reductions decrease initially with an increase in deformation temperature.However,once the deformation temperature is beyond a certain threshold,the PAGSs start to increase.It can be attributed to the rise in DRX volume fraction and the increase of DRX grain with deformation temperature,respectively.Three-pass hot deformation results show that the accumulated strain generated in the first and second deformation passes can increase the extent of DRX.In the case of complete DRX,PAGS is predominantly determined by the deformation temperature of the final pass.It suggests a strategic approach during industrial production where part of the deformation reduction in low temperature range can be shifted to the medium temperature range to release rolling mill loads.

Kinetics of austenite growth and bainite transformation during reheating and cooling treatments of high strength microalloyed steel produced by sub-rapid solidification

First,strip cast samples of high strength microalloyed steel with sub-rapid solidification characteristics were prepared by simulated strip casting technique.Next,the isothermal growth of austenite grain during the reheating treatment of strip casts was observed in situ through confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM).The results indicated that the time exponent of grains growth suddenly rise when the isothermal temperature higher than 1000℃.And the activation energy for austenite grain growth were calculated to be 538.0 kJ/mol in the high temperature region(above 1000℃)and 693.2 kJ/mol in the low temperature region(below 1000℃),respectively.Then,the kinetics model of austenite isothermal growth was established,which can predict the austenite grain size during isothermal hold very well.Besides,high density of second phase particles with small size was found during the isothermal hold at the low temperature region,leading to the refinement of austenite grain.After isothermal hold at different temperature for 1800 s,the bainite transformation in microalloyed steel strip was also observed in situ during the continuous cooling process.And growth rates of bainite plates with different nucleation positions and different prior austenite grain size(PAGS)were calculated.It was indicated that the growth rate of the bainite plate is not only related to the nucleation position but also to the PAGS.

奥氏体不锈钢辐照脆化预测模型建立及验证

奥氏体不锈钢因具有较高的断裂韧性,是反应堆内重要的结构材料。在长期服役过程中,奥氏体不锈钢会遭受中子辐照引起微观结构变化,从而导致断裂韧性下降,影响其服役行为。在反应堆延寿时需考虑奥氏体不锈钢的辐照脆化行为,即断裂韧性降低行为。辐照后断裂韧性实验数据较少,而辐照后拉伸性能实验数据较多,根据断裂韧性与拉伸性能的关系,可以用辐照后拉伸性能数据实现对辐照后断裂韧性的行为预测。为预测奥氏体不锈钢辐照脆化性能,首先根据辐照硬化和辐照后微观结构信息关联模型,利用辐照后微观结构信息实现对辐照后拉伸屈服应力的预测;再根据辐照硬化和断裂韧性的关联模型,利用辐照前的均匀延伸率、屈服应力/流体应力和断裂韧性,结合拟合获得的辐照后流体应力、均匀延伸率,实现奥氏体不锈钢辐照后断裂韧性预测,即实现对奥氏体不锈钢辐照脆化的预测。通过以上步骤,可基于辐照后微观结构信息直接预测奥氏体不锈钢辐照后的断裂韧性。利用文献中获得的奥氏体不锈钢辐照后微观结构实验数据对辐照后断裂韧性进行预测,断裂韧性预测值与文献中报道的奥氏体不锈钢断裂韧性实验值基本吻合,验证了模型的有效性。研究表明,辐照后出现的位错环是引起奥氏体不锈钢辐照脆化的主要微观结构。未来可根据实验测得或模拟计算获得的辐照后微观结构信息,实现对奥氏体不锈钢辐照脆化的预测,为反应堆延寿提供理论指导。

Si合金化对10Cr铁/马钢在液态铅铋共晶环境中的液态金属脆化敏感性的影响

铁素体/马氏体钢是第四代液态铅铋冷却快堆燃料包壳和其他堆内构件的重要候选结构材料。Si合金化是目前国内外改善铁/马钢在铅铋环境中的腐蚀性能的关键技术手段,但Si的加入对应力腐蚀开裂敏感性(即“液态金属脆化”)的影响规律还有待深入研究。本文通过开展慢应变速率拉伸实验,对比研究了4种不同Si含量对10Cr铁素体/马氏体钢在350℃、贫氧和饱和氧铅铋以及氩气环境中的拉伸断裂行为,并结合断口分析,确定了Si对液态金属脆化敏感性的影响规律。结果表明,在所有Si含量下,铅铋对屈服强度和最大抗拉强度均没有显著影响,铅铋的影响主要体现在延伸率出现了明显下降;屈服强度随Si含量的变化基本保持不变,最大抗拉强度则呈现小幅度增大趋势;在氩气环境中,延伸率随Si含量的增加而增大。在贫氧铅铋环境中,延伸率的下降幅度与Si含量大体呈正相关。这说明Si含量越多,10Cr铁素体/马氏体钢的液态金属脆化敏感性越大。

高应变率下不同初始相变温度NiTi合金的力学响应

为获得高应变率下不同初始相变温度NiTi合金的屈服应力等基本物理特性和力学响应规律,采用10^(−3)s^(−1)应变率下准静态压缩与拉伸、10^(5)s^(−1)应变率下准等熵压缩及10^(7)s^(−1)应变率下冲击加载实现跨量级的不同应变率加载,高应变率加载实验中通过控制样品初始温度实现不同初始相态NiTi合金的力学响应测量。结果显示,初始马氏体相和初始奥氏体相NiTi合金的准静态加载应力-应变曲线中均出现2次模量变化,初始马氏体相中的模量变化由晶体重定向和马氏体相塑性变形引起,初始奥氏体相中的模量变化由马氏体相变和相变后塑性变形引起。准等熵加载下,初始马氏体相NiTi合金的Lagrangian声速随粒子速度增大而增大,未观察到间断等非线性变化;而初始奥氏体相中声速曲线存在间断,声速由初始横波值间断减小至体波声速后再随粒子速度线性增大。冲击实验中,初始马氏体相NiTi合金后自由面速度约34 m/s处出现双波结构,而将样品初始温度升至402 K后再冲击加载,则在约100 m/s处出现双波结构,二者速度曲线拐点分别由马氏体相弹塑性屈服和奥氏体相塑性屈服引起;在初始奥氏体相NiTi合金冲击实验中,在样品后自由面速度达到220~260 m/s时才出现显著的奥氏体相弹塑性转变。随着应变率从约105 s^(−1)升高至10^(7) s^(−1),相同组分奥氏体相NiTi合金的弹性极限由约2 GPa增大至约4 GPa,10^(7) s^(−1)应变率下,随着初始样品温度升至402 K,弹性极限降至1.7 GPa,表明NiTi合金的弹性极限存在显著的温度和应变率效应。

真空扩散对奥氏体灰铸铁渗硼层组织与性能影响的研究

为了改善奥氏体灰铸铁渗硼层厚度不足和脆性过大的问题,研究了渗硼处理和渗硼/真空扩散复合处理对奥氏体灰铸铁表面改性层摩擦磨损性能的影响和影响机理。利用光学显微镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、电子探针等设备对单一处理和复合处理试样的渗层进行了金相组织、元素分布、物相组成、表面硬度、截面硬度以及磨痕分析。结果表明:真空扩散对渗硼层有着增厚的作用,能够有效的将脆性较大的FeB相转化为脆性相对较小Fe2B相,改善渗硼层的耐磨性,但会使得渗层的表面硬度略微降低,渗层中石墨的粗化现象更为加重。

固溶处理对新型全奥氏体高锰低温钢微观组织、力学性能及摩擦性能的影响

针对新型奥氏体高锰低温钢在LNG (Liquefied natural gas)储罐应用中的磨损问题,本文中研究了不同固溶处理温度对微观组织、力学性能和耐磨性能影响以及三者之间的关联性.将25Mn高锰钢分别在950、1 000、1 050以及1 100℃下固溶处理0.5 h,并采用光学显微镜、白光干涉仪、扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪对试样的微观组织、磨损轮廓和磨痕形貌进行了表征.结果表明:随着固溶处理温度的升高,高锰钢的表面硬度逐渐下降,1 100℃固溶处理后钢材硬度降到最低,约为261 HV.另外,钢材的抗拉强度随固溶温度升高先增大后减小,其中在1 000℃下展现出最优的抗拉强度、屈服强度及应变硬化速率.在摩擦性能测试结果中可以看出,高锰钢表面平均摩擦系数随着固溶处理温度先增大后减小再增大,在1 000℃时因发生氧化摩擦而降到最低,约为0.39,磨损率为0.49‰,表现了最优的耐磨性能.这主要是由于1 000℃热处理后的高锰钢磨痕表面密布颗粒均匀的碳化物,导致磨损后的硬度增大近50.6%,磨损机理从颗粒磨损与疲劳磨损结合转变为黏着磨损为主,颗粒磨损为辅.

QN1803奥氏体不锈钢温热本构模型构建

基于QN1803奥氏体不锈钢在塑性变形过程中存在的马氏体相变现象,提出采用基于热激活位错运动理论的物理基Zerilli-Armstrong(Z-A)模型,构建了其温热成形时的修正本构模型。采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机,对QN1803奥氏体不锈钢在温度为25~200℃、应变速率为0.001~0.1 s^(-1)的变形条件下进行了温热拉伸试验,基于试验结果分析了QN1803奥氏体不锈钢的温热流变行为,构建了QN1803奥氏体不锈钢在温热成形条件下的修正Z-A本构模型,并对模型精度进行了评估。结果表明,在25~100℃范围内,随着应变速率的增加,拉伸试样中的马氏体含量迅速减少。在各应变速率下,随着温度的升高,马氏体含量也迅速减少。采用相关系数R和平均绝对相对误差E AR量化了本构模型的精确度,修正的Z-A本构模型的R和E AR的值分别为0.998和1.225%,能较好地描述QN1803奥氏体不锈钢的温热流变行为。

HR3C奥氏体耐热钢晶界蠕变损伤的电子背散射衍射分析

对不同条件下的HR3C奥氏体耐热钢蠕变试样进行性能测试和微观结构观察,研究奥氏体耐热不锈钢蠕变沿晶破坏行为和损伤特征。电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析结果表明,不同蠕变速度下材料的晶粒尺寸基本不变,未产生择优取向,但高蠕变速度条件下部分孪晶界演变成一般晶界,而低蠕变速度下原始孪晶结构基本保持不变。EBSD分析结果清楚地反映了微观蠕变应变的不均匀性。沿晶微裂纹和蠕变空洞的产生和扩展是最显著的损伤特征,这些损伤现象与不同蠕变速度下的蠕变机制及晶界性质密切相关。

奥氏体不锈钢薄板激光焊表面张力驱动熔池形成的数值模拟分析

为探究奥氏体不锈钢薄板激光焊接过程中表面张力对熔池形状、熔池流速、熔池静压的影响,以期优化焊接工艺并提高焊接质量。基于数值模拟分析方法,建立了移动旋转高斯曲面体热源模型,通过改变Marangoni对流系数来模拟不同表面张力条件,分析其对熔池形成过程、熔池形状、流速及熔池内静压力的影响。模拟结果表明,表面张力是影响熔池形态和内部静压力的关键因素,表面张力指向熔池内部,驱动熔池向中心汇聚,从而促进熔池的形成;表面张力的大小与熔池峰值温度、熔深、深宽比呈负相关,与峰值流速、熔宽、熔池内部静压力呈正相关;铜衬底的加入显著增大了过冷度,加速了熔池的冷却,有助于避开奥氏体不锈钢的敏化温度区间。

核电厂定位销局部干法水下TIG焊接工艺

以核电厂定位销水下焊接为研究对象,研制双层气体保护的局部干法水下TIG旋转焊枪,运动轨迹通过直流电机带动钨极绕固定直径转动实现.对核级材料Z2CN19-10控氮奥氏体不锈钢进行焊接,研究局部干法水下TIG焊接焊缝成形,优化工艺参数,结合热循环曲线及电弧形态,分析焊接接头显微组织及力学性能.结果表明,当焊枪的内层和外层保护气均通氩气时,焊缝成形良好,电弧形态稳定;增大焊接电流或减小焊接速度均使焊缝熔深增大,熔宽增大;对比水下焊接接头和陆上焊接接头发现,水的快速冷却作用会促使熔合线附近的铁素体的形态由树枝状转变为板条状,奥氏体含量减少,焊缝中心晶粒细化;水下焊接接头的显微硬度和力学性能略高于陆上焊接接头.

新型不锈钢管固废混凝土构件受弯性能研究

进行了6个不锈钢管混凝土试件的纯弯试验研究,分析了在弯曲荷载作用下,混凝土类型和截面形状对新型S35657奥氏体不锈钢管混凝土构件的破坏模态、荷载-变形关系、抗弯刚度与承载力的影响规律。试验结果表明:固废混凝土对新型不锈钢管混凝土纯弯构件的整体破坏模态影响不大,但固废混凝土有利于提高构件的抗弯承载力与刚度。随后建立了不锈钢管固废混凝土纯弯构件有限元模型并验证了既有材料模型的适用性,最后分析了各规范抗弯承载力计算方法的适用性和预测精度。

球压痕法获取不同变形率下316L不锈钢的力学性能

核电焊接结构由于在加工过程中受到冷作硬化导致局部区域力学性能发生改变且难以准确获取,利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立了弹塑性材料下的压痕实验三维模型进行数值模拟,通过识别载荷-深度曲线中的相关参数,结合量纲分析法理论计算316L奥氏体不锈钢材料在不同变形率下的力学性能参量。结果表明,随着变形率的不断增大,材料的塑性降低,硬度增大,且力学性能参数如屈服强度、抗拉强度及硬化指数均相应增大。

淬火处理对中锰钢组织和性能的影响

中锰钢通过微观组织调控,可实现优异的强度-塑韧性协同增长,是第三代先进高强钢的潜力材料。采用不同淬火工艺来调控Fe-10Mn-0.44C-1.87Al-0.67V中锰钢的微观组织,并结合VC的析出来优化其性能。结果表明:经1020℃淬火+300℃回火后,中锰钢的组织为板条状马氏体+残留奥氏体,形变时残留奥氏体发生相变诱导塑性效应,使其具有优异的塑性。经800℃淬火+250℃回火后,组织为细小的马氏体、细小弥散分布的VC和少量残留奥氏体,通过位错强化、细晶强化和析出强化作用使中锰钢具有最佳的力学性能,屈服强度为1190 MPa,抗拉强度为1473 MPa,伸长率为22%,强塑积为32.4 GPa%。

Review on the plastic instability of medium -Mn steels for identifying the formation mechanisms of Lüders and Portevin -Le Chatelier bands

Plastic instability,including both the discontinuous yielding and stress serrations,has been frequently observed during the tensile deformation of medium-Mn steels(MMnS)and has been intensively studied in recent years.Unfortunately,research results are controversial,and no consensus has been achieved regarding the topic.Here,we first summarize all the possible factors that affect the yielding and flow stress serrations in MMnS,including the morphology and stability of austenite,the feature of the phase interface,and the deformation parameters.Then,we propose a universal mechanism to explain the conflicting experimental results.We conclude that the discontinuous yielding can be attributed to the lack of mobile dislocation before deformation and the rapid dislocation multiplication at the beginning of plastic deformation.Meanwhile,the results show that the stress serrations are formed due to the pinning and depinning between dislocations and interstitial atoms in austenite.Strain-induced martensitic transformation,influenced by the mechanical stability of austenite grain and deformation parameters,should not be the intrinsic cause of plastic instability.However,it can intensify or weaken the discontinuous yielding and the stress serrations by affecting the mobility and density of dislocations,as well as the interaction between the interstitial atoms and dislocations in austenite grains.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a cast TRIP-assisted multiphase stainless steel

Stainless steels are used in a wide range of complex environments due to their excellent corrosion resistance.Multiphase stainless steels can offer an excellent combination of strength,toughness and corrosion resistance due to the coexistence of different microstructures.The microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel cast multiphase stainless steel,composed of martensite,ferrite,and austenite,were investigated following appropriate heat treatment processes:solution treatment at 1,050℃ for 0.5 h followed by water quenching to room temperature,and aging treatment at 500℃ for 4 h followed by water quenching to room temperature.Results show reversed austenite is formed by diffusion of Ni element during aging process,and the enrichment of Ni atoms directly determines the mechanical stability of austenite.The austenite with a lower Ni content undergoes a martensitic transformation during plastic deformation.The tensile strength of the specimen exceeds 1,100 MPa and the elongation exceeds 24%after solid solution,and further increases to 1,247 MPa and 25%after aging treatment.This enhancement is due to the TRIP effect of austenite and the precipitation of the nanoscale G-phase pinning dislocations in ferrite and martensite.

Grain boundary engineering for enhancing intergranular damage resistance of ferritic/martensitic steel P92

Ferritic/martensitic(F/M)steel is widely used as a structural material in thermal and nuclear power plants.However,it is susceptible to intergranular damage,which is a critical issue,under service conditions.In this study,to improve the resistance to intergranular damage of F/M steel,a thermomechanical process(TMP)was employed to achieve a grain boundary engineering(GBE)microstructure in F/M steel P92.The TMP,including cold-rolling thickness reduction of 6%,9%,and 12%,followed by austenitization at 1323 K for 40 min and tempering at 1053 K for 45 min,was applied to the as-received(AR)P92 steel.The prior austenite grain(PAG)size,prior austenite grain boundary character distribution(GBCD),and connectivity of prior austenite grain boundaries(PAGBs)were investigated.Compared to the AR specimen,the PAG size did not change significantly.The fraction of coincident site lattice boundaries(CSLBs,3≤Σ≤29)and Σ3^(n) boundaries along PAGBs decreased with increasing reduction ratio because the recrystallization fraction increased with increasing reduction ratio.The PAGB connectivity of the 6%deformed specimen slightly deteriorated compared with that of the AR specimen.Moreover,potentiodynamic polarization studies revealed that the intergranular damage resistance of the studied steel could be improved by increasing the fraction of CSLBs along the PAGBs,indicating that the TMP,which involves low deformation,could enhance the intergranular damage resistance.

Review on synergistic damage effect of irradiation and corrosion on reactor structural alloys

The synergistic damage effect of irradiation and corrosion of reactor structural materials has been a prominent research focus.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the synergistic effects on the third-and fourth-generation fission nuclear energy structural materials used in pressurized water reactors and molten salt reactors.The competitive mechanisms of multiple influencing factors,such as the irradiation dose,corrosion type,and environmental temperature,are summarized in this paper.Conceptual approaches are proposed to alleviate the synergistic damage caused by irradiation and corrosion,thereby promoting in-depth research in the future and solving this key challenge for the structural materials used in reactors.

两相区淬火温度对Ni-Cr-Mo-V系高强船体钢组织及性能的影响

为改善高强船体钢高屈强比、回火区间窄的问题,研究了两相区二次淬火温度对Ni-Cr-Mo-V系高强船体钢组织及性能的影响。通过改变二次淬火温度,研究实验钢冲击拉伸性能和显微组织的变化规律,并通过OM、TEM、XRD衍射等方法进行表征。结果表明,在淬火温度区间内,材料的性能表现出两种变化趋势。当淬火温度在640~700℃时,实验钢的强度随着二次淬火温度的上升而增加,而韧性下降。在该淬火温度范围内,实验钢的机械性能由铁素体+马氏体的双相组织和逆转变奥氏体的含量决定。随着二次淬火温度的上升,双相组织中铁素体的比例从40%降至10%,逆转变奥氏体的含量从11%下降至1%。当二次淬火温度从700℃增加到780℃时,实验钢的强度和韧性变化不明显,原因是二次淬火的温度已经超过了A3温度,实验钢组织转变为单一的马氏体组织,奥氏体晶粒尺寸变化不大(7.3~8.5μm)。综上,在680℃下进行两相区二次淬火可以获得最佳的强度和韧性匹配。

Bulging Distortion of Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheet on the Partially Penetrated Side of Non-Penetration Lap Laser Welding Joint

Non-penetration laser welding of lap joints in austenitic stainless steel sheets is commonly preferred in fields where the surface quality is of utmost importance.However,the application of non-penetration welded austenitic stainless steel parts is limited owing to the micro bulging distortion that occurs on the back surface of the partial penetration side.In this paper,non-penetration lap laser welding experiments,were conducted on galvanized and SUS304 austenitic stainless steel plates using a fiber laser,to investigate the mechanism of bulging distortion.A comparative experiment of DC01 galvanized steel-Q235 carbon steel lap laser welding was carried out,and the deflection and distortion profile of partially penetrated side of the sheets were measured using a noncontact laser interferometer.In addition,the cold-rolled SUS304 was subjected to heat holding at different temperatures and water quenching after bending to characterize its microstructure under tensile and compressive stress.The results show that,during the heating stage of the thermal cycle of laser lap welding,the partial penetration side of the SUS304 steel sheet generates compressive stress,which extrudes the material in the heat-affected zone to the outside of the back of the SUS304 steel sheet,thereby forming a bulge.The findings of these experiments can be of great value for controlling the distortion of the partial penetrated side of austenitic stainless steel sheet during laser non-penetration lap welding.