Review of trans-Mediterranean power grid interconnection:a regional roadmap towards energy sector decarbonization

Climate change is becoming an important issue in all fields of infrastructure development.Electricity plays a core role in the decarbonized energy system’s path to a regional zero-emission pattern.A well-built trans-Mediterranean backbone grid can hedge the profound evolution of regional power generation,transmission,and consumption.To date,only Turkey and the Maghreb countries(i.e.,Morocco,Algeria,and Tunisia)are connected with the Continental European Synchronous Area.Other south-and east-shore countries have insufficient interconnection infrastructures and synchronization difficulties that have proven to be major hurdles to the implementation of large-scale solar and wind projects and achievement of climate goals.This study analyzes the current trans-boundary grid interconnections and power and carbon emission portfolios in the Mediterranean region.To align with the recently launched new climate target‘Fit for 55’program and the accelerated large-scale renewables target,a holistic review of projected trans-Mediterranean grids and their market,technical,and financial obstacles of implementation was conducted.For south-and east-shore countries,major legal and regulatory barriers encompassing non-liberalized market structure,regulation gaps of taxation and transmission tariffs,and the private sector’s access rights need to be removed.Enhancement of domestic grids,substations,and harmonized grid codes and frequency,voltage,and communication technology standards among all trans-Mediterranean countries are physical prerequisites for implementing the Trans-Mediterranean Electricity Market.In addition,the mobilization of capital instruments along with private and international investments is indispensable for the realization of supranational transmission projects.As the final section of the decarbonization roadmap,the development of electric appliances,equipment,and vehicles with higher efficiency is inevitable in the decarbonized building,transportation,and industry sectors.

Study on Comprehensive Efficiency Evaluation of Rural Power Grid under Rural Revitalization Strategy Considering Regional Differences

As an essential infrastructure,the rural power grid is vital in promoting agricultural and rural carbon sequestration and improving rural energy electrification.It is necessary to carry out in-depth research on its comprehensive efficiency.Based on the requirements of“double carbon”and rural revitalization strategy for the rural Power Grid,this paper focuses on the modernization and low-carbon transformation of the rural Power Grid.It constructs an input-output index system for the investment efficiency of the rural Power Grid in China under the new situation.It uses the primary data of the rural Power Grid of 30 prefecture-level cities in China from 2019 to 2021 to evaluate the investment efficiency of the rural Power Grid in China through a three-stage DEA model.The empirical results show that:considering the regional differences,the comprehensive efficiency of the rural Power Grid in backward areas is significantly improved;that is,the three-stage DEA method can more objectively evaluate the comprehensive efficiency of the rural Power Grid.In the context of the continued promotion of the rural revitalization strategy,to improve the comprehensive efficiency of the rural Power Grid,it is necessary to improve the technical level of the rural Power Grid further and appropriately expand the scale of investment in the rural Power Grid.

Research on Safety and Stability of Regional Power Grids to the Year 2020

The safety and stability study on Northeast, North, East, Northwest and Central China power grids had been carried out, which provided technical supports to planning design of regional power grids. By analyzing safety and stability under severe faults in regional power grids, revealed weaknesses on power grid configurations and measures for preventing from loss of stability were presented. In comparison of various schemes of power system safety and stability among parts of power grids, more than two recommended schemes can be chosen as reference in planning design for regional power grids. Considering the safety and stability control measures necessary for each power grids, it is believed the trunk networks of all power grids can fulfill the third criteria of Guideline for Power System Safety and Stability, while the weakness and predominated hydropower may deteriorate safety and stability of power grids. The power grid shall be regulated in line with the variation of boundary conditions.

Energy Conservation and Emissions Reduction: Experiences from Three Provincial Power Companies and One Regional Power Grid Company

Power industry is one of the key fields for energy conservation and emissions reduction (ECER) in China. In order to achieve the nation's overall energy consumption target and pollutant emission target set by the 11th Five-Year Plan, to build the resource-conservation and environment-friendly society during the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006-2010), it is crucial to implement the policy of "Large (units) In and Small (units) Out (LISO)" (i.e., replacing small units with large ones) and accelerate the retirement of small thermal units. According to the statistics, the power industry has made a significant progress in SO2 emission reduction during the first half of 2007. Specifically, with 18.3% growth in power generation, the SO2 emission was reduced by 5.2% compared with the same period in 2006. By the end of July 2007, the retired small units have totaled 6950 MW, 85% of which belongs to the five major power generation groups such as Guodian and Huadian. In this article, the achievements and remaining issues in Henan, Jiangsu, Sichuan Power Companies and East China Grid Company were presented and discussed thoroughly.

Regulating cost for renewable energy integration in power grids

To address the issue of climate change caused by the use of polluting, non-renewable energy sources, the use of renewable energy has gained momentum worldwide. Consequently, the increased integration of renewable energy sources into power grids has necessitated the inclusion of flexible capacities in the power systems to solve problems of intermittent and fluctuating characteristics associated with renewable generation outputs. In this work, we study the regulating cost of a power system with high renewable penetration using an improved time-series system production simulation analysis method. The operational cost of the system is considered as the objective function. Three different methods to increase regulating capacities, including using interconnection lines, building additional flexible power capacities, and retrofitting existing thermal power plants, are adopted and simulated to compare the costs of accommodating renewable energy in the system in these cases. Our results indicate that increasing the flexibility of thermal power plants and developing crossregional connection lines are cost-effective methods of increasing renewable energy consumption.

基于RMT-CNN的电网短路故障定位研究

随着我国智能电网的快速发展,电网监测数据呈现多元化、高速化、海量化的趋势.为了充分挖掘电力大数据的潜在价值,实现电网内异常区域的自动识别与定位,本文研究了基于随机矩阵理论(random matrix theory,RMT)和卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks,CNN)的电网异常事件定位方法.首先根据电网内部联系将电网划分为若干子系统,分区构建监测矩阵;然后采用RMT作为数据挖掘的特征提取方法,提取分区矩阵特征向量作为输入,根据电网监测数据和异常识别需求的特点搭建CNN模型;最后基于分区矩阵特征向量构建数据集,训练获得有效的异常事件自动定位CNN模型.以IEEE39节点电网模型三相短路故障为例,分析表明通过RMT提取特征向量的预处理方法能有效降低数据维度,提高CNN模型的故障定位准确率,分区RMT-CNN模型能有效定位电网内异常事件的发生地点,定位精度可达97.96%,精确率可达98.65%.

乡村振兴战略下农网综合效益评价模型研究

农村地区之间存在着显著的地区差异,为了指导农村电网投资,提出一种基于组合赋权和多属性边界逼近区域比较法(multi-attributive border approximation area comparison,MABAC)的差异化农网综合效益评价模型。首先,综合考虑农村地区差异及乡村振兴战略对农网发展的要求,从农网投资经济效益、供电能力、基础设施情况、地区发展带动、生产生活质量、清洁低碳发展等6个方面构建农网综合效益评价指标体系;其次,基于最小化主客观权重异质性原则构建基于图模型—熵权法的组合赋权模型,并引入MABAC方法用于解决农网综合效益评价问题;最后,通过算例分析验证了所提出模型的有效性。

面向燃气机组调峰的天然气管网动态安全域

燃气机组调峰的灵活性有助于提升可再生能源消纳水平,但所造成的管道压力剧烈波动却为天然气管网引入新的安全风险。该文提出一种面向燃气机组调峰的天然气管网动态安全域,以表征满足动态管流安全的燃气机组有功调整量的集合。首先,分析以时域连续的气负荷质量流率作为注入空间的天然气管网动态安全域难以实用化的原因。为此,提出将燃气机组进气口质量流率转化为有功调整量的函数,定义以初始运行点为基准、以各燃气机组有功调整量为注入空间的天然气管网动态安全域。为兼顾计算精度和效率,基于时空正交配置法对管网连续变量进行近似离散,建立安全域边界搜索优化模型。并进一步揭示天然气管网稳态安全域可通过松弛该优化模型中部分约束条件求解得到,为动态安全域的一种退化形式。算例结果表明,所提方法克服天然气管网稳态安全域对于日内安全分析过于乐观的局限性,有助于增强电力-天然气耦合系统的协同态势感知能力。

区域互联下不对称交流电网运行控制系统设计

电力系统内部的交流电在产生不对称故障之后,会直接导致换流站母线电压不平衡,系统内部出现的负序分量和零序分量会影响系统交流和直流谐波分布,进而影响电网的正常运行。为了进一步实现不对称交流电网的控制,设计了一种控制系统。系统硬件设计了锁相环控制器、电流环控制器、DSP控制器,锁相环控制器由相位鉴别、环路滤波和压控振荡三部分组成一个闭环。针对区域互联状况进行分析,确定谐波电压和谐波电流的传递规律,建立谐波分析程序和控制程序,通过矢量计算,对不对称交流电网电流进行运行控制。实验结果表明,所设计系统能够有效解决运行过程的输入量和输出量不均衡的问题,降低叠加放大状况,控制后电流和电压幅值波动为0,有效防止出现谐波不稳定现象。

基于可行域投影的多区域电力市场交易模型与算法研究

随着跨省输电规模日益扩大,跨省跨区间输电通道数目逐渐增加且耦合紧密,传统可用输电容量(available transmission capacity,ATC),无法反映省内安全约束对跨区输电功率范围的影响和区域联络线之间的耦合关系。基于可行域投影理论,提出了省间多通道联络线可传输功率安全域的概念,以及考虑省级发电情况、负荷特性和网络约束条件的省间多通道联络线安全域刻画方法,实现了对多联络线、大规模省间电力系统模型可行域的高效、精细刻画。提出了基于安全域的省间市场优化出清模式,既可满足省间市场出清目标需求,又可兼顾省内约束,并且实现了跨区域无迭代的高效协同运行。基于IEEE 39与IEEE 118节点的互联系统模拟了跨区电力交易,算例结果验证了所提模式的有效性。

区域互联多电压等级直流电网运行控制系统

为了提高直流电网运行控制能力,设计了区域互联多电压等级直流电网运行控制系统。分析电网的单级接线和双极接线的运行状态,通过搭建换流器和逆变器完成系统硬件设计。在软件设计中,设定功率调制功能、定电流控制功能、定电压控制功能,通过确定两个地区间的交流功率变化实现功率调节,根据定电流控制原理得到传感器输出数值,以此实现定电流控制,结合直流输入功率实现定电压控制,达到直流电网运行控制的目标。实验结果表明,设计系统的控制结果与标准要求吻合度在95%以上,具有极强的控制能力。

多种群遗传算法下电网源网荷多时段优化调度

电网源网荷多时段调度分配衔接不当,造成能源跨区消纳较高,利用率较差。为此,提出基于多种群遗传算法的电网源网荷多时段的优化调度方法。利用种群优化算法建立不间断和间断的供给优化调度模型。采用遗传调度算法进行数据迭代,根据用户的舒适度和经济度建立目标函数,在满足约束条件的基础上,确定时间尺度,实现优化调度。实验结果表明,多种群遗传算法下电网源网荷多时段优化调度能够很好地实现跨区消纳,能源利用率能够达到98.95%,具有较好的实用价值。

基于支持向量机的区域电网光伏发电量预测研究

光伏发电量预测通常依赖于历史数据,数据的采集和质量存在差异,不同数据源可能存在误差,这会导致预测结果的不准确,因此提出基于支持向量机的区域电网光伏发电量预测研究。首先预处理光伏发电量数据,通过数据链的平滑划分,再对光伏单位进行归一化处理,进而对不符合常规的发电站数据进行检测,填补数据空缺后导入支持向量机的预测模型,最后在模型优化中实现区域电网光伏发电量的预测。实验中实验组的预测精度为92.37%,基于改进萤火虫算法的预测方法的预测精度为85.43%,基于灰色关联与麻雀优化算法的预测方法的预测精度为74.66%。实验结果表示所研究的方法能对光伏发电量进行较精确的预测,可投入使用。

地区电网检修方式辅助决策研究

针对地区电网检修方式辅助决策,提出一种用于方式安全校核计算的扩展单电压源的多端口外部电网等效方法和一种基于负载转供关系的转供方案搜索方法;设计了考虑电网运行风险、电源侧主变压器负载率和方式调整工作量的检修方式评价指标和辅助决策流程;基于调度控制系统研发了地区电网检修方式辅助决策技术,解决了以往检修方式辅助编制存在的推理过程复杂、方式生成效率低、安全校核误差大和负载转供方案单一等问题。

面向用户的区域电网电压协同控制技术研究

针对区域电网电压分布零散,电网电压协同区段控制不力的问题,采用改进型矩阵算法将电网中不同的区段实现节点与优化目标之间的关联。构建改进型离散猴群算法实现离散型区域电网电压节点的搜索,在改进型离散猴群算法模型中加入DE-BP神经网络算法模型,通过差分进化DE算法模型实现待控制电压区域中不同目标函数信息的最优化搜索,BP神经网络算法模型能够实现优化目标的故障诊断,最终实现用户不同区域电网电压的协同控制。实验表明,这种方法检索能力强,平均正确率在95%以上。

基于麻雀搜索算法的区域微电网多目标协同优化调度

当前的区域微电网多目标协同优化调度矩阵一般为单向的处理形式,虽然能够实现简单的调度优化目标,但是对于调度范围存在一定的限制,导致交互功率降低,为此提出对基于麻雀搜索算法的区域微电网多目标协同优化调度方法的设计与验证分析。根据实际优化调度需求及标准的变化,先进行约束条件的设置,同时测算出对应的目标函数。采用多阶的模式,扩大实际的调度范围,并设计多阶并网协同运行调度矩阵,以此为基础,构建麻雀搜索算法下微电网协同优化调度模型,并采用横纵交叉的处理方式实现优化调度。经过6:00、12:00、18:00以及24:004个时刻的调度研究,在麻雀搜索算法的辅助下,优化完成之后,微电网的交互功率逐渐保持平稳,并未出现较为明显的波动,交互功率基本控制在70 kW以下,说明此种调度优化方式的针对性较强,调度的效率较高,可以确保微电网在运行的过程中保持平稳,具有实际的应用价值。

Implementation of Dynamic Line Rating in a Sub-Transmission System for Wind Power Integration

Based on conventional static line rating method, the actual current carrying capability of overhead conductors cannot be judged. Due to continuous increment in electricity demand and the difficulties associated with new line constructions, the overhead lines are therefore required to be rated based on a method that should establish their real-time capability in terms of electricity transmission. The method used to determine the real-time ampacity of overhead conductors not only can enhance their transmission capacity but can also help in allowing excessive renewable generation in the electricity network. In this research work, the issues related to analyzing an impact of wind power on periodical loading of overhead line as well as finding its static and dynamic ampacities with line current are investigated in detail. Moreover, the investigation related to finding a suitable location for the construction of a 60 MW wind farm is taken on board. Thereafter, the wind park is integrated with a regional grid, owned by Fortum Distribution AB. In addition to that, the electricity generated from the wind park is also calculated in this project. Later on, the work is devoted to finding the static and dynamic line ratings for “VL3” overhead conductor by using IEEE-738-2006 standard. Furthermore, the project also deals with finding the line current and making its comparison with maximum capacity of overhead conductor (VL3) for loading it in such a way that no any violation of safe ground clearance requirements is observed at all. Besides, the line current, knowing the conductor temperature when it transmits the required electricity in the presence of wind power generation is also an important factor to be taken into consideration. Therefore, based on real-time ambient conditions with actual line loading and with the help of IEEE-738-2006 standard, the conductor temperature is also calculated in this project. At the end, an economic analysis is performed to evaluate the financial advantages related to applying the dynamic line ratings approach in place of traditional static line ratings technique across an overhead conductor (VL3) and to know how much beneficial it is to temporarily postpone the rebuilding and/or construction of a new transmission line. Furthermore, an economic analysis related to wind power system is taken into consideration as well to get familiar with the costs related to building and connecting a 60 MW wind farm with the regional grid.