Thomas Jefferson created a public philosophy that created in essence his significance as not only a transformative president but as the founder who developed the rationale and enduring tradition for the United States ...Thomas Jefferson created a public philosophy that created in essence his significance as not only a transformative president but as the founder who developed the rationale and enduring tradition for the United States political system.Above all,Jefferson is transformative alone for having created democracy when he introduced his public philosophy,as stated in Charles E.Merriam and Carl Becker’s analysis.Jefferson’s election on March 4,1801,began his two presidencies and created the Jeffersonian Democracy.Jefferson’s definition of a public philosophy is defined by James W.Ceaser.A public philosophy as defined by James W.Ceaser who reviewed the concept that was first used by the journalist Walter Lippman,in his book The Public Philosophy,was concerned about competing philosophies with liberalism against its adversary such as Marxism.Political scientists Theodore Lowi and Samuel Beer defined a public philosophy“as a synonym for what social scientists in American politics called ideology”.Lowi and Beer further defined how a public philosophy was a transforming idea governing public opinion by utilizing Roosevelt’s New Deal to explain an example of a change in public philosophy,in which as federal government is strengthened,replacing the older idea of an inactive government.Further,Lowi described how a public philosophy is a way of understanding the significance of public policies,i.e.,New Deal Policies on society.In addition,James W.Ceaser,described a public philosophy“as a core set of values embodied in long term opinion that influences public policy over a full era.”展开更多
China＇s pre-modern legal system enjoyed a continuous history of more than four thousand years. In the course of this long process, it developed distinctive legal traditions, including a tradition that prioritized agr...China＇s pre-modern legal system enjoyed a continuous history of more than four thousand years. In the course of this long process, it developed distinctive legal traditions, including a tradition that prioritized agriculture, a stress on criminal law at the expense of civil law, an ethical orientation that stressed the five Confucian relationships, an approach to the legal traditions of different ethnic groups that embraced diversity in unity, and a Confucianized legal system based on virtue and ritual. These legal traditions were all based on the accretion of a deep-rooted legal culture which embodied the wisdom and creativity of the Chinese people. At the same time, they bore the stamp of China＇s national conditions： an economic structure dominated by agriculture, an autocratic political system, a multi-ethnic national structure, the preeminent position of Confucian thought, the uneven development of politics, culture and the economy, etc.展开更多
In the Laws （which Plato calls his ＂second-best society＂） Plato asserts that the best attainable form of society will combine the better features of autocracy and democracy. The democracy will be one where aidos ...In the Laws （which Plato calls his ＂second-best society＂） Plato asserts that the best attainable form of society will combine the better features of autocracy and democracy. The democracy will be one where aidos （＂respect＂） will be a prominent feature, as will be the rule of laws underpinned by the belief that God, not man, is the measure of all things. Unlike in the Republic, the accumulation of wealth and property will be the right of all citizens, including rulers. But it will operate under strict limits： a maximum of four quanta of property will be allowed by any citizen, while a minimum of one （which will provide a good life though perhaps not a rich one） will be guaranteed. The affinity of such a view with that of John Rawls is striking. The article ends with a brief interview between the reader and Plato, in which some of the above issues are discussed.展开更多
After evening out all the benefits and costs, the overall optimal level of democracy is about 3.2, on a scale of 1 to 7. On average, fully dictatorial countries have a conditioned growth rate of-1.113 percent, fully d...After evening out all the benefits and costs, the overall optimal level of democracy is about 3.2, on a scale of 1 to 7. On average, fully dictatorial countries have a conditioned growth rate of-1.113 percent, fully democratic countries have a conditioned growth rate of 1.146 while countries with the optimal level of democracy/autocracy have a conditioned growth rate of 2.665. In the case of a fully dictatorial country, moving one unit towards democracy can raise the GDP growth rate by about 1.725 points; while for a fully democratic country, moving towards autocracy by one unit can raise the growth rate by about 0.885 points. This study provides useful information for many developing countries which are experiencing political system. substantial pressures to restructure their展开更多
文摘Thomas Jefferson created a public philosophy that created in essence his significance as not only a transformative president but as the founder who developed the rationale and enduring tradition for the United States political system.Above all,Jefferson is transformative alone for having created democracy when he introduced his public philosophy,as stated in Charles E.Merriam and Carl Becker’s analysis.Jefferson’s election on March 4,1801,began his two presidencies and created the Jeffersonian Democracy.Jefferson’s definition of a public philosophy is defined by James W.Ceaser.A public philosophy as defined by James W.Ceaser who reviewed the concept that was first used by the journalist Walter Lippman,in his book The Public Philosophy,was concerned about competing philosophies with liberalism against its adversary such as Marxism.Political scientists Theodore Lowi and Samuel Beer defined a public philosophy“as a synonym for what social scientists in American politics called ideology”.Lowi and Beer further defined how a public philosophy was a transforming idea governing public opinion by utilizing Roosevelt’s New Deal to explain an example of a change in public philosophy,in which as federal government is strengthened,replacing the older idea of an inactive government.Further,Lowi described how a public philosophy is a way of understanding the significance of public policies,i.e.,New Deal Policies on society.In addition,James W.Ceaser,described a public philosophy“as a core set of values embodied in long term opinion that influences public policy over a full era.”
文摘China＇s pre-modern legal system enjoyed a continuous history of more than four thousand years. In the course of this long process, it developed distinctive legal traditions, including a tradition that prioritized agriculture, a stress on criminal law at the expense of civil law, an ethical orientation that stressed the five Confucian relationships, an approach to the legal traditions of different ethnic groups that embraced diversity in unity, and a Confucianized legal system based on virtue and ritual. These legal traditions were all based on the accretion of a deep-rooted legal culture which embodied the wisdom and creativity of the Chinese people. At the same time, they bore the stamp of China＇s national conditions： an economic structure dominated by agriculture, an autocratic political system, a multi-ethnic national structure, the preeminent position of Confucian thought, the uneven development of politics, culture and the economy, etc.
文摘In the Laws （which Plato calls his ＂second-best society＂） Plato asserts that the best attainable form of society will combine the better features of autocracy and democracy. The democracy will be one where aidos （＂respect＂） will be a prominent feature, as will be the rule of laws underpinned by the belief that God, not man, is the measure of all things. Unlike in the Republic, the accumulation of wealth and property will be the right of all citizens, including rulers. But it will operate under strict limits： a maximum of four quanta of property will be allowed by any citizen, while a minimum of one （which will provide a good life though perhaps not a rich one） will be guaranteed. The affinity of such a view with that of John Rawls is striking. The article ends with a brief interview between the reader and Plato, in which some of the above issues are discussed.
文摘After evening out all the benefits and costs, the overall optimal level of democracy is about 3.2, on a scale of 1 to 7. On average, fully dictatorial countries have a conditioned growth rate of-1.113 percent, fully democratic countries have a conditioned growth rate of 1.146 while countries with the optimal level of democracy/autocracy have a conditioned growth rate of 2.665. In the case of a fully dictatorial country, moving one unit towards democracy can raise the GDP growth rate by about 1.725 points; while for a fully democratic country, moving towards autocracy by one unit can raise the growth rate by about 0.885 points. This study provides useful information for many developing countries which are experiencing political system. substantial pressures to restructure their
