Adaptive Trajectory Tracking Control for Nonholonomic Wheeled Mobile Robots:A Barrier Function Sliding Mode Approach

The trajectory tracking control performance of nonholonomic wheeled mobile robots(NWMRs)is subject to nonholonomic constraints,system uncertainties,and external disturbances.This paper proposes a barrier function-based adaptive sliding mode control(BFASMC)method to provide high-precision,fast-response performance and robustness for NWMRs.Compared with the conventional adaptive sliding mode control,the proposed control strategy can guarantee that the sliding mode variables converge to a predefined neighborhood of origin with a predefined reaching time independent of the prior knowledge of the uncertainties and disturbances bounds.Another advantage of the proposed algorithm is that the control gains can be adaptively adjusted to follow the disturbances amplitudes thanks to the barrier function.The benefit is that the overestimation of control gain can be eliminated,resulting in chattering reduction.Moreover,a modified barrier function-like control gain is employed to prevent the input saturation problem due to the physical limit of the actuator.The stability analysis and comparative experiments demonstrate that the proposed BFASMC can ensure the prespecified convergence performance of the NWMR system output variables and strong robustness against uncertainties/disturbances.

A finite-time fuzzy adaptive output-feedback fault-tolerant control for underactuated wheeled mobile robots systems

This paper investigates the adaptive fuzzy finite-time output-feedback fault-tolerant control (FTC) problemfor a class of nonlinear underactuated wheeled mobile robots (UWMRs) system with intermittent actuatorfaults. The UWMR system includes unknown nonlinear dynamics and immeasurable states. Fuzzy logic systems(FLSs) are utilized to work out immeasurable functions. Furthermore, with the support of the backsteppingcontrol technique and adaptive fuzzy state observer, a fuzzy adaptive finite-time output-feedback FTC scheme isdeveloped under the intermittent actuator faults. It is testifying the scheme can ensure the controlled nonlinearUWMRs is stable and the estimation errors are convergent. Finally, the comparison results and simulationvalidate the effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy adaptive finite-time FTC approach.

Real-time Non-linear Target Tracking Control of Wheeled Mobile Robots

A control strategy for real-time target tracking for wheeled mobile robots is presented.Using a modified Kalman filter for environment perception,a novel tracking control law derived from Lyapunov stability theory is introduced.Tuning of linear velocity and angular velocity with mechanical constraints is applied.The proposed control system can simultaneously solve the target trajectory prediction,real-time tracking,and posture regulation problems of a wheeled mobile robot.Experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed tracking control laws.

A Real Time Self-Tuning Motion Controller for Mobile Robot Systems

This paper proposes an intelligent controller for motion control of robotic systems to obtain high precision tracking without the need for a real-time trial and error method.In addition, a new self-tuning algorithm has been developed based on both the ant colony algorithm and a fuzzy system for real-time tuning of controller parameters. Simulations and experiments using a real robot have been addressed to demonstrate the success of the proposed controller and validate the theoretical analysis. Obtained results confirm that the proposed controller ensures robust performance in the presence of disturbances and parametric uncertainties without the need for adjustment of control law parameters by a trial and error method.

Analytical modeling and multi-objective optimization(MOO) of slippage for wheeled mobile robot(WMR) in rough terrain

Good understanding of relationship between parameters of vehicle,terrain and interaction at the interface is required to develop effective navigation and motion control algorithms for autonomous wheeled mobile robots(AWMR) in rough terrain.A model and analysis of relationship among wheel slippage(S),rotation angle(θ),sinkage(z) and wheel radius(r) are presented.It is found that wheel rotation angle,sinkage and radius have some influence on wheel slippage.A multi-objective optimization problem with slippage as utility function was formulated and solved in MATLAB.The results reveal the optimal values of wheel-terrain parameters required to achieve optimum slippage on dry sandy terrain.A method of slippage estimation for a five-wheeled mobile robot was presented through comparing the odometric measurements of the powered wheels with those of the fifth non-powered wheel.The experimental result shows that this method is feasible and can be used for online slippage estimation in a sandy terrain.

Robust simultaneous tracking and stabilization of wheeled mobile robots not satisfying nonholonomic constraint

A robust unified controller was proposed for wheeled mobile robots that do not satisfy the ideal rolling without slipping constraint.Practical trajectory tracking and posture stabilization were achieved in a unified framework.The design procedure was based on the transverse function method and Lyapunov redesign technique.The Lie group was also introduced in the design.The left-invariance property of the nominal model was firstly explored with respect to the standard group operation of the Lie group SE(2).Then,a bounded transverse function was constructed,by which a corresponding smooth embedded submanifold was defined.With the aid of the group operation,a smooth control law was designed,which fulfills practical tracking/stabilization of the nominal system.An additional component was finally constructed to robustify the nominal control law with respect to the slipping disturbance by using the Lyapunov redesign technique.The design procedure can be easily extended to the robot system suffered from general unknown but bounded disturbances.Simulations were provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the robust unified controller.

Modeling and Adaptive Control of an Omni-Mecanum-Wheeled Robot

The complete dynamics model of a four-Mecanum-wheeled robot considering mass eccentricity and friction uncertainty is derived using the Lagrange’s equation. Then based on the dynamics model, a nonlinear stable adaptive control law is derived using the backstepping method via Lyapunov stability theory. In order to compensate for the model uncertainty, a nonlinear damping term is included in the control law, and the parameter update law with σ-modification is considered for the uncertainty estimation. Computer simulations are conducted to illustrate the suggested control approach.

Adaptive trajectory tracking control of two-wheeled self-balance robot

Wheeled mobile robot is one of the well-known nonholonomic systems.A two-wheeled self-balancerobot is taken as the research objective.This paper carried out a detailed force analysis of the robot andestablished a non-linear dynamics model.An adaptive tracking controller for the kinematic model of anonholonomic mobile robot with unknown parameters is also proposed.Using control Lyapunov function(CLF),the controller's global asymptotic stability has been proven.The adaptive trajectory trackingcontroller decreases the disturbance in the course of tracking control and enhances the real-time controlcharacteristics.The simulation result indicated that the wheeled mobile robot tracking can be effectivelycontrolled.

PRINCIPLE, CONSTRUCTION AND KINEMATIC ANALYSIS FOR THE OMNIDIRECTIONAL MOBILE ROBOT——ICE-SKATER ROBOT

Three main basic types of locomotion for a mobile robot were introduced and the advantages and disadvantages of a legged mobile robot, a wheeled mobile robot and an articulated mobile robot were also discussed. A new type of leg wheeled mobile robot was introduced which combines the adaptability of legged robot with the stability of wheeled robot. On the basis of the structure of the wheels, the paper described the principle of the ice skater robot developed from Roller walker and ALDURO and its construction. The paper also established an inertia coordinate system and a wheel coordinate system, and analyzed the configuration or the posture and the related kinematic constraints of the robot according to some assumptions. Based on the motion principle, a logic based coordinated control system and corresponded flowchart were designed. At last, taking the ice skater robot as an example the paper expounded its application and the actual experiment proved its feasibility.

Adaptive Tracking Control of an Uncertain Nonholonomic Robot

In this paper, a new controller is proposed by using backstepping method for the trajectory tracking problem of nonholonomic dynamic mobile robots with nonholonomic constraints under the condition that there is a distance between the mass center and the geometrical center and the distance is unknown. And an adaptive feedback controller is also proposed for the case that some kinematic parameters and dynamic parameters are uncertain. The asymptotical stability of the control system is proved with Lyapunov stability theory. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed controller. The comparison with the previous methods is made to show the effectiveness of the method in this article.

Data-driven iterative learning trajectory tracking control for wheeled mobile robot under constraint of velocity saturation

Considering the wheeled mobile robot(WMR)tracking problem with velocity saturation,we developed a data‐driven iterative learning double loop control method with constraints.First,the authors designed an outer loop controller to provide virtual velocity for the inner loop according to the position and pose tracking error of the WMR kinematic model.Second,the authors employed dynamic linearisation to transform the dynamic model into an online data‐driven model along the iterative domain.Based on the measured input and output data of the dynamic model,the authors identified the parameters of the inner loop controller.The authors considered the velocity saturation constraints;we adjusted the output velocity of the WMR online,providing effective solutions to the problem of velocity saltation and the saturation constraint in the tracking process.Notably,the inner loop controller only uses the output data and input of the dynamic model,which not only enables the reliable control of WMR trajectory tracking,but also avoids the influence of inaccurate model identification processes on the tracking performance.The authors analysed the algorithm's convergence in theory,and the results show that the tracking errors of position,angle and velocity can converge to zero in the iterative domain.Finally,the authors used a simulation to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.

室内环境下改进的混合路径规划算法

为了解决室内非结构化复杂环境下的机器人在路径规划时常常出现目标点不可达、规划过程产生折角偏移、规划过程无法及时规避动态障碍物等问题,提出一种改进的混合室内路径规划算法。该算法将改进的全局路径规划与改进的局部路径规划算法相融合。首先,优化传统A-Star算法的启发因子,减少搜索范围和节点,再通过角平分线切点法对传统A-Star算法进行平滑处理。其次,综合路径与环境信息,采用改进的人工势场算法进行局部路径规划,通过修正斥力场参数来解决目标点不可达问题,同时构造了动态的势力场函数,使其具备决解决动态障碍物的能力。最后,对混合算法进行实际环境的路径规划实验,比起传统的混合算法文中提出的混合算法在路径规划长度上减少11.4%,运行时间减少11.1%,少经过34个冗余节点,结果表明该融合算法可以有效解决室内非结构化复杂的路径规划问题。

基于改进模糊PID果园双轮移动机器人运动控制

针对果园双轮机器人在果园路面移动时难平衡、易失稳的问题,提出了一种基于改进萤火虫算法优化的模糊比例-积分-微分(PID)控制策略。首先,根据机器人与果园不平整路面特点,建立其动力学状态空间模型;第二,阐述改进萤火虫算法原理并用其优化控制器模糊规则;第三,利用MatLab/Simulink软件对机器人运动控制进行仿真试验;最后,为检验所提出算法的可行性,建立对比试验。研究结果表明:改进萤火虫算法优化的模糊PID控制器实现了果园双轮移动机器人的稳定运动功能,到达稳定的时间与最大倾角较传统PID控制器分别减少了3.9s和20.4°。

轮式移动机器人的反演二次滑模优化轨迹跟踪控制策略研究

为提高轮式移动机器人(WMR)轨迹跟踪控制的精度,提出一种反演二次滑模优化控制策略。首先,基于WMR的运动学与动力学模型,设计运动学反演滑模控制器和动力学反演积分滑模控制器,并通过Lya-punov稳定性理论证明控制器的稳定性。然后,利用粒子群优化(PSO)算法,对控制器的参数寻优。最后,考虑外部扰动以及系统输入饱和的情况,利用Matlab/Simulink对该控制策略进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提出的控制策略在保证系统鲁棒性和实时性的同时,还提高了系统的控制精度。

联合CTC和Transformer的轮式移动机器人语音控制研究

针对人机交互过程中手动控制轮式移动机器人步骤繁琐且双手受到限制的问题,提出并实现基于深度学习算法的轮式移动机器人语音控制系统。系统选取树莓派4B开发板作为主控制器,科大讯飞6阵列语音模块作为语音采集器,STM32单片机作为底层轮式移动机器人的控制器。语音识别算法部分设计基于Transformer的端到端语音识别模型,并加入连续时序分类算法来辅助模型的训练,模型的收敛速度和鲁棒性都得到相应的提升。模型在AISHELL-1语音数据集上测试的字错率为5.57%,相对于Transformer单独训练,字错率相对下降5.1%。经过平台搭建和实验,实现轮式移动机器人根据用户语音指令完成相对应动作的目的,有利于提高工作效率和解放用户的双手。

基于终端约束MPC的轮式移动机器人轨迹跟踪控制

针对轮式移动机器人具有非线性特性和时域约束从而导致跟踪精度较低的问题,提出了一种终端约束MPC(model predictive control)的控制方案。首先,将轮式移动机器人的状态误差方程作为预测模型;其次,在成本函数中加入终端约束,设计了合适的终端域和终端惩罚矩阵,迫使系统在有限时域内跟踪上期望轨迹;然后,利用Lyapunov稳定性框架,建立终端约束MPC控制方案在系统中可行性和稳定性的充分条件;最后,通过在圆形及双移线两种工况下与传统模型预测控制进行对比实验,验证了终端约束MPC控制方案的有效性。仿真表明,相比于传统模型预测控制,终端约束MPC在预测范围内更好地满足了约束条件,从而提高了系统的稳定性和跟踪精度。

基于LESO的轮式移动机器人滑模轨迹跟踪控制

针对轮式移动机器人在车轮打滑情况下的轨迹跟踪控制问题,提出了一种利用线性扩张状态观测器(Linear Extended State Observer,LESO)和积分滑模面的控制方案。首先,根据车轮打滑情况下的非完整约束条件建立轮式移动机器人的运动学模型。根据动能函数和拉格朗日方程建立其动力学模型。将这两种模型相结合得到力矩与速度相关的数学模型。其次,利用LESO对该数学模型进行扩张,并对总扰动进行估计。基于实际速度与虚拟速度之差设计带有积分项的滑模面,将扰动估计值前馈结合滑模面设计动力学控制器,并给出速度跟踪误差在有限时间内收敛的证明。最后,与基于超螺旋干扰观测器设计的控制方案仿真相比,所提出方案角速度跟踪误差在1 s左右时已趋于零,车轮力矩值稳定在3 N·m左右,且无锯齿抖动,扰动误差在1~5 s时波动更小,5~20 s时未出现明显锯齿抖动,仿真结果表明所提方案跟踪效果更好,抗干扰能力更强,观测精度更高。

离轴拖挂轮式移动机器人跟踪控制研究

针对离轴拖挂轮式移动机器人挂车的轨迹跟踪控制问题,基于拖车和挂车运动轨迹的相对曲率关系提出了一种动态跟踪方法。建立离轴拖挂轮式移动机器人的运动学模型和动力学模型。通过拖车和挂车位置几何关系给出了两车的速度关系,进而得到两车运动轨迹相对曲率之间的关系。基于曲率关系将挂车的运动任务转化为拖车的运动任务,并结合动态跟踪方法设计比例积分反馈控制器完成拖车的运动任务。最后通过模拟仿真实现了挂车精确的轨迹跟踪控制,仿真结果表明在所提控制器的作用下,挂车在拖车的拉拽下可精确地跟踪目标轨迹曲线。由于所使用的动态跟踪方法引入了目标轨迹曲线的相对曲率,极大地提高了跟踪的精确性。

智能卸煤机器人关键技术

传统机械卸煤方式易损坏敞车车体,敞车破损严重危害煤炭运输安全,破损敞车维修费用高昂,对比传统卸煤方法优缺点,提出使用卸煤机器人方式进行敞车卸煤。作为一个新兴的研究领域,卸煤机器人在国内外的研究尚处于起步阶段,并没有成熟的技术体系可以借鉴,因此对现有的研究进行系统的分析和总结。提出智能卸煤机器人概念,根据卸煤机器人智能化的需求提出了卸煤机器人所需突破的关键技术问题。详细探讨智能卸煤机器人自动化作业框架,对框架进行模块化处理,分成不同的子系统,对不同子系统进行了定义与阐述分析,强调了自动化作业系统的功能主要依托于关键技术。研究结果表明:今后国内中小型露天场站敞车卸煤将朝着自动化、智能化的方向发展,智能卸煤机器人为国内中小型露天场站智能化、自动化卸煤提供了一个新的思路。

基于曲率跟踪方法的轴上拖挂轮式移动机器人的运动控制设计

目的针对轴上拖挂轮式移动机器人中的挂车对目标轨迹精确跟踪控制问题,提出了一种能够跟踪挂车理想运动轨迹曲线相对曲率的双环控制方法。方法首先通过梳理轴上拖挂轮式移动机器人受到的非完整约束建立出运动学模型,并通过欧拉-拉格朗日方程建立其动力学模型;然后利用运动学方程推导出挂车的理想运动轨迹曲线的相对曲率和拖车与挂车理想偏航角之差之间满足的重要函数关系式;最后基于该核心关系式,利用姿态误差系统的外环速度控制器和动力学模型的内环比例积分反馈控制器组成的双环控制方法来实现给定的跟踪任务。结果仿真结果表明,对于外环系统,外环速度控制器使得姿态跟踪误差在经过一段时间的变化后全都趋近于零,实际的姿态变量最终稳定地趋近于目标姿态变量;对于内环系统,内环比例积分反馈控制器使得速度跟踪误差经过短暂的调整后趋近于零,实际速度值最终稳定地趋近于参考的速度值。结论设计的双环控制器可以有效地实现姿态跟踪和速度跟踪,能够使挂车精确地跟踪理想运动轨迹曲线,由于在姿态跟踪过程中引入了挂车运动轨迹曲线的相对曲率,该方法可以极大地提高轨迹跟踪的精确度。