Design of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller for an Automatic Generation Control of Multi-area Power Thermal Systems Using Firefly Algorithm

Essentially, it is significant to supply the consumer with reliable and sufficient power. Since, power quality is measured by the consistency in frequency and power flow between control areas. Thus, in a power system operation and control,automatic generation control(AGC) plays a crucial role. In this paper, multi-area(Five areas: area 1, area 2, area 3, area 4 and area 5) reheat thermal power systems are considered with proportional-integral-derivative(PID) controller as a supplementary controller. Each area in the investigated power system is equipped with appropriate governor unit, turbine with reheater unit, generator and speed regulator unit. The PID controller parameters are optimized by considering nature bio-inspired firefly algorithm(FFA). The experimental results demonstrated the comparison of the proposed system performance(FFA-PID)with optimized PID controller based genetic algorithm(GAPID) and particle swarm optimization(PSO) technique(PSOPID) for the same investigated power system. The results proved the efficiency of employing the integral time absolute error(ITAE) cost function with one percent step load perturbation(1 % SLP) in area 1. The proposed system based FFA achieved the least settling time compared to using the GA or the PSO algorithms, while, it attained good results with respect to the peak overshoot/undershoot. In addition, the FFA performance is improved with the increased number of iterations which outperformed the other optimization algorithms based controller.

A Novel Cascaded PID Controller for Automatic Generation Control Analysis With Renewable Sources

Present day power scenarios demand a high quality uninterrupted power supply and needs environmental issues to be addressed. Both concerns can be dealt with by the introduction of the renewable sources to the existing power system. Thus, automatic generation control(AGC) with diverse renewable sources and a modified-cascaded controller are presented in the paper.Also, a new hybrid scheme of the improved teaching learning based optimization-differential evolution(hITLBO-DE) algorithm is applied for providing optimization of controller parameters. A study of the system with a technique such as TLBO applied to a proportional integral derivative(PID), integral double derivative(IDD) and PIDD is compared to hITLBO-DE tuned cascaded controller with dynamic load change.The suggested methodology has been extensively applied to a 2-area system with a diverse source power system with various operation time non-linearities such as dead-band of, generation rate constraint and reheat thermal units. The multi-area system with reheat thermal plants, hydel plants and a unit of a wind-diesel combination is tested with the cascaded controller scheme with a different controller setting for each area. The variation of the load is taken within 1% to 5% of the connected load and robustness analysis is shown by modifying essential factors simultaneously by± 30%. Finally, the proposed scheme of controller and optimization technique is also tested with a 5-equal area thermal system with non-linearities. The simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed controller and algorithm under a dynamically changing load.

Improved Smith prediction monitoring AGC system based on feedback-assisted iterative learning control

The performance of Smith prediction monitoring automatic gauge control(AGC) system is influenced by model mismatching greatly in strip rolling process. Aiming at this problem, a feedback-assisted iterative learning control strategy, which learned unknown modeling error by using previous control information repeatedly, was introduced into Smith prediction monitoring AGC system. Firstly, conventional Smith predictor and improved Smith predictor with PI-P controller were analyzed. Secondly, on the basis of establishing of feedback-assisted iterative learning control strategy for improved Smith predictor, process control signal update law and control error were deduced, then convergence condition of this strategy was put forward and proved. Finally, after modeling the automatic position control system, the PI-P Smith prediction monitoring AGC system with feedback-assisted iterative learning control was researched through simulation. Simulation results indicate that this system remains stable during model mismatching. The robustness and response of monitoring AGC is improved by development of feedback-assisted iterative learning control strategy for PI-P Smith predictor.

MAS Based Distributed Automatic Generation Control for Cyber-Physical Microgrid System

The microgrid is a typical cyber-physical microgrid system (CPMS). The physical unconventional distributed generators (DGs) are intermittent and inverter-interfaced which makes them very different to control. The cyber components, such as the embedded computer and communication network, are equipped with DGs, to process and transmit the necessary information for the controllers. In order to ensure system-wide observability, controllability and stabilization for the microgrid, the cyber and physical component need to be integrated. For the physical component of CPMS, the droop-control method is popular as it can be applied in both modes of operation to improve the grid transient performance. Traditional droop control methods have the drawback of the inherent trade-off between power sharing and voltage and frequency regulation. In this paper, the global information (such as the average voltage and the output active power of the microgrid and so on) are acquired distributedly based on multi-agent system (MAS). Based on the global information from cyber components of CPMS, automatic generation control (AGC) and automatic voltage control (AVC) are proposed to deal with the drawback of traditional droop control. Simulation studies in PSCAD demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control methods. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

CMOS Automatic Gain Control Circuit with DC Offset Cancellation for FM/cw Ladar

This paper presented an automatic gain control （AGC） circuit suitable for FM/cw ladar. The proposed architecture was based on two-stage variable gain amplifier （VGA） chain with a novel DC offset canceller circuit, which contained an improved Gilbert cell and a Gm-C feedback loop. To keep the VGA with a linearity in dB characteristic, an improved exponential gain control circuit was introduced. The AGC was implemented in 0.18 gm standard CMOS process. Simulation and measurement results verified that its gain ranged from -20 dB to 30 dB, and band- width ranged from 100 kHz to 10 MHz. Its power consumption was 19.8 mW under a voltage supply of 3.3 V.

基于GRU门控循环单元的火电AGC数据建模及应用

为响应国家“双碳”目标,提高火电机组的运行灵活性,使用数学模型或仿真软件对火电AGC变负荷过程进行分析研究。而深度学习作为最火热的研究方法之一,将其应用于传统火电机组的大量数据集,可快速、轻便构建更具针对性和准确性的火电机组AGC变负荷数据模型,对火电机组动态性能进行分析优化。对比不同循环神经网络框架,选择表现最优的GRU门控循环单元对火电机组变负荷过程进行数据建模,并通过遍历法提高模型精度,并结合自身数据集和物理仿真模型进行数据模型的多重验证。结果表明,基于门控循环单元搭建的数据模型可模拟火电机组在实际变负荷过程中的运行状况,并可模拟不同负荷指令组下的AGC变负荷过程,从而对最佳负荷指令组进行优化。根据模拟结果,在机组75%~100%THA升负荷过程中,调节精度提高了28.4%,在100%~75%THA降负荷过程中,调节精度提高了17.8%。

考虑TCPS考核约束的AGC机组动态优化模型

近年来电网开始采用控制性能标准变式(transformational control performance standard,TCPS)考核各区域的自动发电控制(automatic generation control,AGC)水平,然而现有研究仅考虑了控制性能标准(control performance standard,CPS)的考核。鉴于此,提出了一种考虑TCPS的AGC机组动态优化模型,该模型以二次调频综合调整费用最小为目标,以系统功率平衡和TCPS考核为约束。针对新模型中TCPS考核约束的分段函数进行线性化,实现了模型的高效求解。基于修改的IEEE算例、工程中的AGC滞后控制策略和CPS标准,仿真验证了模型的有效性。

Research on Wind Farm Participation in Power Grid AGC Control

Since wind power has the features of being intermittent and unpredictable, and usually needs transmission over long distances, grid integration of large-scale wind power will exert signif icant influence on power grid planning and construction, and will make a heavy impact on the safe and reliable operation of power systems. To deal with the diff iculties of large scale wind power dispatch, this paper presents a new automatic generation control (AGC) scheme that involves the participation of wind farms. The scheme is based on ultra-short-term wind power forecast. The author establishes a generation output distribution optimization mode for the power system with wind farms and verif ies the feasibility of the scheme by an example.

互联电网控制性能评价标准下储能集群参与AGC控制策略

随着储能技术的迅猛发展,利用其快速调节能力缓解自动发电控制(automatic generation control,AGC)过程常规机组的供电压力,对提高系统频率稳定性具有重要意义。然而,在储能协同参与AGC控制过程中,容易出现过充过放、功率分配不合理等问题,导致控制性能标准(control performance standard,CPS)的考核结果不佳。基于此,本文提出一种考虑CPS指标及储能实时运行状态的AGC控制策略。首先,结合AGC控制流程搭建了区域电网调频动态模型,并基于模型各元件响应特性推导了其简化传递函数;其次,为提升功率分配的合理性,先以储能集群的等效荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)为依据,完成储能集群与非储能集群间功率初次分配,再通过对储能SOC的主动管理,考虑实时可调功率的差异性,实现储能集群内部的二次分配;在此基础上,为确保调频指令精确匹配系统调频需求,根据CPS考核反馈结果对控制器参数进行日调整;最后,基于北方某地区实际考核流程和装机规模,以CPS考核结果、频率偏差量以及储能SOC状态等为衡量指标,仿真验证了本文策略在改善CPS考核质量和提升储能调频性能上的可行性和有效性。

新型电力系统中异质调频机组分布式协同AGC方法研究

“双碳”目标的实施加速了新型电力系统发展。然而,新型电力系统的转动惯量和调节能力逐渐难以适应复杂多变的负荷变化。因此,开发更高效、更快速的调频资源参与自动发电控制(automatic generation control,AGC)已成为刻不容缓之事。但是,不同调频机组之间的异质性显著,包括机组模型、容量和响应速度的差异,这对AGC提出了挑战。为了提升异质调频资源参与AGC的性能,该文提出了一种分布式协同AGC方法。首先,基于分布式固定时间一致性理论提出了一种分布式固定时间区域控制偏差(area control error,ACE)发掘算法。随后,各AGC机组根据获取的ACE信息设计独立的PI控制器参与频率调节。在ACE调节的最后阶段,根据各机组出力的标幺值,设计了分布式固定时间功率均分控制器,控制低速AGC机组承担更多的功率调整量,从而释放高速AGC机组的容量并为下一轮AGC服务做好准备。通过对包含5种不同调频单元的两区域电力系统进行仿真研究,验证了所提分布式协同AGC方法的性能。结果表明,所提方法可以有效地提高系统的调频性能,且能够在设计的时间内实现期望的有功功率分配。

Automatic Generation Control of Multigeneration Power System

Load frequency Control (LFC) is used for many years as part of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) in power system around the world. In a mixed power system, it is usual to find an area regulated by hydro generation interconnected to another area regulated by thermal generation or in combination of both. In the following study, performance of AGC for Thermal, Hydro and Thermal turbine based power system is examined, including how frequency bias setting influences AGC response and inadvertent interchange. Control performance analysis of three area interconnected systems is simulated and studied through Matlab Simulink software. Integral square error and Integral time absolute error has been used as performance criterion. It is shown that integral time absolute error (ITAE) as performance index leads to faster optimization of controller gain.

面向多源协调互济的AGC指令两阶段分配方法

高比例新能源电力系统的惯量支撑能力弱、随机波动性强,电网频率质量难以得到保障。引入不同品类调频资源共同参与自动发电控制(automatic generation control,AGC)是应对上述问题的有效手段,但这也要求AGC指令分配能够适配不同品类资源的差异化调节特性。对此,提出面向多源协调互济的AGC指令两阶段分配方法。首先,将不同资源分别安排至与自身调节特性相匹配的超前分配阶段和实时分配阶段。其次,在实时分配阶段提出基于资源调节优先级的AGC指令分配策略,根据不同品类资源的调节特性以及电网频率状况对资源调节优先级进行设定,以互补利用各类资源的调节优势。然后,在超前分配阶段,建立优化分配模型以实现不同品类资源的协调最优利用。同时,嵌入与资源剩余调节裕度相关的惩罚项,以保障资源持续调节能力。最后,基于电网实际数据的算例仿真验证了所提方法的有效性。

19.8MW分布式光伏电站AGC/AVC系统的应用研究

AGC/AVC系统在光伏电站中的应用,可有效提升电站的运行性能,让电站在不同运行条件下都能稳定输出电力,有效优化电网的电压水平。文章阐述了分布式光伏电站的基本构成和工作原理,确定了AGC/AVC系统的基本功能,分析了AGC/AVC系统在光伏电站中的具体应用。研究结果表明,合理配置AGC/AVC系统,19.8 MW分布式光伏电站在复杂多变的电网环境下保持高效稳定的运行,显著提高电站的运行效率和经济效益,为未来分布式光伏电站优化设计和运行管理提供实践指导。

AGC调频指标提升关键技术研究

通过重新优化汽机主控、锅炉主控逻辑及自主研发的AGC信号智能自动校正控制装置,消除AGC的调节量、被调量与调度能量管理系统信号之间的误差,实时对其进行动态校正,提高调节速率、调节精度、响应时间等指标,提升AGC综合性能指标。同时在电力辅助服务市场上,通过调节精度的提升,可有效增加机组的AGC调节范围,争取到更多的补偿收益。

基于AGC系统的光伏电站一次调频控制系统设计

在光伏电站的发电过程中,由于太阳光的间歇性和不可预测性,如何保障电网频率的稳定性是一个重要问题。文章详细探讨了基于自动发电控制(Automatic Generation Control,AGC)系统的光伏电站一次调频控制系统的设计方法。首先概述了AGC系统的工作原理和组成,其次提出一个针对光伏电站特定需求的一次调频控制系统设计方案,包括系统架构设计、数据收集与分析、控制算法与模型的开发以及系统稳定性与效率的评估,最后通过系统测试验证所提出设计的有效性与实用性。

新能源电力系统AGC调频容量监测设计

文章提出了用于新能源电力系统自动发电控制(Automatic Generation Control,AGC)的实时调频容量评估方法,以满足控制区的自动发电控制调频能力分析需求。根据AGC调频容量考核标准,整理了影响调频容量的主要因素,并运用历史数据预测调频标准差。以贵州黔源电力镇宁某水电站和光伏站作为例,评估AGC调频容量。实验结果证实,应用所提方法能有效地分配调频容量。

基于分层控制的AGC与AVC自动优化协调控制策略

电力系统自动发电控制(AGC)与自动电压控制(AVC)的控制目标和受控对象之间存在交互影响,而且容易引发重复调节和安全性等问题。文中建立了基于分层的AGC和AVC综合优化协调控制体系,在时间维度对有功频率和无功电压进行分解协调,并给出各控制层的设计方案。在上层对发电厂有功和无功功率进行优化协调并给出经济、安全、优化的参考设定轨迹,在下层的协调控制环节,通过改进超前AGC的控制策略,实现了电力系统综合降耗,并研究了AGC机组的超前调节将对系统的无功电压产生的影响,通过配合相应的无功电压控制指令,实现电力系统经济性和安全性的优化协调控制,从而使系统运行在多目标准优化区域内。同时采用交叉迭代的思想对AGC与AVC的控制指令进行校核修正,得到综合协调控制指令,最大限度地降低2类控制指令相互之间的负面影响。计算机仿真研究证明了所提出和设计的控制系统、策略和方法的有效性。

水电机组一次调频与AGC典型控制策略的工程分析及优化

分析了云南省内已投运水电机组一次调频与自动发电控制(AGC)的典型控制策略,通过工程试验及数据分析,逐一指出其特点及不足。提出功率控制模式下机组采用斜坡函数作为AGC负荷指令,及采用比例—积分—微分(PID)变参数控制分别满足AGC负荷调节和一次调频响应的不同要求;开度控制模式下机组一次调频动作方向与AGC负荷指令方向相反时应屏蔽AGC负荷指令,以及AGC负荷指令首先响应时,应短暂屏蔽一次调频功能等策略。优化了一次调频与AGC间的逻辑关系,并对文中的典型控制策略给出了合理的可行性建议,为水电机组一次调频与AGC寻找更理想的配合策略提供了参考依据。

用AGC实现稳定断面越限的预防和校正控制

提出将自动发电控制(AutomaticGenerationControl,AGC)与安全约束调度结合在一起,构成闭环控制系统,实现稳定断面越限的预防和校正控制。当稳定断面重载时,根据该断面有功功率相对于机组有功出力的灵敏度系数对机组出力的调节方向加以限制,防止由于AGC的正常调节导致重载程度的进一步加剧(简称预防控制);当稳定断面越限时,由安全约束调度提供校正控制策略,并在AGC控制下执行,自动完成解除越限的调节(简称校正控制)。在江苏省调EMS中的实际工程应用表明,该方法可以有效地将稳定断面有功功率控制在允许范围内,保证电力系统的安全稳定运行。

特高压互联电网联络线功率控制 (一)AGC控制策略

结合中国1000kV特高压交流试验示范工程的实际情况,提出了一套完整的、适应特高压联络线功率控制的自动发电控制(AGC)控制策略。新的控制策略以各省级电网有功功率的就地平衡为基础,实现互联电网各网、省调控制区在紧急情况下的相互支援,在华北、华中电网及其各省级电网实施后取得了良好的控制效果。在此基础上,针对中国即将形成的华北、华中、华东特高压同步电网的特点,探讨各控制区的构成及相应的AGC控制策略。