Progress in the beam deflection technique opens up new possibilities for the application of electron beam (EB) surface and welding technologies in the automotive industry. This development is based on three-dimensiona...Progress in the beam deflection technique opens up new possibilities for the application of electron beam (EB) surface and welding technologies in the automotive industry. This development is based on three-dimensional high-speed beam deflection and fully automatic online process control. So, in the EB surface treatment three-dimensional energy transfer fields can be realised which take into account the contour of a component, the conditions of heat conduction and the load conditions. High flexibility, precision and reproducibility are typical characteristics. High productivity is achieved by the simultaneous interaction of the EB in several processing areas or by carrying out several processes simultaneously. EB surface treatment is becoming more and more attractive and important especially in the automotive industry, and also in comparison to laser technologies. This paper deals with different EB surface technologies, for example hardening, remelting, surface alloying, dispersing or cladding of different materials such as steel, cast iron and different alloys of Al, Mg and Ti. Examples of applications in the automotive industry, especially engine components, will be discussed.展开更多
Back-stepping control (BSC), which is deemed effective for a non-holonomic system, is applied to improving both responsiveness and resolution performance of an electronic control throttle (ECT) used in automotive engi...Back-stepping control (BSC), which is deemed effective for a non-holonomic system, is applied to improving both responsiveness and resolution performance of an electronic control throttle (ECT) used in automotive engines. This paper is characterized by the use of a two-step type BSC in a manner that achieves an improvement in responsiveness with the ETC operated in a fully opened state by adding a derivative term in Step 1 and the improvement in resolution performance with the ETC operated in a minutely opened state by adding an adaptive feature in the form of an integral term using the control deviation in Step 2. This paper presents an ECT control expressed as a second-order system including nonlinearities such as backlash of gear train and static friction in sliding area, a BSC system designed based on Lyapunov stability, and a determination method for control parameters. Also, a two-step type BSC system is formulated using Matlab/Simulink with a physics model as a control object. As a result of simulation analyses, it becomes clear that the BSC system can achieve quicker response because the derivative term works effectively and finer resolution because the adaptive control absorbs the error margin of the nonlinear compensation than conventional PID control.展开更多
Reducing heat accumulation within vehicles and ensuring appropriate vehicular temperature levels can lead to enhanced vehicle fuel economy,range,reliability,longevity,passenger comfort,and safety.Advancements in vehic...Reducing heat accumulation within vehicles and ensuring appropriate vehicular temperature levels can lead to enhanced vehicle fuel economy,range,reliability,longevity,passenger comfort,and safety.Advancements in vehicle thermal management remain key as new technologies,consumer demand,societal concerns,and government regulations emerge and evolve.This study summarizes several recent advances in vehicle thermal management technology and modeling,with a focus on three key areas:the cabin,electronics,and exterior components of vehicles.Cabin-related topics covered include methods for reducing thermal loads and improving heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC)systems;and advancements in window glazing/tinting and vehicle surface treatments.For the thermal management of electronics,including batteries and insulated-gate bipolar transistors(IGBTs),active and passive cooling methods that employ heat pipes,heat sinks,jet impingement,forced convection,and phase-change materials are discussed.Finally,efforts to model and enhance the heat transfer of exterior vehicular components are reviewed while considering drag/friction forces and environmental effects.Despite advances in the field of vehicle thermal management,challenges still exist;this article provides a broad summary of the major issues,with recommendations for further study.展开更多
文摘Progress in the beam deflection technique opens up new possibilities for the application of electron beam (EB) surface and welding technologies in the automotive industry. This development is based on three-dimensional high-speed beam deflection and fully automatic online process control. So, in the EB surface treatment three-dimensional energy transfer fields can be realised which take into account the contour of a component, the conditions of heat conduction and the load conditions. High flexibility, precision and reproducibility are typical characteristics. High productivity is achieved by the simultaneous interaction of the EB in several processing areas or by carrying out several processes simultaneously. EB surface treatment is becoming more and more attractive and important especially in the automotive industry, and also in comparison to laser technologies. This paper deals with different EB surface technologies, for example hardening, remelting, surface alloying, dispersing or cladding of different materials such as steel, cast iron and different alloys of Al, Mg and Ti. Examples of applications in the automotive industry, especially engine components, will be discussed.
文摘Back-stepping control (BSC), which is deemed effective for a non-holonomic system, is applied to improving both responsiveness and resolution performance of an electronic control throttle (ECT) used in automotive engines. This paper is characterized by the use of a two-step type BSC in a manner that achieves an improvement in responsiveness with the ETC operated in a fully opened state by adding a derivative term in Step 1 and the improvement in resolution performance with the ETC operated in a minutely opened state by adding an adaptive feature in the form of an integral term using the control deviation in Step 2. This paper presents an ECT control expressed as a second-order system including nonlinearities such as backlash of gear train and static friction in sliding area, a BSC system designed based on Lyapunov stability, and a determination method for control parameters. Also, a two-step type BSC system is formulated using Matlab/Simulink with a physics model as a control object. As a result of simulation analyses, it becomes clear that the BSC system can achieve quicker response because the derivative term works effectively and finer resolution because the adaptive control absorbs the error margin of the nonlinear compensation than conventional PID control.
基金sponsored by the US Government under Other Transaction number W15QKN-13-9-0001 between the Consortium for Energy, Environment and Demilitarization, and the Government, with funding provided by the US Army Engineer Research & Development Center
文摘Reducing heat accumulation within vehicles and ensuring appropriate vehicular temperature levels can lead to enhanced vehicle fuel economy,range,reliability,longevity,passenger comfort,and safety.Advancements in vehicle thermal management remain key as new technologies,consumer demand,societal concerns,and government regulations emerge and evolve.This study summarizes several recent advances in vehicle thermal management technology and modeling,with a focus on three key areas:the cabin,electronics,and exterior components of vehicles.Cabin-related topics covered include methods for reducing thermal loads and improving heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC)systems;and advancements in window glazing/tinting and vehicle surface treatments.For the thermal management of electronics,including batteries and insulated-gate bipolar transistors(IGBTs),active and passive cooling methods that employ heat pipes,heat sinks,jet impingement,forced convection,and phase-change materials are discussed.Finally,efforts to model and enhance the heat transfer of exterior vehicular components are reviewed while considering drag/friction forces and environmental effects.Despite advances in the field of vehicle thermal management,challenges still exist;this article provides a broad summary of the major issues,with recommendations for further study.
