Essential proteins identification method based on four-order distances and subcellular localization information

Essential proteins are inseparable in cell growth and survival. The study of essential proteins is important for understanding cellular functions and biological mechanisms. Therefore, various computable methods have been proposed to identify essential proteins. Unfortunately, most methods based on network topology only consider the interactions between a protein and its neighboring proteins, and not the interactions with its higher-order distance proteins. In this paper, we propose the DSEP algorithm in which we integrated network topology properties and subcellular localization information in protein–protein interaction(PPI) networks based on four-order distances, and then used random walks to identify the essential proteins. We also propose a method to calculate the finite-order distance of the network, which can greatly reduce the time complexity of our algorithm. We conducted a comprehensive comparison of the DSEP algorithm with 11 existing classical algorithms to identify essential proteins with multiple evaluation methods. The results show that DSEP is superior to these 11 methods.

Major royal-jelly proteins intake modulates immune functions and gut microbiota in mice

In this study,we investigated the effects of major royal jelly proteins(MRJPs)on the estrogen,gut microbiota,and immunological responses in mice.Mice given 250 or 500 mg/kg,not 125 mg/kg of MRJPs,enhanced the proliferation of splenocytes in response to mitogens.The splenocytes and mesenteric lymphocytes activated by T-cell mitogens(Con A and anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies)released high levels of IL-2 but low levels of IFN-γand IL-17A.The release of IL-4 was unaffected by MRJPs.Additionally,splenocytes and mesenteric lymphocytes activated by LPS were prevented by MRJPs at the same dose as that required for producing IL-1βand IL-6,two pro-inflammatory cytokines.The production of IL-1β,IL-6,and IFN-γwas negatively associated with estrogen levels,which were higher in the MRJP-treated animals than in the control group.Analysis of the gut microbiota revealed that feeding mice 250 mg/kg of MRJPs maintained the stability of the natural intestinal microflora of mice.Additionally,the LEf Se analysis identified biomarkers in the MRJP-treated mice,including Prevotella,Bacillales,Enterobacteriales,Gammaproteobacteria,Candidatus_Arthromitus,and Shigella.Our results showed that MRJPs are important components of royal jelly that modulate host immunity and hormone levels and help maintain gut microbiota stability.

Prognosis value of heat-shock proteins in esophageal and esophagogastric cancer:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Heat shock proteins(HSPs)are molecular chaperones that play an important role in cellular protection against stress events and have been reported to be overex-pressed in many cancers.The prognostic significance of HSPs and their regulatory factors,such as heat shock factor 1(HSF1)and CHIP,are poorly understood.AIM To investigate the relationship between HSP expression and prognosis in esophageal and esophagogastric cancer.METHODS A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA recommend-ations(PROSPERO:CRD42022370653),on Embase,PubMed,Cochrane,and LILACS.Cohort,case-control,and cross-sectional studies of patients with eso-phagus or esophagogastric cancer were included.HSP-positive patients were compared with HSP-negative,and the endpoints analyzed were lymph node metastasis,tumor depth,distant metastasis,and overall survival(OS).HSPs were stratified according to the HSP family,and the summary risk difference(RD)was calculated using a random-effect model.RESULTS The final selection comprised 27 studies,including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(21),esophagogastric adenocarcinoma(5),and mixed neoplasms(1).The pooled sample size was 3465 patients.HSP40 and 60 were associated with a higher 3-year OS[HSP40:RD=0.22;95%confidence interval(CI):0.09-0.35;HSP60:RD=0.33;95%CI:0.17-0.50],while HSF1 was associated with a poor 3-year OS(RD=-0.22;95%CI:-0.32 to-0.12).The other HSP families were not associated with long-term survival.HSF1 was associated with a higher probability of lymph node metastasis(RD=-0.16;95%CI:-0.29 to-0.04).HSP40 was associated with a lower probability of lymph node dissemination(RD=0.18;95%CI:0.03-0.33).The expression of other HSP families was not significantly related to tumor depth and lymph node or distant metastasis.CONCLUSION The expression levels of certain families of HSP,such as HSP40 and 60 and HSF1,are associated with long-term survival and lymph node dissemination in patients with esophageal and esophagogastric cancer.

Characterization of physicochemical and immunogenic properties of allergenic proteins altered by food processing:a review

Food allergens are mainly naturally-occurring proteins with immunoglobulin E(IgE)-binding epitopes.Understanding the structural and immunogenic characteristics of allergenic proteins is essential in assessing whether and how food processing techniques reduce allergenicity.We here discuss the impacts of food processing technologies on the modification of physicochemical,structural,and immunogenic properties of allergenic proteins.Detection techniques for characterizing changes in these properties of food allergens are summarized.Food processing helps to reduce allergenicity by aggregating or denaturing proteins,which masks,modifies,or destroys antigenic epitopes,whereas,it cannot eliminate allergenicity completely,and sometimes even improves allergenicity by exposing new epitopes.Moreover,most food processing techniques have been tested on purified food allergens rather than food products due to potential interference of other food components.We provide guidance for further development of processing operations that can decrease the allergenicity of allergenic food proteins without negatively impacting the nutritional profile.

Interplay between the glymphatic system and neurotoxic proteins in Parkinson’s disease and related disorders:current knowledge and future directions

Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that is associated with abnormal aggregation and accumulation of neurotoxic proteins,includingα-synuclein,amyloid-β,and tau,in addition to the impaired elimination of these neurotoxic protein.Atypical parkinsonism,which has the same clinical presentation and neuropathology as Parkinson’s disease,expands the disease landscape within the continuum of Parkinson’s disease and related disorders.The glymphatic system is a waste clearance system in the brain,which is responsible for eliminating the neurotoxic proteins from the interstitial fluid.Impairment of the glymphatic system has been proposed as a significant contributor to the development and progression of neurodegenerative disease,as it exacerbates the aggregation of neurotoxic proteins and deteriorates neuronal damage.Therefore,impairment of the glymphatic system could be considered as the final common pathway to neurodegeneration.Previous evidence has provided initial insights into the potential effect of the impaired glymphatic system on Parkinson’s disease and related disorders;however,many unanswered questions remain.This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the growing literature on the glymphatic system in Parkinson’s disease and related disorders.The focus of this review is on identifying the manifestations and mechanisms of interplay between the glymphatic system and neurotoxic proteins,including loss of polarization of aquaporin-4 in astrocytic endfeet,sleep and circadian rhythms,neuroinflammation,astrogliosis,and gliosis.This review further delves into the underlying pathophysiology of the glymphatic system in Parkinson’s disease and related disorders,and the potential implications of targeting the glymphatic system as a novel and promising therapeutic strategy.

Exploration of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory peptides from walnut dreg proteins based on in silico and in vitro analysis

Walnut dreg protein hydrolysates(WDPHs)exhibit a variety of biological activities,however,the cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)inhibitory peptide of WDPHs remain unclear.The aim of this study was to rapidly screen for such peptides in WDPHs through a combination of in silico and in vitro analysis.In total,1262 peptide sequences were observed by nano liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry(nano LC-MS/MS)and 4 novel COX-2 inhibitory peptides(AGFP,FPGA,LFPD,and VGFP)were identified.Enzyme kinetic data indicated that AGFP,FPGA,and LFPD displayed mixed-type COX-2 inhibition,whereas VGFP was a non-competitive inhibitor.This is mainly because the peptides form hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with residues in the COX-2 active site.These results demonstrate that computer analysis combined with in vitro evaluation allows for rapid screening of COX-2 inhibitory peptides in walnut protein dregs.

Analysis and Review of Downregulated Actin Cytoskeletal Proteins in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Actin, a highly conserved protein, plays a dominant role in Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Late diagnosis and the aggressive nature of NSCLC pose a significant threat. Studying the clinic pathological properties of NSCLC proteins is a potential alternative for developing treatment strategies. Towards this, 35 downregulated actin cytoskeletal proteins on NSCLC prognosis and treatment were studied by examining their protein-protein interactions, gene ontology enrichment terms, and signaling pathways. Using PubMed, various proteins in NSCLC were identified. The protein-protein interactions and functional associations of these proteins were examined using the STRING database. The focal adhesion signaling pathway was selected from all available KEGG and Wiki pathways because of its role in regulating gene expression, facilitating cell movement and reproduction, and significantly impacting NSCLC. The protein-protein interaction network of the 35 downregulated actin cytoskeleton proteins revealed that ACTG1, ACTR2, ACTR3, ANXA2, ARPC4, FLNA, TLN1, CALD1, MYL6, MYH9, MYH10, TPM1, TPM3, TPM4, PFN1, IQGAP1, MSN, and ZXY exhibited the highest number of interactions. Whereas HSPB1, CTNNA1, KRT17, KRT7, FLNB, SEPT2, and TUBA1B displayed medium interactions, while UTRN, TUBA1B, and DUSP23 had relatively fewer interactions. It was discovered that focal adhesions are critical in connecting membrane receptors with the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, protein kinases, phosphatases, and adapter proteins were identified as key signaling molecules in this process, greatly influencing cell shape, motility, and gene expression. Our analysis shows that the focal adhesion pathway plays a crucial role in NSCLC and is essential for developing effective treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.

Changes in milk fat globule membrane proteins along lactation stage of Laoshan dairy goat

The milk fat globule membrane(MFGM)is a complex structure with numerous functions,and its composition is affected by many factors.There have been few systematic investigations on goat MFGM proteome profiling during lactation.Individual milk samples from 15 healthy dairy goats were obtained at six lactation time points for investigation of the MFGM proteome using both data-independent acquisition(DIA)and data-dependent acquisition(DDA)proteomics techniques combined with multivariate statistical analysis.Using the DIA method,890 variably abundant MFGM proteins were discovered throughout the lactation cycle.From 1 to 240 d,butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1,lipoprotein lipase,perilipin-2,and adipose triglyceride lipase were upregulated,while APOE,complement C3,clusterin,and IgG were downregulated.Furthermore,from 1 to 90 d,annexin A1,annexin A2,and antithrombin-ll were downregulated,then upregulated by d 240.Albumin had a high degree of connectedness,indicating that it was a key protein,according to protein-protein interaction research.Overall,our findings gave new insights into the biological features of MFGM protein in goat milk throughout lactation,which may aid in the creation of specialized MFGM products and infant formula.

Analysis of quality-related proteins in golden pompano(Trachinotus ovatus)fillets with modified atmosphere packaging under superchilling storage

Here,we aimed to study the changes in proteome of golden pompano fillets during post-mortem storage.Tandem mass tags(TMT)-labeled quantitative proteomic strategy was applied to investigate the relationships between protein changes and quality characteristics of modified atmosphere packaging(MAP)fillets during superchilling(-3°C)storage.Scanning electron microscopy was used to show that the muscle histology microstructure of fillets was damaged to varying degrees,and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance was used to find that the immobilized water and free water in the muscle of fillets changed significantly.Total sulfhydryl content,TCA-soluble peptides and Ca2+-ATPase activity also showed that the fillet protein had a deterioration by oxidation and denaturation.The Fresh(FS),MAP,and air packaging(AP)groups were set.Total of 150 proteins were identified as differential abundant proteins(DAPs)in MAP/FS,while 209 DAPs were in AP/FS group.The KEGG pathway analysis indicated that most DAPs were involved in binding proteins and protein turnover.Correlation analysis found that 52 DAPs were correlated with quality traits.Among them,8 highly correlated DAPs are expected to be used as potential quality markers for protein oxidation and water-holding capacity.These results provide a further understanding of the muscle deterioration mechanism of packaging golden pompano fillets during superchilling.

Identification,evolution,expression and protein interaction analysis of genes encoding B-box zinc-finger proteins in maize

The B-box(BBX)family of proteins consists of zinc-finger transcription factors with one or two highly conserved B-box motifs at their N-termini.BBX proteins play crucial roles in various aspects of plant growth and development,including seedling photomorphogenesis,shade avoidance,flowering time,and biotic and abiotic stress responses.Previous studies have identified many different BBXs from several plant species,although the BBX family members in maize are largely unknown.Genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of maize BBX(ZmBBX)expression and interaction networks would therefore provide valuable information for understanding their functions.In this study,36 maize BBXs in three major clades were identified.The ZmBBXs within a given clade were found to share similar domains,motifs,and genomic structures.Gene duplication analyses revealed that the expansion of BBX proteins in maize has mainly occurred by segmental duplication.The expression levels of ZmBBXs were analyzed in various organs and tissues,and under different abiotic stress conditions.Protein–protein interaction networks of ZmBBXs were established using bioinformatic tools and verified by bimolecular fluorescence complementation(BiFC)assays.Our findings can facilitate a greater understanding of the complexity of the ZmBBX family and provide novel clues for unravelling ZmBBX protein functions.

Discovery of a small-molecule bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor that induces AMP-activated protein kinase-modulated autophagy-associated cell death in breast cancer

OBJECTIVE To discover a small-molecule bromodomain-containing protein 4(BRD4)inhibitor that induces AMP-activated protein kinase-modulated autophagy-associated cell death in breast cancer and exploreits potential mechanisms.METHODS BRD4 interactors were analyzed by PPI network prediction and The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)analysis.The interaction between BRD4 and AMPK was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation assay.Novel BRD4 inhibitors were designed and synthesized based upon pharmacophore analysis of BRD4(1),then screened by antiproliferative activity and Alpha Screen of BRD4(1).The selectivity of the best candidate compound 8f was validated by co-crystallization,FRET assay and co-immuno precipitation assay.The mechanisms of 8f were investigated by fluorescence microscopy,electron microscopy,Western blotting,immunocytochemistry,si RNA and GFP-m RFP-LC3 plasmid transfections,as well as immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence.Potential mechanisms were discovered by i TRAQ-based proteomics analysis and the therapeutic effect of 8f was assessed by xenograft breast cancer mouse and zebrafish models.RESULTS We identified that BRD4 interacted with AMPK,which was remarkably downregulated in breast cancer.We next designed and synthesized 49 candidate compounds,and eventually discovered a selective small-molecule inhibitor of BRD4(8f).Subsequently,8f was discovered to induce autophagyassociated cell death(ACD)by BRD4-AMPK interaction,and thus activating AMPK-m TOR-ULK1-modulated autophagic pathway in breast cancer cells.Interestingly,the i TRAQ-based proteomics analyses revealed that 8f induced ACD pathways,involved in HMGB1,VDAC1/2 and e EF2.Moreover,8f displayed a therapeutic potential on both xenograft breast cancer mouse and zebrafish models.CONCLUSION We discovered a novel small-molecule inhibitor of BRD4 that induces BRD4-AMPK-modulated ACD in breast cancer,which may provide a candidate drug for future cancer therapy.

Kidney stone matrix proteins:Role in stone formation

Stone formation is induced by an increased level of urine crystallization promoters and reduced levels of its inhibitors.Crystallization inhibitors include citrate,magnesium,zinc,and organic compounds such as glycosaminoglycans.In the urine,there are various proteins,such as uromodulin(Tamm-Horsfall protein),calgranulin,osteopontin,bikunin,and nephrocalcin,that are present in the stone matrix.The presence of several carboxyl groups in these macromolecules reduces calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal adhesion to the urinary epithelium and could potentially protect against lithiasis.Proteins are the most abundant component of kidney stone matrix,and their presence may reflect the process of stone formation.Many recent studies have explored the proteomics of urinary stones.Among the stone matrix proteins,the most frequently identified were uromodulin,S100 proteins(calgranulins A and B),osteopontin,and several other proteins typically engaged in inflammation and immune response.The normal level and structure of these macromolecules may constitute protection against calcium salt formation.Paradoxically,most of them may act as both promoters and inhibitors depending on circumstances.Many of these proteins have other functions in modulating oxidative stress,immune function,and inflammation that could also influence stone formation.Yet,the role of these kidney stone matrix proteins needs to be established through more studies comparing urinary stone proteomics between stone formers and non-stone formers.

Characterization of Seed Storage Proteins in Eight Bambara Groundnut Landraces in Burkina Faso

The Bambara groundnut Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. is a drought-resistant indigenous African grain legume with significant nutritional and agronomic potential. This study aimed to characterize the seed storage proteins of eight Bambara groundnut landraces. Seeds of Bambara groundnut landraces were collected from local markets in Burkina Faso, and total soluble protein as well as protein fractions were extracted. Crude protein content was determined by the Kjeldahl method, and soluble proteins were quantified using Bradford dye binding assay. The average crude protein content of the seeds was found to be 18.46%, with variations ranging from 17.69% to 19.17% among the different landraces. Most of the protein content was soluble, constituting approximately 87.04% of the total crude protein. Albumin fraction was the most dominant, representing about 95.42% of the total soluble proteins. The globulin, prolamin and glutelin fractions accounted for 1.82%, 0.13% and 1.17% of the soluble proteins, respectively. The findings provide valuable insights into the protein composition of Bambara groundnut landraces and contribute to our understanding of its nutritional potential, laying the groundwork for further research on crop improvement and sustainable agriculture practices.

Active Peptides and Motifs within Collagen and Other ECM Proteins

Collagens are the most abundant proteins in mammals and form an extracellular matrix (ECM) with other components as the structural support of muscle, skin, corneas and blood vessels etc. Other than providing structural support, the ECM exhibits active communication with cells and influences many cellular processes including migration, wound healing, differentiation and cancer metastasis. Though collagen proteins contain highly repetitive primary sequences and defined tertiary structures, more and more studies have shown that many short peptides/motifs within collagen proteins play key roles in various biological processes. These short sequences are effective within triple helical structures or independently as stand-alone molecules resulting from proteolytic degradation. Besides endogenous ECM-derived peptides, many more functional peptides have been produced by tissue processing, chemical synthesis, and recombinant protein production. In this review, we summarize different peptides/motifs identified in collagen and other ECM proteins and discuss their potential for medical, personal care, and cosmetics applications.

A pilot study of the relative number of circulating tumor cells and leukocytes containing actin-binding proteins in head and neck cancer patients

Circulating tumor cells(CTCs)play an important role in tumor metastases,which is positively correlated with an increased risk of death.Actin-binding proteins,including cofilin(CFL1),profilin 1(PFN1),and adenylate cyclase-associated protein 1(CAP1),are thought to be involved in tumor cell motility and metastasis,specifically in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC).However,currently,there are no published studies on CFL1,PFN1,and CAP1 in CTCs and leukocytes in HNSCC patients.We assessed serum levels of CFL1,PFN1,and CAP1 and the number of CTCs and leukocytes containing these proteins in blood from 31 HNSCC patients(T1-4N0-2M0).The analysis used flow cytometry and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.We found that CAP1+CTCs and CAP1+leukocyte subpopulations were prevalent in these HNSCC patient samples,while the prevalence rates of CFL1+and PFN1+CTCs were relatively low.Patients with stage T2-4N1-2M0 had CFL1+and PFN1+CTCs with an elevated PFN1 serum level,compared with the T1-3N0M0 group.In summary,the PFN1 serum level and the relative number of PFN1+CD326+CTCs could be valuable prognostic markers for HNSCC metastases.The current study is the first to obtain data regarding the contents of actin-binding proteins(ABPs)in CTCs,and leukocytes in blood from HNSCC patients.This is also the first to assess the relationship between the number of CTCs subgroups and disease characteristics.

Effects of Ovariectomy and 17β-Estradiol Replacement on the Activity of Dopamine D2 Receptors in the Selection of Macronutrients Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins in Females Rats

17β-estradiol modulates the activity of D2 receptors in the regulation of food intake and body weight. The functional lack of 17β-estradiol in postmenopausal women could create a dietary imbalance and cause body weight gain. This study aimed to better understand the interferences that could exist between 17β-estradiol, D2 receptors and the selection of carbohydrate, fat and protein consumption, as well as their consequences on body weight gain by using an animal model of the menopause. Ovariectomy exacerbates the consumption of foods rich in lipids. Thus confirming an inhibitory action of 17β-estradiol (E2) on the consumption of these types of foods. This consumption stimulates body weight gain, which is promoted by the high caloric content of these foods and not by the amount consumed. Our results showed a direct involvement of D2 receptors in food choice. This choice would be made according to the two (2) isoforms of the D2 receptors. The D2/BR isoform directs towards a high carbohydrate consumption, without causing a gain in body weight. While D2/SUL, promotes high fat food consumption, causing an increase in body weight. In women, 17β-estradiol modulates the activity ratio between these two D2 receptor isoforms to ensure energy and homeostatic balance, stabilizing food intake and body weight.

Rice Storage Proteins:Focus on Composition,Distribution,Genetic Improvement and Effects on Rice Quality

Rice storage proteins(RSPs)are plant proteins with high nutritional quality.As the second largest type of storage substance in rice,it is the main source of protein intake for people who consume rice as a staple food.The content and type of RSPs affect the appearance,processing quality and eating quality of rice.These effects involve the distribution of RSPs in rice grains as well as the interactions of RSPs with other components such as starch in rice grains.In the past two decades,some progress has been made in the genetic improvement of RSPs.However,the determination mechanism of protein content and composition in rice is still unclear,and the mechanism of the effect of RSPs on rice quality has not been elucidated.In this review,the composition,biosynthesis and distribution of RSPs,and quantitative trait loci mapping and cloning of RSP genes are summarized,the research progress of the influence of RSPs and their components on rice quality are reviewed,and the research directions in the future are proposed.

Elucidation of the structure, antioxidant, and interfacial properties of flaxseed proteins tailored by microwave treatment

The microwave treatment is commonly applied to flaxseed to release nutrients, inactivate enzymes, remove cyanogens,and intensify flavors. The current study aimed to explore the influences of microwave exposure on the antioxidant and interfacial properties of flaxseed protein isolates(FPI), focusing on the altering composition and molecular structure.The results showed that after microwave exposure(700 W, 1–5 min), more compact assembly of storage proteins and subsequent permeation by membrane fragments of oil bodies occurred for cold-pressing flaxseed flours. Moreover, the particle sizes of FPI was progressively reduced with the decrement ranged from 37.84 to 60.66%(P<0.05), whereas the zeta potential values initially decreased and then substantially recovered during 1–5 min of microwave exposure. The conformation unfolding, chain cross-linking, and depolymerization were sequentially induced for FPI based on the analysis of fluorescence emission spectra, secondary structure, and protein subunit profiles, thereby affecting the dispersion or aggregation properties between albumin and globulin fractions in FPI. Microwave exposure retained specific phenolic acids and superior in vitro antioxidant activities of FPI. The inferior gas–water interface absorption and the loose/porous assembly structure were observed for the foams prepared by FPI, concurrent with obviously shrinking foaming properties upon microwave exposure. Improving oil–water interface activities of FPI produced the emulsion droplets with descending sizes and dense interface coating, which were then mildly destabilized due to the lipid leakage and weakened rheological behavior with microwave exposure extended to 5 min. Our findings elucidated that microwave treatment could tailor the application functionality of protein fractions in flaxseed based on their in situ structural remodeling.

Donkey whey proteins ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice by downregulating the S100A8-TRAF6-NF-κB axis-mediated inflammatory response

Donkey milk has a variety of physiological functions, including antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. Donkey whey proteins(DWPs), as the main functional component in donkey milk, its inhibitory effect on colitis is still unclear. In this study, the inhibitory effect and potential mechanism of DWPs on dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced colitis were investigated. Firstly, the DWPs and bovine milk whey proteins(BWPs)were characterized using proteomics. Then, we administered DWPs and BWPs to mice with colitis via oral gavage. The results of immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry indicated that DWPs increased T regulatory cell accumulation and increased the abundance of the cluster of differentiation 205+(CD205+)macrophages compared to those with BWPs and in model groups. In addition, DWPs exhibited a more remarkable ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory proteins(S100A8, TRAF6, and NF-κB)expression and inflammatory secretion than BWPs. In addition, DWPs significantly decreased NF-κB and CD86 levels more than BWPs or the negative control in both LPS-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or cell lines. These findings indicate that DWPs comprise a promising anti-colitis functional food, and this work has established a foundation for future research on these compounds.

Effects of proteins on magnesium degradation-static vs.dynamic conditions

The interaction between organic molecules and biomaterial surfaces determines the fate of biomaterials during their service life,which is also the research hotspots in the field of biomaterials.To understand the mechanism of protein interaction with magnesium(Mg)degradation,alloying elements,immersion time,protein concentration and surface conditions have been previously considered for the effect of proteins on Mg degradation.However,fluid flow,as one of the critical factors,drew little attention in this case.In the present study,the effect of bovine serum albumin(BSA)and fetal bovine serum(FBS)on Mg degradation was compared under static and dynamic conditions.The results revealed that both BSA and FBS slightly decreased the degradation rate of Mg in Hanks’balanced salt solution(HBSS)under static immersion due to the protein adsorption and the formation of a Ca/P-rich top layer on Mg surface,whereas under dynamic flow condition the degradation of Mg was significantly accelerated in the presence of BSA or FBS.The reasons seemed to stem from the weakened protein adsorption on Mg surface in this case and the dynamically enhanced interaction between proteins and ions/products in solutions,which largely weaken the combination of the top Ca/P-rich layer with the inner corrosion product layer.These results highlight the importance of testing conditions for Mg characterization in vitro and the synergistic effect between different parameters on Mg degradation.