Performance enhancement of a viscoelastic bistable energy harvester using time-delayed feedback control

This paper focuses on the stochastic analysis of a viscoelastic bistable energy harvesting system under colored noise and harmonic excitation, and adopts the time-delayed feedback control to improve its harvesting efficiency. Firstly, to obtain the dimensionless governing equation of the system, the original bistable system is approximated as a system without viscoelastic term by using the stochastic averaging method of energy envelope, and then is further decoupled to derive an equivalent system. The credibility of the proposed method is validated by contrasting the consistency between the numerical and the analytical results of the equivalent system under different noise conditions. The influence of system parameters on average output power is analyzed, and the control effect of the time-delayed feedback control on system performance is compared. The output performance of the system is improved with the occurrence of stochastic resonance(SR). Therefore, the signal-to-noise ratio expression for measuring SR is derived, and the dependence of its SR behavior on different parameters is explored.

Average Bond Energy and Fermi Level on Free Electronic Band Model

On the basis of free-electronic bands, the Fermi energy is calculated by summing the band eigenvalues over Brillouin-zones ,and the results may lead to understand the physical basis of the average-bond-energy model in the calculation of valence-band offsets.

Interfacial coordination bonds accelerate charge separation for unprecedented hydrogen evolution over S-scheme heterojunction

Inspired by natural photosynthesis,fabricating high-performance S-scheme heterojunction is regarded as a successful tactic to address energy and environmental issues.Herein,NH_(2)-MIL-125(Ti)/Zn_(0.5)Cd_(0.5)S/NiS(NMT/ZCS/NiS)S-scheme heterojunction with interfacial coordination bonds is successfully synthesized through in-situ solvothermal strategy.Notably,the optimal NMT/ZCS/NiS S-scheme heterojunction exhibits comparable photocatalytic H_(2)evolution(PHE)rate of about 14876.7μmol h^(−1)g^(−1)with apparent quantum yield of 24.2%at 420 nm,which is significantly higher than that of recently reported MOFs-based photocatalysts.The interfacial coordination bonds(Zn–N,Cd–N,and Ni–N bonds)accelerate the separation and transfer of photogenerated charges,and the NiS as cocatalyst can provide more catalytically active sites,which synergistically improve the photocatalytic performance.Moreover,theoretical calculation results display that the construction of NMT/ZCS/NiS S-scheme heterojunction also optimize the binding energy of active site-adsorbed hydrogen atoms to enable fast adsorption and desorption.Photoassisted Kelvin probe force microscopy,in-situ irradiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy,and theoretical calculations provide sufficient evidence of the S-scheme charge migration mechanism.This work offers unique viewpoints for simultaneously accelerating the charge dynamics and optimizing the binding strength between the active sites and hydrogen adsorbates over S-scheme heterojunction.

Mineral cleavage nature and surface energy: Anisotropic surface broken bonds consideration

The population of surface broken bonds of some typical sulfide, oxide and salt-type minerals which may belong to cubic, tetragonal, hexagonal, or orthorhombic system, were calculated. In terms of the calculation results, the cleavage natures of these minerals were analyzed, and the relationship between surface broken bonds density and surface energy was also established. The results show that the surface broken bonds properties could be used to predict the cleavage nature of most of minerals, and the predicted cleavage planes agree well with those reported in previous literature. Moreover, this work explored a rule that, surface broken bonds density is directly related to surface energy with determination coefficient（R2） of over 0.8, indicating that the former is a dominant factor to determine the latter. Therefore, anisotropic surface broken bonds density can be used to predict the stability of mineral surface and the reactivity of surface atoms.

Formula for average energy required to produce a secondary electron in an insulator

Based on a simple classical model specifying that the primary electrons interact with the electrons of a lattice through the Coulomb force and a conclusion that the lattice scattering can be ignored, the formula for the average energy required to produce a secondary electron （ε） is obtained. On the basis of the energy band of an insulator and the formula for e, the formula for the average energy required to produce a secondary electron in an insulator （εi） is deduced as a function of the width of the forbidden band （Eg） and electron affinity X. Experimental values and the εi values calculated with the formula are compared, and the results validate the theory that explains the relationships among Eg, X, and ei and suggest that the formula for εi is universal on the condition that the primary electrons at any energy hit the insulator.

Investigation of Highly Designable Dented Structures in HP Model with Hydrogen Bond Energy

Some highly designable protein structures have dented on the surface of their native structures, and are not full compactly folded. According to hydrophobic-polar （HP） model the most designable structures are full compactly folded. To investigate the designability of the dented structures, we introduce the hydrogen bond energy in the secondary structures by using the secondary-structure-favored HP model proposed by Ou-yang etc. The result shows that the average designability increases with the strength of the hydrogen bond. The designabilities of the structures with same dented shape increase exponentially with the number of secondary structure sites. The dented structures can have the highest designabilities for a certain value of hydrogen bond energy density.

Bonding Energy and Growth Habit of Lithium Niobate Single Crystals

On the basis of crystallographic structure of lithium niobate (LN), the bonding energy was quantitatively calculated by the bond valence sum model, which was employed to investigate the crystal growth. A possible relationship between the crystal growth habit and chemical bonding energy of LN crystals are found. It is found that the higher the bond energy, the slower the growth rate, and the more important the plane. The analytical results indicate that (012) plane is the most influential face for the LN crystal growth, which consists well with the standard card (JCPDS Card: 20-0631) and our previous experimental observation. The current work shows that the chemical bond analysis of LN crystals allows us to predict its growth habit and thus to obtain the expected morphology during the spontaneous growth.

Energy average formula of photon gas rederived by using the generalised Hermann-Feynman theorem

By virtue of the generalised Hermann-Feynmam theorem we re-derive the energy average formula of photon gas. This is another useful application of the theorem.

Hot embossing of micro energy director for micro polymer fusion ultrasonic bonding

In order to use micro ultrasonic bonding technique to package polymer microfluidic chips, an auxiliary microstructure named micro energy director is designed and fabricated. The hot embossing process for PMMA （ polymethyl methacrylate） substrates with both concave micro channel and convex micro energy director for ultrasonic bonding is studied. The embossing processes with different embossing temperatures are simulated using Finite Element Method （FEM）. The optimized parameters are： the embossing temperature of 135 ℃ , holding time of 200 s, and the embossing pressure of 1.65 MPa. The experimental results show that the replication error between experiments and simulations is less than 2% and the replication accuracy of the microstrueture is more than 96%. The study offers a method for quick optimizing parameters for hot embossing both concave and convex microstructures.

Bonding Energy of a Molecular Orbital(Ⅱ)——Ab initio Calculation

Calculation of the bonding energy of a molecular orbital for a series of small molecules has been carried out by using ab initio STO-3G method. The results obtained demonstrate that the concept of the molecular orbital bonding energy is applicable for judging whether a molecular orbital is bonding, nonbonding or antibonding besides Mulliken overlap criterion.

Comparison of Calculated Fit and Experimental Calculations of Average Dose Deposited in Aluminum by High Energy Electron Beams

This paper presents the formalism for absorbed dose determination to Aluminum in high-energy electron beams using Rhodotron accelerator. Depth dose curve for Aluminum at electron energy of 10 MeV was calculated. The calculated curve in the model as a function of the depth is compared to the experimental. The agreement of the final results remained well within the expected acceptable range. The calculated values of dose-to-Aluminum are completely fit with the measured values in the range of 0.07% for electron energy of 10 MeV.

Constraint dependence of average potential energy of a passive particle in an active bath

We quantify the mean potential energy of a passive colloidal particle harmonically confined in a bacterial solution using optical traps.We find that the average potential energy of the passive particle depends on the trap stiffness,in contrast to the equilibrium case where energy partition is independent of the external constraints.The constraint dependence of the mean potential energy originates from the fact that the persistent collisions between the passive particle and the active bacteria are influenced by the particle relaxation dynamics.Our experimental results are consistent with the Brownian dynamics simulations,and confirm the recent theoretical prediction.

STUDIES ON PROCESS AND STABILITY OF BONDED Sm_2TM_(17)MAGNETS WITH HIGH COERCIVITY AND HIGH ENERGY PRODUCT

The process of the epoxy-bonded Sm_2TM_(17) magnets includes:(1)after melting,the ingots are treated by solid soluiion,and then aged and pulverized;(2)the obtained alloy powder is mixed with epoxy resin bind- er;(3)the mixture is pressed in a magnetic field;(4)the compacts are cured.When the SmCo_(4.9)Fe_(2.7)Cu_(0.54)Zr_(0.13) alloy is heat treated and pressed with optimum pressing parameters,the high quality bonded magnets with B_r=8250 G,_iH_c=13000 Oe,and(BH)_(max)=16MGOe can be obtained.The stability of the magnets is studied also.The irreversible loss of O.C.(open circuit)remanence B_r in the temperature range between 25 and 150℃,is less than 4%.The average temperature coefficient at temperatures between 25 and 70℃ is-0.03%/℃.The magnets obtained have heat resistance up to 130℃ even in long-term service, and have good corrosion resistance in acid,alkali and salt solutions.

Estimation of Intramolecular Hydrogen-bonding Energy via the Substitution Method

The intramolecular hydrogen-bonding energies for eighteen molecules were calculated based on the substitution method, and compared with those predicted by the cis-trans method. The energy values obtained from two methods are close to each other with a correlation coefficient of 0.96. Furthermore, the hydrogen-bonding energies based on the substitution method are consistent with the geometrical features of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Both of them demonstrate that the substitution method is capable of providing a good estimation of intramolecular hydrogen-bonding energy.

Calculation of Bond-length, Bond-energy and Force Constant of Hydrogen Molecule by Classical Mechanics

Until recently the hydrogen molecule structural parameters are calculated with the methods of quantum mechanics. To achieve results close to experimental values, the wave function used is complicated and has no clear physical meaning. Because the distribution of the electron probability density is a statistical rule, the macro time has actually been used in the concept on a electron cloud graph. Here are obtained three formulas with a classical mechanics method on the bond length r e , bond energy D e and force constant k of the ground state hydrogen molecule, which have a clear physical meaning but no artificial parameters, and compared with experimental values, the relative errors are respectively less than 1%, 2% and 4%.

考虑储能SOC自恢复的风电波动平抑混合储能容量配置策略

针对混合储能系统(HESS)平抑风电功率波动过程中HESS有功功率参考误差大、储能荷电状态(SOC)控制困难造成储能配置成本过高的问题,提出考虑SOC自恢复的混合储能系统容量优化配置策略。首先,考虑单一风电平抑滤波算法平滑性与跟踪性不能兼顾的问题,提出限幅与滑动平均加权滤波算法,动态调整算法权重和限幅参数,降低并网功率滞后时间,提升HESS有功功率参考准确性;然后,引入HESS累积放电量为分解对象,研究基于频率划分的HESS有功功率分配方法,避免功率参考二次修正、实现储能SOC自恢复控制;最后,以储能配置成本最低为目标,建立HESS全生命周期优化配置模型。基于风电场实测数据设计仿真验证方案,结果表明,该文策略可提高储能风电波动补偿裕度,降低储能配置成本。

计及SOC自恢复的混合储能平抑风电功率波动控制

混合储能系统能够较好地应对复杂的风电波动,有效地提高电网的稳定性和安全性。在混合储能平抑风电功率波动的典型应用场景下,该文首先提出一种计及荷电状态(SOC)自恢复的混合储能平抑风电功率波动控制方法,在满足风电平抑需求的情况下,通过模型预测控制快速调节储能在平抑功率过程中的荷电状态,提高储能持续稳定运行能力;然后,为提高混合储能系统协调运行能力,设计了加权滑动平均(WMA)-模糊控制策略对超级电容和蓄电池功率进行动态分配;最后,结合实际风电功率数据,通过仿真验证了所提策略能有效平衡储能寿命和平抑风电波动的矛盾,能充分考虑两种储能设备的特性差异并提高功率分配的合理性。

镁合金表面DCPD涂层的制备及其界面结合机制研究

目的研究CaHPO_(4)·2H_(2)O(DCPD)与Mg的界面结合机制,以提高DCPD在镁合金表面的界面结合强度。方法利用电镀法在AZ31镁合金表面制备DCPD涂层,采用SEM、XRD、XPS等对涂层形貌及结构进行表征。同时,运用分子动力学模拟(MD)对DCPD在Mg表面形成机制进行研究,通过统计界面层中不同组分的径向分布函数、密度分布、均力势、总能量等的变化,揭示DCPD/Mg的界面结合能、结合位点及结合方式。结果通过电镀法形成的DCPD涂层形貌为致密的荷花瓣状晶体,主要成分为CaHPO_(4)·2H_(2)O。模拟结果表明,CaHPO_(4)·2H_(2)O的4个晶面(010)、(-120)、(11-1)、(111)、(-120)与Mg的结合能最强(163.63 kJ/mol)。其中起“铆钉”作用的基团是HPO_(4)^(2-)和H_(2)O,结合位点主要为O与Mg,即HPO_(4)^(2-)和H_(2)O通过静电作用及范德华力与Mg形成Mg-HPO_(4)^(2-)和Mg-H_(2)O偶极对。研究发现,形成的偶极对中HPO_(4)^(2-)及H_(2)O的配位数分别为0.75和1.16,Mg-H_(2)O的解离能更大,结构更稳定。结论提出改善DCPD/Mg结合强度的方法,电镀前可将镁合金置于NH4H_(2)PO_(4)溶液中浸泡片刻,促进CaHPO_(4)·2H_(2)O(-120)晶面的形成。

同轴双浮体波能装置参数研究

该文以同轴双浮体波能装置为研究对象,以山东省波浪场资源为背景进行条件,首先提出Matlab-APDL-AQWA联合仿真系统,实现波能-功率全过程模拟,并将模拟结果与文献中的物理模型试验数据进行对比验证。同时探究随机波浪作用下浮体半径、质量参数及PTO参数对装置获能平均功率的影响。研究表明,双浮体的半径参数和质量参数会显著影响装置的平均功率,装置获能随PTO阻尼系数的增大呈先增后减的趋势,而PTO刚度系数在一定范围内变化对装置获能影响不明显。

黄铁矿晶体断裂机制与表面反应性研究

通过密度泛函理论、断裂键参数和晶体结构分析,本文研究了黄铁矿晶体各向异性、晶体断裂规律及表面反应性。研究结果表明,黄铁矿晶体中存在Fe—S和S—S两种化学键,且Fe—S键的键能高于S—S键。Fe—S键与S—S键强度不等导致晶面断裂键密度与表面能关系不显著。通过引入化学键能量参数,本文得出晶面断裂能密度更适合分析黄铁矿晶体断裂机制和预测表面能,进而从晶体化学的角度解释了黄铁矿(100)、(111)、(210)、(110)面的表面能及其在晶体断裂时出现的困难程度依次增加的趋势,同时明确了黄铁矿常见暴露面的位点配位性质。基于此,研究得出黄铁矿表面低配位数的位点活性相对较强,从晶体化学的角度阐述了含金黄铁矿具有良好可浮性以及黄铁矿不同晶面氧化性差异的机理。