BACKGROUND The role of physical activity in diabetes is critical,influencing this disease's development,man-agement,and overall outcomes.In China,22.3%of adults do not meet the minimum level of physical activity r...BACKGROUND The role of physical activity in diabetes is critical,influencing this disease's development,man-agement,and overall outcomes.In China,22.3%of adults do not meet the minimum level of physical activity recommended by the World Health Organization.Therefore,it is imperative to identify the factors that contributing to lack of physical activity must be identified.AIM To investigate the relationship among delay discounting,delay aversion,glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),and various levels of physical activity in Chinese adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).METHODS In 2023,400 adults with T2DM were recruited from the People's Hospital of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province.A face-to-face questionnaire was used to gather demographic data and details on physical activity,delay discounting,and delay aversion.In addition,HbA1c levels were measured in all 400 participants.The primary independent variables considered were delay discounting and delay aversion.The outcome variables included HbA1c levels and different intensity levels of physical activity,including walking,moderate physical activity,and vigorous physical activity.Multiple linear regression models were utilized to assess the relationship between delay discounting,delay aversion,and HbA1c levels,along with the intensity of different physical activity measured in met-hours per week.RESULTS After controlling for the sample characteristics,delay discounting was negatively associated with moderate physical activity(β=-2.386,95%CI:-4.370 to-0.401).Meanwhile,delay aversion was negatively associated with the level of moderate physical activity(β=-3.527,95%CI:-5.578 to-1.476)in the multiple linear regression model,with statistically significant differences.CONCLUSION Elevated delay discounting and increased delay aversion correlated with reduced levels of moderate physical activity.Result suggests that delay discounting and aversion may influence engagement in moderate physical activity.This study recommends that health administration and government consider delay discounting and delay aversion when formulating behavioral intervention strategies and treatment guidelines involving physical activity for patients with T2DM,which may increase participation in physical activity.This study contributes a novel perspective to the research on physical activity in adults with T2DM by examining the significance of future health considerations and the role of emotional responses to delays.展开更多
Based on Wuhan city investigation, this paper makes a positive analysis to the uncertainty of shifting rural labors to urban areas, and put forward thoughts and countermeasures to avert the risk of the interregional f...Based on Wuhan city investigation, this paper makes a positive analysis to the uncertainty of shifting rural labors to urban areas, and put forward thoughts and countermeasures to avert the risk of the interregional flow of rural labors.展开更多
Based on the microdata of 705 wheat farmers in the Loess Plateau, this study empirically analyzes the impact of uncertainty on farmers' adoption of innovative seeds using a field experiment. The results indicate t...Based on the microdata of 705 wheat farmers in the Loess Plateau, this study empirically analyzes the impact of uncertainty on farmers' adoption of innovative seeds using a field experiment. The results indicate that farmers are generally ambiguity-averse and risk-averse. In addition, farmers with higher ambiguity aversion and risk aversion are less likely to adopt innovative wheat seeds, where their risk aversion plays a dominant role. Enhancing information access will alleviate the negative influence of ambiguity aversion on farmers' adoption of innovative seeds, and interlinked insurance and credit contracts will be beneficial to ease the adverse effect of risk aversion on the adoption of innovative wheat seeds. Meanwhile, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the inhibitory effects of ambiguity aversion and risk aversion on innovative seed adoption are more significant among farmers with lower education and household income.The government can establish both ex-ante and ex-post relevant guarantee mechanisms to help farmers preferably cope with various uncertainties in the production process, remitting farmers' ambiguity aversion and risk aversion to enhance new agricultural technology adoption rates.展开更多
The aversion order is a way of ordering of risks. Is there the optimal in aversion order in reinsurance contracts of reinsurance? This paper discusses these objects and gives some optimal reinsurance contracts in cer...The aversion order is a way of ordering of risks. Is there the optimal in aversion order in reinsurance contracts of reinsurance? This paper discusses these objects and gives some optimal reinsurance contracts in certain sets of feasible reinsurance contracts.展开更多
Animals learn to avoid particular food when some of its sensory properties are associated with gastrointestinal discomfort. Twenty rats were exposed to free access to food and a sugar solution for ten days in first ph...Animals learn to avoid particular food when some of its sensory properties are associated with gastrointestinal discomfort. Twenty rats were exposed to free access to food and a sugar solution for ten days in first phase. During second phase, experimental group received a dose of LiCl. Control group received an injection without LiCl. Both groups had free access to a sugar solution and food restriction for three days. In the final phase, both groups returned to the conditions of first phase. Results showed a significant decrease in sugar intake after aversive conditioning regarding the intake registered in the initial phase in experimental group. Control group did not show any differences in its sugar intake before and after the experimental manipulation. The procedure carried out is discussed as a means to decrease sugar intake.展开更多
This study explored the effects of ambiguity on the calculation of Value-at-Risk(VaR)using a mathematical model based on the theory of Choquet-Brownian processes.It was found that while a moderate degree of ambiguity ...This study explored the effects of ambiguity on the calculation of Value-at-Risk(VaR)using a mathematical model based on the theory of Choquet-Brownian processes.It was found that while a moderate degree of ambiguity aversion yields a higher value for VaR and Expected Shortfall(ES),the result can be reversed in a deeply ambiguous environment.Additionally,some sufficient conditions are provided for the preservation of this effect under various forms of risk aggregation.This study offers a new perspective to full awareness on capital requirement calculation as requested by international regulation.展开更多
In the consensus-reaching process(CRP),the actual utility of decision-makers(DMs)is often influenced by the psychological behavior of regret aversion.However,the influence of regret aversion on DMs’utilities is rarel...In the consensus-reaching process(CRP),the actual utility of decision-makers(DMs)is often influenced by the psychological behavior of regret aversion.However,the influence of regret aversion on DMs’utilities is rarely taken into account in the existing consensus models.The consensus-reaching problem of DMs with regret aversion is explored to maximize their perceived utilities under a limited budget.Firstly,three basic types of perceived utility functions are constructed based on the regret theory to describe the perceived utility of DMs with various preferences.Then,considering the limited budget and individual regret aversion,the maximum perceived utility consensus models based on types of left-skewed,right-skewed,middle-skewed,and heterogeneous utility preferences are proposed to achieve the consensus that maximizes the group perceived utility.After that,an example of land-transfer price negotiation in China is given to illustrate the validity of the proposed models.Finally,the model comparison and the sensitivity analysis are presented to reveal the influence of DMs’regret aversion on the CRP.The results suggest that the DMs’regret aversion will not affect left-skewed and right-skewed groups,but will affect the consensus results of middle-skewed and heterogeneous groups.展开更多
The aversive properties of alcohol can be examined by using ethanol as a conditioning agent in a taste aversion (TA) paradigm. However, there is often variability in how organisms respond to the aversive properties of...The aversive properties of alcohol can be examined by using ethanol as a conditioning agent in a taste aversion (TA) paradigm. However, there is often variability in how organisms respond to the aversive properties of alcohol. Using a selectively bred line of TA-prone (TAP) rats, the present study sought to determine if antagonizing the GABA receptor complex with picrotoxin could block the acquisition of an ethanol-based conditioned aversion to a normally preferred fluid. Fifty TAP rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. In the two experimental groups, rats were pretreated with i.p. injections of low or high doses of the GABA Aantagonist picrotoxin prior to undergoing taste aversion conditioning —wherein consumption of a novel saccharin solution (0.1%) was followed by an i.p. injection of ethanol (1.5 mg/kg). In the primary control group, rats were treated identically, except that isotonic saline was substituted for picrotoxin. In the non-conditioning and pseudo-conditioning control groups, rats did not receive an ethanol-saccharin pairing but did receive a picrotoxin injection. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that animals in the picrotoxin groups displayed significantly weaker TAs than the primary control group (p 0.05) as measured by post-conditioning, two-bottle saccharin preference scores. Picrotoxin hinders the acquisition of an ethanol-induced TA, thereby supporting the hypothesis that the GABA system plays a central role in ethanol’s motivational effects. Possible mechanisms include 1) picrotoxin attenuates negative effects of ethanol, 2) picrotoxin interferes with the central associative processes that promote TA conditioning or 3) some combination of 1 and 2.展开更多
<p style="text-align:justify;margin-left:10pt;"> <span style="font-family:;" "=""><span>This study examined the validity of the differentiation-of-self hypothesis f...<p style="text-align:justify;margin-left:10pt;"> <span style="font-family:;" "=""><span>This study examined the validity of the differentiation-of-self hypothesis for Japanese university students, and its mechanism in relation to negative life event aversion. Although </span><span>the differentiation-of-self hypothesis is accepted as one of the basic hypothes</span><span>es in the clinical field of family therapy in Japan</span><span><span>, empirical studies on the subject are scarce. Further, there are few studies, internationally, on its mechanism. A questionnaire survey was conducted with university students (</span><i><span>n </span></i><span>= 250) to measure their differentiation of self, maladaptive states, and negative life event aversion. </span><span>Compared to the better-differentiated group, the less-differentiated group had higher scores both for maladaptive </span></span><span><span>states—somatic symptoms (</span><i><span>t</span></i><span>(223) = -</span></span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span><span>2.70, </span><i><span>p</span></i><span> = </span></span></span></span><span><span>0</span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span>.008), social dysfunction</span><span><span> (</span><i><span>t</span></i><span>(211.00) = -</span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span><span>3.30, </span><i><span>p</span></i><span> = </span></span></span></span><span><span>0</span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span>.001), and severe depression (</span><i><span>t</span></i><span>(208.78) = -</span></span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span><span>4.08, </span><i><span>p</span></i><span> <</span></span></span></span><span><span> 0</span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span>.001)—and negative life event aversion—interpersonal domain (</span><i><span>t</span></i><span>(223) = -</span></span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span><span>3.96, </span><i><span>p</span></i><span> <</span></span></span></span><span><span> 0</span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span>.001) and achievement domain (</span><i><span>t</span></i><span>(223) = -</span></span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span><span>3.83, </span><i><span>p</span></i><span> <</span></span></span></span><span><span> 0</span></span><span><span>.001). </span></span><span>The results supported the validity of the differentiation-of-self hypothesis for Japanese university students, and that cognitive tendencies toward negative life events may be part of the mechanism for less-differentiated individuals’ subsequent vulnerability. This suggests the effectiveness of cognitive interventions.</span> </p>展开更多
The likelihood function plays a central role in statistical analysis in relation to information, from both frequentist and Bayesian perspectives. In large samples several new properties of the likelihood in relation t...The likelihood function plays a central role in statistical analysis in relation to information, from both frequentist and Bayesian perspectives. In large samples several new properties of the likelihood in relation to information are developed here. The Arrow-Pratt absolute risk aversion measure is shown to be related to the Cramer-Rao Information bound. The derivative of the log-likelihood function is seen to provide a measure of information related stability for the Bayesian posterior density. As well, information similar prior densities can be defined reflecting the central role of likelihood in the Bayes learning paradigm.展开更多
With the continuous development of the construction industry, the scale and volume of the construction project is expanding. And the project management of the construction project still has the big risk problem which ...With the continuous development of the construction industry, the scale and volume of the construction project is expanding. And the project management of the construction project still has the big risk problem which influenced by many factors. These risks will not only bring unnecessary interference to the construction of the project, but also may jeopardize the safety of people's life and property. It is the focus of this article to do a good job in risk aversion in the management of construction projects.展开更多
We examine the economics of royalties in bioprospecting contracts between a pharmaceutical and genetic resource supplier (local), with an eve to understanding the relative advantages of indexing royalty, payments to...We examine the economics of royalties in bioprospecting contracts between a pharmaceutical and genetic resource supplier (local), with an eve to understanding the relative advantages of indexing royalty, payments to gross revenue or net revenue. We show a risk-averse firm facing only production or only cost risks will index royalties to net revenue. When facing both types of risk the choice of royalty type depends on the relative magnitudes of the production and cost risk. In each case, the risk-averse firm chooses the royalty-type that shifts as much risk as possible to the local. Wheat the local is risk neutral the pharmaceutical's and local's preferences are compatible.If the local is risk averse and there is only one type of risk, it will prefer a gross revenue royalty, and shift as much risk as possible to the firm: here the local and firm preferences are compatible only ifthe firm is risk-neutral. Lastly we show if the firm sets the terms of the contract and both agents are risk averse, the.firm will not likely volunteer to implement the socially optimal royalty arrangement as it prefers to shift as much risk to the loeal, who now also prefers a more certain return, This last outcome is at the heart of the benefit sharing discussionand suggests if risk sharing and equity are a concern in benefit sharing, then the choice of rcyalty type can be an important part of negotiations between pharmaceuticals and locals for the phytochemical from nature for new drug discovery.展开更多
Understanding the factors behind apple farmers’willingness to pass on the management of their farms to their descendants is crucial to the continuity of apple production.Due to the high specificity of the human capit...Understanding the factors behind apple farmers’willingness to pass on the management of their farms to their descendants is crucial to the continuity of apple production.Due to the high specificity of the human capital,physical assets,land assets,and geographical location in apple production,this study used a binary logistic regression and a mediating effect model to explore the impact of asset specificity on farmers’intergenerational succession willingness of apple management(FISWAM)and to examine the mediating effects of loss aversion in the impact of asset specificity on the FISWAM.The results showed that about 18.68%of the respondents expressed willingness to transfer their apple business between generations,and the FISWAM was generally weak.In addition to the negative impact of geographical location specificity(GLS),human capital specificity(HCS),physical assets specificity(PAS),and land assets specificity(LAS)can enhance the FISWAM.Loss aversion plays a partial mediating role in the impact of PAS,LAS,and GLS on the FISWAM.展开更多
This study investigates how financial literacy and behavioral traits affect the adoption of electronic payment(ePayment)services in Japan.We construct a financial literacy index using a representative sample of 25,000...This study investigates how financial literacy and behavioral traits affect the adoption of electronic payment(ePayment)services in Japan.We construct a financial literacy index using a representative sample of 25,000 individuals from the Bank of Japan’s 2019 Financial Literacy Survey.We then analyze the relationship between this index and the extensive and intensive usage of two types of payment services:electronic money(e-money)and mobile payment apps.Using an instrumental variable approach,we find that higher financial literacy is positively associated with a higher likelihood of adopting ePayment services.The empirical results suggest that individuals with higher financial literacy use payment services more frequently.We also find that risk-averse people are less likely to adopt and use ePayment services,whereas people with herd behavior tend to adopt and use ePayment services more.Our empirical results also suggest that the effects of financial literacy on the adoption and use of ePayment differ among people with different behavioral traits.展开更多
In this paper,we focus on small business enterprises(SBEs)that usually have low market power but can rely on retailers to transact sales and gain the ability to disclose quality information.Moreover,consumer loss aver...In this paper,we focus on small business enterprises(SBEs)that usually have low market power but can rely on retailers to transact sales and gain the ability to disclose quality information.Moreover,consumer loss aversion(CLA)is pronounced when buying from SBEs that have yet to develop a strong reputation and uncertain quality.We focus on two competing SBEs with heterogeneous quality levels and discuss their quality disclosure strategiesd whether selling through a retailerd in the context of CLA.We study the interaction between consumers'prior belief in product quality and CLA and how these factors affect equilibrium outcomes.We show that a situation in which low-quality and high-quality SBEs both choose to disclose will not occur under a neutral consumer attitude,i.e.,it happens only when the aversion level is significant.When the aversion level is low,either the low-quality SBE or the high-quality SBE will decide to disclose,and the disclosing party depends on the prior belief.In addition,CLA significantly impacts the monotonicity of both SBEs'and retailers'prices and profits relating to the consumers'prior beliefs.展开更多
Objective To investigate whether environmental cues associated with different properties of morphine could regulate the extracellular levels of glutamate and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the hippocampal ventral sub...Objective To investigate whether environmental cues associated with different properties of morphine could regulate the extracellular levels of glutamate and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the hippocampal ventral subiculum, which play a critical role in the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior induced by environmental cues. Methods Conditioning place preference (CPP) and conditioning place aversion (CPA) models were used to establish environment associated with rewarding and aversive properties of morphine respectively. Microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography were used to measure the extracelluar level of glutamate and GABA in the ventral subiculum under these environmental cues. Results Exposure to the environmental cues associated with rewarding properties of morphine resulted in a decrease (approximately 11%) of extracellular level of GABA in ventral subiculum, and exposure to the environmental cues associated with aversive properties of morphine resulted in an increase (approximately 230%) of extracellular level of glutamate in ventral subiculum. Conclusion Environmental cues associated with different properties of morphine modulate the release of distinct neurotransmitters in the hippocampal ventral subiculum possibly through different neural circuit.展开更多
Previous studies have shown that Lycium barbarum polysaccharide,the main active component of Lycium barbarum,exhibits antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects in treating neurological diseases.However,the therapeutic ...Previous studies have shown that Lycium barbarum polysaccharide,the main active component of Lycium barbarum,exhibits antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects in treating neurological diseases.However,the therapeutic action of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on depression has not been studied.In this investigation,we established mouse models of depression using aversive stimuli including exposure to fox urine,air puff and foot shock and physical restraint.Concurrently,we administered 5 mg/kg per day Lycium barbarum polysaccharide-glycoprotein to each mouse intragastrically for the 28 days.Our results showed that long-term exposure to aversive stimuli significantly enhanced depressive-like behavior evaluated by the sucrose preference test and the forced swimming test and increased anxietylike behaviors evaluated using the open field test.In addition,aversive stimuli-induced depressed mice exhibited aberrant neuronal activity in the lateral habenula.Importantly,concurrent Lycium barbarum polysaccharide-glycoprotein treatment significantly reduced these changes.These findings suggest that Lycium barbarum polysaccharide-glycoprotein is a potential preventative intervention for depression and may act by preventing aberrant neuronal activity and microglial activation in the lateral habenula.The study was approved by the Jinan University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee(approval No.20170301003)on March 1,2017.展开更多
The traditional newsvendor model assumes that a decision-maker is risk-neutral. However, in actuality, a decisionmaker's order behavior is often influenced by waste-averse preference and stockout-averse preference...The traditional newsvendor model assumes that a decision-maker is risk-neutral. However, in actuality, a decisionmaker's order behavior is often influenced by waste-averse preference and stockout-averse preference. We extend the newsvendor model with consideration of averse preferences to investigate how the decision results of the previous period impact the order behavior of the current period, and design an inventory decision-making behavior experiment. Results from the study demonstrate that the order behavior of both a group and an individual exhibits a demand chasing phenomenon, and the former is more significant. Through the interval estimation of the decision maker's order quantity, by the maximum likelihood method we find that the stockout-averse preference has an effect on the decision-making when the prior period is insufficient, causing the current period order quantity larger than the expected profit-maximizing order quantity. In a similar way, waste-averse preference has an effect on decision-making when the prior period is surplus, resulting in the current period order quantity smaller than the expected profit-maximizing order quantity. Finally, we investigate the formation mechanism of demand chasing phenomenon from the perspective of the averse preferences, and propose that this phenomenon is a decision maker's cognitive reaction to stochastic demand environment.展开更多
We consider a distribution system with one supplier and two retailers. For the two retailers, they face different demand and are both risk averse. We study a single period model which the supplier has ample goods and ...We consider a distribution system with one supplier and two retailers. For the two retailers, they face different demand and are both risk averse. We study a single period model which the supplier has ample goods and the retailers order goods separately. Market search is measured as the fraction of customers who unsatisfied with their "local" retailer due to stock-out, and search for the goods at the other retailer before leaving the system. We investigate how the retailers game for order quantity in a Conditional Value-at-Risk framework and study how risk averse degree, market search level, holding cost and backorder cost influence the optimal order strategies. Furthermore, we use uniform distribution to illustrate these results and obtain Nash equilibrium of order strategies.展开更多
Objective:To determine whether B vitamin treatment was sufficient to reduce cognitive impairment associated with high-fat diets in rats and to modulate transketolase(TK)expression and activity.Methods:To test this,we ...Objective:To determine whether B vitamin treatment was sufficient to reduce cognitive impairment associated with high-fat diets in rats and to modulate transketolase(TK)expression and activity.Methods:To test this,we separated 50 rats into five groups that were either fed a standard chow diet(controls)or a high-fat diet(experimental groups HO,HI,H2,and H3).HO group animals received no additional dietary supplementation,while H1 group animals were administered 100 mg/kg body weight(BW)thiamine,100 mg/kg BW riboflavin,and 250 mg/kg BW niacin each day,and group H2 animals received daily doses of 100 mg/kg BW pyridoxine,100 mg/kg BW cobalamin,and 5 mg/kg BW folate.Animals in the H3 group received the B vitamin regimens administered to both H1 and H2 each day.Results:Over time,group HO exhibited greater increases in BW and fat mass relative to other groups.When spatial and memory capabilities in these animals were evaluated via conditioned taste aversion(CTA)and Morris Water Maze(MWM),we found B vitamin treatment was associated with significant improvements relative to untreated HO controls.Similarly,B vitamin supplementation was associated with elevated TK expression in erythrocytes and hypothalamus of treated animals relative to those in HO(P<0.05).Conclusion:Together,these findings suggest B vitamin can modulate hypothalamic TK activity to reduce the severity of cognitive deficits in a rat model of obesity.As such,B vitamin supplementation may be a beneficial method for reducing cognitive dysfunction in clinical settings associated with high-fat diets.展开更多
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province,No.22JR5RN1054.
文摘BACKGROUND The role of physical activity in diabetes is critical,influencing this disease's development,man-agement,and overall outcomes.In China,22.3%of adults do not meet the minimum level of physical activity recommended by the World Health Organization.Therefore,it is imperative to identify the factors that contributing to lack of physical activity must be identified.AIM To investigate the relationship among delay discounting,delay aversion,glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c),and various levels of physical activity in Chinese adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).METHODS In 2023,400 adults with T2DM were recruited from the People's Hospital of Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province.A face-to-face questionnaire was used to gather demographic data and details on physical activity,delay discounting,and delay aversion.In addition,HbA1c levels were measured in all 400 participants.The primary independent variables considered were delay discounting and delay aversion.The outcome variables included HbA1c levels and different intensity levels of physical activity,including walking,moderate physical activity,and vigorous physical activity.Multiple linear regression models were utilized to assess the relationship between delay discounting,delay aversion,and HbA1c levels,along with the intensity of different physical activity measured in met-hours per week.RESULTS After controlling for the sample characteristics,delay discounting was negatively associated with moderate physical activity(β=-2.386,95%CI:-4.370 to-0.401).Meanwhile,delay aversion was negatively associated with the level of moderate physical activity(β=-3.527,95%CI:-5.578 to-1.476)in the multiple linear regression model,with statistically significant differences.CONCLUSION Elevated delay discounting and increased delay aversion correlated with reduced levels of moderate physical activity.Result suggests that delay discounting and aversion may influence engagement in moderate physical activity.This study recommends that health administration and government consider delay discounting and delay aversion when formulating behavioral intervention strategies and treatment guidelines involving physical activity for patients with T2DM,which may increase participation in physical activity.This study contributes a novel perspective to the research on physical activity in adults with T2DM by examining the significance of future health considerations and the role of emotional responses to delays.
文摘Based on Wuhan city investigation, this paper makes a positive analysis to the uncertainty of shifting rural labors to urban areas, and put forward thoughts and countermeasures to avert the risk of the interregional flow of rural labors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71973087 and 72003215)the 72nd General Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M720170)+1 种基金the Soft Science Project of the Department of Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province, China (2022KRM131)the Special Fund Project of Basic Scientific Research Operation Funds of Central Universities, China (20SZYB21)。
文摘Based on the microdata of 705 wheat farmers in the Loess Plateau, this study empirically analyzes the impact of uncertainty on farmers' adoption of innovative seeds using a field experiment. The results indicate that farmers are generally ambiguity-averse and risk-averse. In addition, farmers with higher ambiguity aversion and risk aversion are less likely to adopt innovative wheat seeds, where their risk aversion plays a dominant role. Enhancing information access will alleviate the negative influence of ambiguity aversion on farmers' adoption of innovative seeds, and interlinked insurance and credit contracts will be beneficial to ease the adverse effect of risk aversion on the adoption of innovative wheat seeds. Meanwhile, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the inhibitory effects of ambiguity aversion and risk aversion on innovative seed adoption are more significant among farmers with lower education and household income.The government can establish both ex-ante and ex-post relevant guarantee mechanisms to help farmers preferably cope with various uncertainties in the production process, remitting farmers' ambiguity aversion and risk aversion to enhance new agricultural technology adoption rates.
文摘The aversion order is a way of ordering of risks. Is there the optimal in aversion order in reinsurance contracts of reinsurance? This paper discusses these objects and gives some optimal reinsurance contracts in certain sets of feasible reinsurance contracts.
文摘Animals learn to avoid particular food when some of its sensory properties are associated with gastrointestinal discomfort. Twenty rats were exposed to free access to food and a sugar solution for ten days in first phase. During second phase, experimental group received a dose of LiCl. Control group received an injection without LiCl. Both groups had free access to a sugar solution and food restriction for three days. In the final phase, both groups returned to the conditions of first phase. Results showed a significant decrease in sugar intake after aversive conditioning regarding the intake registered in the initial phase in experimental group. Control group did not show any differences in its sugar intake before and after the experimental manipulation. The procedure carried out is discussed as a means to decrease sugar intake.
文摘This study explored the effects of ambiguity on the calculation of Value-at-Risk(VaR)using a mathematical model based on the theory of Choquet-Brownian processes.It was found that while a moderate degree of ambiguity aversion yields a higher value for VaR and Expected Shortfall(ES),the result can be reversed in a deeply ambiguous environment.Additionally,some sufficient conditions are provided for the preservation of this effect under various forms of risk aggregation.This study offers a new perspective to full awareness on capital requirement calculation as requested by international regulation.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71901058)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.2232018H-07)。
文摘In the consensus-reaching process(CRP),the actual utility of decision-makers(DMs)is often influenced by the psychological behavior of regret aversion.However,the influence of regret aversion on DMs’utilities is rarely taken into account in the existing consensus models.The consensus-reaching problem of DMs with regret aversion is explored to maximize their perceived utilities under a limited budget.Firstly,three basic types of perceived utility functions are constructed based on the regret theory to describe the perceived utility of DMs with various preferences.Then,considering the limited budget and individual regret aversion,the maximum perceived utility consensus models based on types of left-skewed,right-skewed,middle-skewed,and heterogeneous utility preferences are proposed to achieve the consensus that maximizes the group perceived utility.After that,an example of land-transfer price negotiation in China is given to illustrate the validity of the proposed models.Finally,the model comparison and the sensitivity analysis are presented to reveal the influence of DMs’regret aversion on the CRP.The results suggest that the DMs’regret aversion will not affect left-skewed and right-skewed groups,but will affect the consensus results of middle-skewed and heterogeneous groups.
文摘The aversive properties of alcohol can be examined by using ethanol as a conditioning agent in a taste aversion (TA) paradigm. However, there is often variability in how organisms respond to the aversive properties of alcohol. Using a selectively bred line of TA-prone (TAP) rats, the present study sought to determine if antagonizing the GABA receptor complex with picrotoxin could block the acquisition of an ethanol-based conditioned aversion to a normally preferred fluid. Fifty TAP rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. In the two experimental groups, rats were pretreated with i.p. injections of low or high doses of the GABA Aantagonist picrotoxin prior to undergoing taste aversion conditioning —wherein consumption of a novel saccharin solution (0.1%) was followed by an i.p. injection of ethanol (1.5 mg/kg). In the primary control group, rats were treated identically, except that isotonic saline was substituted for picrotoxin. In the non-conditioning and pseudo-conditioning control groups, rats did not receive an ethanol-saccharin pairing but did receive a picrotoxin injection. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that animals in the picrotoxin groups displayed significantly weaker TAs than the primary control group (p 0.05) as measured by post-conditioning, two-bottle saccharin preference scores. Picrotoxin hinders the acquisition of an ethanol-induced TA, thereby supporting the hypothesis that the GABA system plays a central role in ethanol’s motivational effects. Possible mechanisms include 1) picrotoxin attenuates negative effects of ethanol, 2) picrotoxin interferes with the central associative processes that promote TA conditioning or 3) some combination of 1 and 2.
文摘<p style="text-align:justify;margin-left:10pt;"> <span style="font-family:;" "=""><span>This study examined the validity of the differentiation-of-self hypothesis for Japanese university students, and its mechanism in relation to negative life event aversion. Although </span><span>the differentiation-of-self hypothesis is accepted as one of the basic hypothes</span><span>es in the clinical field of family therapy in Japan</span><span><span>, empirical studies on the subject are scarce. Further, there are few studies, internationally, on its mechanism. A questionnaire survey was conducted with university students (</span><i><span>n </span></i><span>= 250) to measure their differentiation of self, maladaptive states, and negative life event aversion. </span><span>Compared to the better-differentiated group, the less-differentiated group had higher scores both for maladaptive </span></span><span><span>states—somatic symptoms (</span><i><span>t</span></i><span>(223) = -</span></span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span><span>2.70, </span><i><span>p</span></i><span> = </span></span></span></span><span><span>0</span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span>.008), social dysfunction</span><span><span> (</span><i><span>t</span></i><span>(211.00) = -</span></span></span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span><span>3.30, </span><i><span>p</span></i><span> = </span></span></span></span><span><span>0</span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span>.001), and severe depression (</span><i><span>t</span></i><span>(208.78) = -</span></span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span><span>4.08, </span><i><span>p</span></i><span> <</span></span></span></span><span><span> 0</span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span>.001)—and negative life event aversion—interpersonal domain (</span><i><span>t</span></i><span>(223) = -</span></span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span><span>3.96, </span><i><span>p</span></i><span> <</span></span></span></span><span><span> 0</span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span>.001) and achievement domain (</span><i><span>t</span></i><span>(223) = -</span></span></span><span><span style="font-family:;" "=""><span><span>3.83, </span><i><span>p</span></i><span> <</span></span></span></span><span><span> 0</span></span><span><span>.001). </span></span><span>The results supported the validity of the differentiation-of-self hypothesis for Japanese university students, and that cognitive tendencies toward negative life events may be part of the mechanism for less-differentiated individuals’ subsequent vulnerability. This suggests the effectiveness of cognitive interventions.</span> </p>
文摘The likelihood function plays a central role in statistical analysis in relation to information, from both frequentist and Bayesian perspectives. In large samples several new properties of the likelihood in relation to information are developed here. The Arrow-Pratt absolute risk aversion measure is shown to be related to the Cramer-Rao Information bound. The derivative of the log-likelihood function is seen to provide a measure of information related stability for the Bayesian posterior density. As well, information similar prior densities can be defined reflecting the central role of likelihood in the Bayes learning paradigm.
文摘With the continuous development of the construction industry, the scale and volume of the construction project is expanding. And the project management of the construction project still has the big risk problem which influenced by many factors. These risks will not only bring unnecessary interference to the construction of the project, but also may jeopardize the safety of people's life and property. It is the focus of this article to do a good job in risk aversion in the management of construction projects.
文摘We examine the economics of royalties in bioprospecting contracts between a pharmaceutical and genetic resource supplier (local), with an eve to understanding the relative advantages of indexing royalty, payments to gross revenue or net revenue. We show a risk-averse firm facing only production or only cost risks will index royalties to net revenue. When facing both types of risk the choice of royalty type depends on the relative magnitudes of the production and cost risk. In each case, the risk-averse firm chooses the royalty-type that shifts as much risk as possible to the local. Wheat the local is risk neutral the pharmaceutical's and local's preferences are compatible.If the local is risk averse and there is only one type of risk, it will prefer a gross revenue royalty, and shift as much risk as possible to the firm: here the local and firm preferences are compatible only ifthe firm is risk-neutral. Lastly we show if the firm sets the terms of the contract and both agents are risk averse, the.firm will not likely volunteer to implement the socially optimal royalty arrangement as it prefers to shift as much risk to the loeal, who now also prefers a more certain return, This last outcome is at the heart of the benefit sharing discussionand suggests if risk sharing and equity are a concern in benefit sharing, then the choice of rcyalty type can be an important part of negotiations between pharmaceuticals and locals for the phytochemical from nature for new drug discovery.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71573211)the Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation+1 种基金Ministry of Education of China(22YJC790164)the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-28)。
文摘Understanding the factors behind apple farmers’willingness to pass on the management of their farms to their descendants is crucial to the continuity of apple production.Due to the high specificity of the human capital,physical assets,land assets,and geographical location in apple production,this study used a binary logistic regression and a mediating effect model to explore the impact of asset specificity on farmers’intergenerational succession willingness of apple management(FISWAM)and to examine the mediating effects of loss aversion in the impact of asset specificity on the FISWAM.The results showed that about 18.68%of the respondents expressed willingness to transfer their apple business between generations,and the FISWAM was generally weak.In addition to the negative impact of geographical location specificity(GLS),human capital specificity(HCS),physical assets specificity(PAS),and land assets specificity(LAS)can enhance the FISWAM.Loss aversion plays a partial mediating role in the impact of PAS,LAS,and GLS on the FISWAM.
基金National Foundation for Science and Technology Development(No.502.01-2020.308).
文摘This study investigates how financial literacy and behavioral traits affect the adoption of electronic payment(ePayment)services in Japan.We construct a financial literacy index using a representative sample of 25,000 individuals from the Bank of Japan’s 2019 Financial Literacy Survey.We then analyze the relationship between this index and the extensive and intensive usage of two types of payment services:electronic money(e-money)and mobile payment apps.Using an instrumental variable approach,we find that higher financial literacy is positively associated with a higher likelihood of adopting ePayment services.The empirical results suggest that individuals with higher financial literacy use payment services more frequently.We also find that risk-averse people are less likely to adopt and use ePayment services,whereas people with herd behavior tend to adopt and use ePayment services more.Our empirical results also suggest that the effects of financial literacy on the adoption and use of ePayment differ among people with different behavioral traits.
基金Danli Yao was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant number 72301174the Ministry of Education,Humanities and Social Science Projects under grant number 23YJC630010+2 种基金Simai He received support from the Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Grant(72192830,72192832)Grant 71825003.Meng Zheng was supported by the China Scholarship Council under grant number 202206480040the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant number 72192832.
文摘In this paper,we focus on small business enterprises(SBEs)that usually have low market power but can rely on retailers to transact sales and gain the ability to disclose quality information.Moreover,consumer loss aversion(CLA)is pronounced when buying from SBEs that have yet to develop a strong reputation and uncertain quality.We focus on two competing SBEs with heterogeneous quality levels and discuss their quality disclosure strategiesd whether selling through a retailerd in the context of CLA.We study the interaction between consumers'prior belief in product quality and CLA and how these factors affect equilibrium outcomes.We show that a situation in which low-quality and high-quality SBEs both choose to disclose will not occur under a neutral consumer attitude,i.e.,it happens only when the aversion level is significant.When the aversion level is low,either the low-quality SBE or the high-quality SBE will decide to disclose,and the disclosing party depends on the prior belief.In addition,CLA significantly impacts the monotonicity of both SBEs'and retailers'prices and profits relating to the consumers'prior beliefs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30230130 and No.30400129)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2003CB515405,No.2005CB522406)+1 种基金the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team of Ministry of Education of ChinaShanghai Municipal Commission for Science and Technology(No.06JC14008).
文摘Objective To investigate whether environmental cues associated with different properties of morphine could regulate the extracellular levels of glutamate and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the hippocampal ventral subiculum, which play a critical role in the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior induced by environmental cues. Methods Conditioning place preference (CPP) and conditioning place aversion (CPA) models were used to establish environment associated with rewarding and aversive properties of morphine respectively. Microdialysis and high performance liquid chromatography were used to measure the extracelluar level of glutamate and GABA in the ventral subiculum under these environmental cues. Results Exposure to the environmental cues associated with rewarding properties of morphine resulted in a decrease (approximately 11%) of extracellular level of GABA in ventral subiculum, and exposure to the environmental cues associated with aversive properties of morphine resulted in an increase (approximately 230%) of extracellular level of glutamate in ventral subiculum. Conclusion Environmental cues associated with different properties of morphine modulate the release of distinct neurotransmitters in the hippocampal ventral subiculum possibly through different neural circuit.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.31900825(to SL),31922030(to CRR),31771170(to CRR)Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province of China,No.2018B030334001(to CRR)+3 种基金Science and Techology of Guangzhou of China,No.202007030012(to CRR)Guangdong Special Support Program of China,No.2017TQ04R173(to CRR)Pearl River S&T Nova Program of Guangzhou Province of China,No.201806010198(to CRR)Outstanding Scholar Program of Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory of China,No.2018GZR110102002(to KFS)。
文摘Previous studies have shown that Lycium barbarum polysaccharide,the main active component of Lycium barbarum,exhibits antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects in treating neurological diseases.However,the therapeutic action of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on depression has not been studied.In this investigation,we established mouse models of depression using aversive stimuli including exposure to fox urine,air puff and foot shock and physical restraint.Concurrently,we administered 5 mg/kg per day Lycium barbarum polysaccharide-glycoprotein to each mouse intragastrically for the 28 days.Our results showed that long-term exposure to aversive stimuli significantly enhanced depressive-like behavior evaluated by the sucrose preference test and the forced swimming test and increased anxietylike behaviors evaluated using the open field test.In addition,aversive stimuli-induced depressed mice exhibited aberrant neuronal activity in the lateral habenula.Importantly,concurrent Lycium barbarum polysaccharide-glycoprotein treatment significantly reduced these changes.These findings suggest that Lycium barbarum polysaccharide-glycoprotein is a potential preventative intervention for depression and may act by preventing aberrant neuronal activity and microglial activation in the lateral habenula.The study was approved by the Jinan University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee(approval No.20170301003)on March 1,2017.
基金Funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.26816WTD23)Key Projects of Scientific Research and Development Plan,Chengdu Railway Bureau,China(No.CX1716)Sichuan Science and Technology Project,China(Title:Safety operation behavior mechanism of rail transit dispatcher taking the Chengdu metro as an example)
文摘The traditional newsvendor model assumes that a decision-maker is risk-neutral. However, in actuality, a decisionmaker's order behavior is often influenced by waste-averse preference and stockout-averse preference. We extend the newsvendor model with consideration of averse preferences to investigate how the decision results of the previous period impact the order behavior of the current period, and design an inventory decision-making behavior experiment. Results from the study demonstrate that the order behavior of both a group and an individual exhibits a demand chasing phenomenon, and the former is more significant. Through the interval estimation of the decision maker's order quantity, by the maximum likelihood method we find that the stockout-averse preference has an effect on the decision-making when the prior period is insufficient, causing the current period order quantity larger than the expected profit-maximizing order quantity. In a similar way, waste-averse preference has an effect on decision-making when the prior period is surplus, resulting in the current period order quantity smaller than the expected profit-maximizing order quantity. Finally, we investigate the formation mechanism of demand chasing phenomenon from the perspective of the averse preferences, and propose that this phenomenon is a decision maker's cognitive reaction to stochastic demand environment.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (70471034, A0324666)
文摘We consider a distribution system with one supplier and two retailers. For the two retailers, they face different demand and are both risk averse. We study a single period model which the supplier has ample goods and the retailers order goods separately. Market search is measured as the fraction of customers who unsatisfied with their "local" retailer due to stock-out, and search for the goods at the other retailer before leaving the system. We investigate how the retailers game for order quantity in a Conditional Value-at-Risk framework and study how risk averse degree, market search level, holding cost and backorder cost influence the optimal order strategies. Furthermore, we use uniform distribution to illustrate these results and obtain Nash equilibrium of order strategies.
基金supported by a grant from Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(No.A2018282).
文摘Objective:To determine whether B vitamin treatment was sufficient to reduce cognitive impairment associated with high-fat diets in rats and to modulate transketolase(TK)expression and activity.Methods:To test this,we separated 50 rats into five groups that were either fed a standard chow diet(controls)or a high-fat diet(experimental groups HO,HI,H2,and H3).HO group animals received no additional dietary supplementation,while H1 group animals were administered 100 mg/kg body weight(BW)thiamine,100 mg/kg BW riboflavin,and 250 mg/kg BW niacin each day,and group H2 animals received daily doses of 100 mg/kg BW pyridoxine,100 mg/kg BW cobalamin,and 5 mg/kg BW folate.Animals in the H3 group received the B vitamin regimens administered to both H1 and H2 each day.Results:Over time,group HO exhibited greater increases in BW and fat mass relative to other groups.When spatial and memory capabilities in these animals were evaluated via conditioned taste aversion(CTA)and Morris Water Maze(MWM),we found B vitamin treatment was associated with significant improvements relative to untreated HO controls.Similarly,B vitamin supplementation was associated with elevated TK expression in erythrocytes and hypothalamus of treated animals relative to those in HO(P<0.05).Conclusion:Together,these findings suggest B vitamin can modulate hypothalamic TK activity to reduce the severity of cognitive deficits in a rat model of obesity.As such,B vitamin supplementation may be a beneficial method for reducing cognitive dysfunction in clinical settings associated with high-fat diets.