The immune system operates as a complex organization with distinct roles and functions. Excitingly we recognized the similarities between the cellular dynamics of the immune system and our lives, activities, and behav...The immune system operates as a complex organization with distinct roles and functions. Excitingly we recognized the similarities between the cellular dynamics of the immune system and our lives, activities, and behaviors. Observing the immune system can guide how to respond to various daily situations, including when to react, tolerate, or ignore. Recognizing this analogy between our lives and the immune system should motivate us to adopt a wisdom-based approach when investigating the mechanisms and future discoveries related to this system and to deepen our understanding of this complex system with newfound respect. In this context, the present review examines several integral biological processes of the immune system by drawing parallels between them and human life, activities, and behaviors to learn how we must behave based on the insights offered by this complex organization. The literature search was conducted in international databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar search engine using English equivalent keywords from 1998 up to April 2023. The search strategy used the following subject heading terms: Immune system, analogy, human life, cellular dynamics, memory, tolerance, and ignorance. In conclusion, the immune system is a complex organization comprising various cells interacting within specific sites and networks, communicating, drawing experiences, and learning how to tolerate certain conditions that make it share certain similarities with human life.展开更多
Survival of organisms requires response to sense inputs and feedback. An intuitive picture or mental image of reality from sense experience is apparently structured from orthogonal and independent sense inputs in asso...Survival of organisms requires response to sense inputs and feedback. An intuitive picture or mental image of reality from sense experience is apparently structured from orthogonal and independent sense inputs in association with past memories. Such images are not necessarily visual but may have such qualities. Play of mind with information in mental images processed by molecular actors is guided with rules of reality to assure non-contradictory outcome of actions for successful behaviors （Rogers and Jain 1993）. Such functions have evolved to find food before becoming food, and fight or flight when in doubt. Shadows of ignorance that obscure mental images and associated states also have epistemic utility. Their success depends on learning from trials and errors to compensate for incomplete information and uncertainties with consideration of what could go wrong. Outcomes are also influenced by games played on mind by illusions, mistakes, surprises, ignorance. Loss of time, energy, and opportunity associated with ignored or misinterpreted information threaten survival. Equivocation, cynicism, wild goose chase, and vicious circle of sterile ideas encourage contradictory or inconsistent interpretations that compromise outcomes. Throughout the human history, ignorance of horsemen of apocalypse has unleashed havocs, perpetuated wars, epidemics, wrongful medical treatments, and economic disasters. What used to be crisis of ignorance has now become crisis of unintended consequences of inventions and other forms of knowledge. Ignorance of experts and head of states as horsemen of darkness brings misery to countless innocents. In Nay formalism, knowledge （gyan） is what knows with certainty （either as true or false）. Identifying uncertainties introduces doubt （syad） in what one knows. For finding ones way around lack of relevant evidence （agyan）, wisdom lies in recognition of ignorance and identifies problem to seek solution. Note that these states for propositions are not necessarily related by binary negations.展开更多
Africans fought against fascism in World War Ⅱ.More than a million African soldiers were engaged in this war,some as volunteers while most of them were forcibly conscripted.They fought in Africa,the Middle East,Europ...Africans fought against fascism in World War Ⅱ.More than a million African soldiers were engaged in this war,some as volunteers while most of them were forcibly conscripted.They fought in Africa,the Middle East,Europe and the Far East.But there contribution remains unacknowledged by the British and French because of racism and epistemologies of ignorance.Indeed,the World War Two memories discourse largely remains Eurocentric and tends to diminish the role played by other parts of world,especially Africa,in the World's Anti-Fascist War.This reflects the enduring Western hegemony in framing the World War 2 memories and historical narrative.Indeed,African scholars should be more assertive and unapologetic in highlighting Africa's outstanding contributions to the World's Anti-Fascist War,human rights and world peace.The days of marginalizing Africa in world history and global affairs are over.African scholars need to send that message loud and clear to the rest of the world.Africans must tell their own story to the world,on their own terms,assertively and unapologetically.展开更多
文摘The immune system operates as a complex organization with distinct roles and functions. Excitingly we recognized the similarities between the cellular dynamics of the immune system and our lives, activities, and behaviors. Observing the immune system can guide how to respond to various daily situations, including when to react, tolerate, or ignore. Recognizing this analogy between our lives and the immune system should motivate us to adopt a wisdom-based approach when investigating the mechanisms and future discoveries related to this system and to deepen our understanding of this complex system with newfound respect. In this context, the present review examines several integral biological processes of the immune system by drawing parallels between them and human life, activities, and behaviors to learn how we must behave based on the insights offered by this complex organization. The literature search was conducted in international databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar search engine using English equivalent keywords from 1998 up to April 2023. The search strategy used the following subject heading terms: Immune system, analogy, human life, cellular dynamics, memory, tolerance, and ignorance. In conclusion, the immune system is a complex organization comprising various cells interacting within specific sites and networks, communicating, drawing experiences, and learning how to tolerate certain conditions that make it share certain similarities with human life.
文摘Survival of organisms requires response to sense inputs and feedback. An intuitive picture or mental image of reality from sense experience is apparently structured from orthogonal and independent sense inputs in association with past memories. Such images are not necessarily visual but may have such qualities. Play of mind with information in mental images processed by molecular actors is guided with rules of reality to assure non-contradictory outcome of actions for successful behaviors （Rogers and Jain 1993）. Such functions have evolved to find food before becoming food, and fight or flight when in doubt. Shadows of ignorance that obscure mental images and associated states also have epistemic utility. Their success depends on learning from trials and errors to compensate for incomplete information and uncertainties with consideration of what could go wrong. Outcomes are also influenced by games played on mind by illusions, mistakes, surprises, ignorance. Loss of time, energy, and opportunity associated with ignored or misinterpreted information threaten survival. Equivocation, cynicism, wild goose chase, and vicious circle of sterile ideas encourage contradictory or inconsistent interpretations that compromise outcomes. Throughout the human history, ignorance of horsemen of apocalypse has unleashed havocs, perpetuated wars, epidemics, wrongful medical treatments, and economic disasters. What used to be crisis of ignorance has now become crisis of unintended consequences of inventions and other forms of knowledge. Ignorance of experts and head of states as horsemen of darkness brings misery to countless innocents. In Nay formalism, knowledge （gyan） is what knows with certainty （either as true or false）. Identifying uncertainties introduces doubt （syad） in what one knows. For finding ones way around lack of relevant evidence （agyan）, wisdom lies in recognition of ignorance and identifies problem to seek solution. Note that these states for propositions are not necessarily related by binary negations.
文摘Africans fought against fascism in World War Ⅱ.More than a million African soldiers were engaged in this war,some as volunteers while most of them were forcibly conscripted.They fought in Africa,the Middle East,Europe and the Far East.But there contribution remains unacknowledged by the British and French because of racism and epistemologies of ignorance.Indeed,the World War Two memories discourse largely remains Eurocentric and tends to diminish the role played by other parts of world,especially Africa,in the World's Anti-Fascist War.This reflects the enduring Western hegemony in framing the World War 2 memories and historical narrative.Indeed,African scholars should be more assertive and unapologetic in highlighting Africa's outstanding contributions to the World's Anti-Fascist War,human rights and world peace.The days of marginalizing Africa in world history and global affairs are over.African scholars need to send that message loud and clear to the rest of the world.Africans must tell their own story to the world,on their own terms,assertively and unapologetically.
