Estimation of Axial Pile Bearing Capacity According to Shear Strength Parameters of Soil

At pesent, it is very popular to estimate pile bearing capacity by use of empirical formula and physical indexes of soil provided in the design codes for civil construction in China. This paper attempts to apply mechanical indexes of soil and semi-empirical formulas, which are based on soil mechanical theories and were summarized and presented by Meyerhof in 1976, to calculate the axial pile bearing capacity. Loading test results of 24 single piles in Tianjin area have been collected and compared with the proposed calulation approach.

Elastic solutions for partially embedded single piles subjected to simultaneous axial and lateral loading

In order to improve the design level of partially embedded single piles under simultaneous axial and lateral loads, the differential solutions were deduced, in which the soil was treated as an ideal, elastic, homogeneous, semi-infinite isotropic medium. A comparison was made between model test results and the obtained solutions to show their validity. The calculation results indicate that the horizontal displacement and bending moment of the pile increase with increases of the axial and lateral loads. The maximum horizontal displacement and bending moment decrease by 37.9% and 13.9%, respectively, when the elastic modulus of soil increases from 4 MPa to 20 MPa. The Poisson ratio of soil plays a marginal role in pile responses. There is a critical pile length under the ground, beyond which the pile behaves as though it was infinitely long. The presented solutions can make allowance for the continuous nature of soil, and if condition permits, they can approach exact ones.

Discussion on pile axial load test methods and their applicability in cold regions

The measurement of pile axial load is of great significance to determining pile foundation design parameters such as skin friction and end bearing capacity and analyzing load transfer mechanisms.Affected by the temperature and ice content of frozen ground,the interface contact relationship between pile foundation and frozen soil is complicated,making pile axial load measurements more uncertain than that in non-frozen ground.Therefore,it is necessary to gain an in-depth understanding of the current pile axial load test methods.Four methods are systematically reviewed:vibrating wire sensors,strain gauges,sliding micrometers,and optical fiber strain sensors.At the same time,the applicability of the four test methods in frozen soil regions is discussed in detail.The first two methods are mature and commonly used.The sliding micrometer is only suitable for short-term measurement.While the Fiber Bragg grating(FBG)strain gauge meets the monitoring requirements,the Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometer(BOTDR)needs further verification.This paper aims to provide a technical reference for selecting and applying different methods in the pile axial load test for the stability study and bearing capacity assessment of pile foundations in cold regions.

Axial bearing behavior of super-long piles in deep soft clay over stiff layers

In order to find out the bearing behavior of super-long piles located in deep soft clay over stiff layers around Dongting Lake, China, a test pile was first designed with the field loading test finished afterward. Based on the measured test results, load transfer mechanism and bearing behavior of the pile shaft were discussed in detail. Then, by introducing a bi-linear model for shaft friction and the tri-linear model for pile tip resistance, respectively, the governing differential equation of pile soil system was set up by the load transfer method with the analytical solutions derived as well, taking into account the effect by stratified feature and various bearing conditions of subsoil, material nonlinearity, and the sediment under pile tip. Furthermore, formulas to determine the axial capacity of super-long piles by the pile top settlement were advised and applied to analyze the test pile. Good agreement between the predicted load settlement variations and the measured data is obtained to verify the validity of the present method. The results also show that, the axial bearing capacity of super-long piles should be controlled by the allowable pile top settlement, and buckling stability of the pile shaft should be paid attention as well.

Horizontal dynamic response of a large-diameter pipe pile considering the second-order effect of axial force

The second-order effect of axial force on horizontal vibrating characteristics of a large-diameter pipe pile is theoretically investigated.Governing equations of the pile-soil system are established based on elastodynamics.Threedimensional wave equations of soil are decoupled through differential transformation and variable separation.Consequently,expressions of soil displacements and horizontal resistances can be obtained.An analytical solution of the pile is derived based on continuity conditions between the pile and soil,subsequently from which expressions of the complex impedances are deduced.Analyses are carried out to examine the second-order effect of axial force on the horizontal vibrating behavior of the pipe pile.Some conclusions can be summarized as follows： stiffness and damping factors are decreased with the application of axial force on the pile head; distributions of the pile horizontal displacement and rotation angle are regenerated due to the second-order effect of the applied axial force; and redistributions of the bending moment and shearing force occur due to the second-order effect of the applied axial force.

3D FE Analysis of Effect of Ground Subsidence and Piled Spacing on Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Piled Raft and Axial Force of Piles in Piled Raft

The effects of ground subsidence and piled spacing on axial force of piles in squared piled rafts were investigated using numerical analysis. Two cases of piled rafts in soft clay including case 1 (s = 2d) and case 2 (s = 4d) with s and d were piled spacing and piled diameter respectively were considered in this study. Undrained (without ground water pumping) and drained (with ground water pumping) conditions were applied in each case in order to evaluate variations of ultimate bearing capacity of piled raft and axial force of the piles in piled raft. The results showed that ultimate bearing capacity increased about 25% for undrained condition and about 32% for drained condition when piled spacing increased from 2d to 4d. In the same piled spacing, axial force of the piles increased about 9% for piled spacing of 2d and 7% for piled spacing of 4d when drained condition was applied. When piled spacing increased 2 times (2d to 4d), the axial force of piles increased about 7% for undrained condition and about 5% for drained condition.

Axial Load Capacity of Cast in Place Piles from SPT and CPTU Data

This paper aims to deal with the assessment of axial load capacity for cast in place pile foundations, which are made by the earth drill method, by using the data taken from Standard Penetration Tests (SPTs) and Piezocone Penetration Tests (CPTUs). These tests were carried out as part of the investigation program for P.N.G. Terminal-Power Plant, near Semani beach, in Hoxhara marsh, in the western part of Albania. The design of axial load capacity of piles is based on empirical formula using SPT and CPTU values. This study presents the results of axial load capacity analysis of cast in place piles by different analytical calculation methods, which are based on in situ tests results, and also referring to the Building Standard Law of Japan. In the end of our work, differences between calculations methods by using different in situ tests results are shown in tables and graphs.

Finite element analysis of couple effect of soil displacement and axial load on single inclined pile

The couple effect of soil displacement and axial load on the single inclined pile in cases of surcharge load and uniform soil movement is discussed in detail with the methods of full-scale field tests and finite element method. Parametric analyses including the degree of inclination and the distance between soil and pile are carried out herein. When the displacement of soil on the left side and right side of a pile is identical, deformation of a vertical pile and an inclined pile is highly close in both cases of surcharge load and uniform soil movement. When the couple effect of soil displacement and axial load occurs, settlement of an inclined pile is greater than that of a vertical pile under the same axial load, and bearing capacity of an inclined pile is smaller than that of a vertical pile. This is quite different from the case when the inclined pile is not affected by soil displacement. For inclined piles, P-Δ effect of axial load would lead to a large increase in bending moment, however, for the vertical pile, P-Δ effect of axial load can be neglected. Although the direction of inclination of piles is reverse, deformation of piles caused by uniform soil movement is totally the same. For the inclined piles discussed herein, bending moment(-8 m to-17 m under the ground) relies heavily on uniform soil movement and does not change during the process of applying axial load. When the thickness of soil is less than the pile length, the greater the thickness of soil, the larger the bending moment at lower part of the inclined pile. When the thickness of soil is larger than the pile length, bending moment at lower part of the inclined pile is zero.

软土中单侧边载作用下桩基负摩阻力研究

软土中因土体压缩性较高,在边载状况下易产生桩基负摩阻力,从而对工程产生安全隐患。本文通过有限元法对软土中受边载作用的桩基础所受到的桩基负摩阻力进行数值模拟,分析了不同边载等级、不同边载位距对软土中桩基负摩阻力、中性点位置和桩身轴力的影响。结果表明,在边载等级增加时,软土中桩身轴力有明显上升趋势,并随桩体埋深增加呈非线性趋势增长,而桩基负摩阻力随深度变化呈现非线性减小的趋势,桩体的下拉力增加,边载效应增强;同等级边载效应时,当边载与桩基之间的距离增加时,软土中桩基负摩阻力逐渐减小,中性点位置位于桩体靠近底部位置处,并随边载位置改变而受到一定影响。

混凝土芯水泥土复合桩竖向承载特性分析方法

基于Euler梁理论和状态空间法,建立了综合考虑非线性芯桩-水泥土-桩周土界面作用的双层叠合直梁分析模型及其状态方程,推导了成层土中不同组合形式的复合桩截面内力与变形的统一解析解,有效地考虑了复合桩分析中土与结构相互作用、结构局部参数发生变化等难点。通过与已有文献中现场试验和数值计算结果对比,验证了该方法的有效性,并讨论了桩径比、芯长比和水泥土弹性模量对桩承载特性的影响。研究结果表明:(1)桩径比增大,可提供的桩侧摩阻力和桩端阻力增大,复合桩竖向承载力基本呈线性增长;(2)芯长比增大,复合桩竖向承载力的增长幅度逐渐增大;(3)水泥土弹性模量对于桩竖向承载力影响较小。

新建道路下穿铁路工程全施工阶段数值模拟分析

新建道路下穿铁路工程施工和运营期间产生荷载会对铁路高架桥桥墩附近土层产生竖向及侧向附加应力,桥墩易发生沉降和桩基承载力破坏,对铁路安全造成严重影响。为保证铁路安全不受道路施工和运营影响,需对工程设计方案进行安全性评估。结合某实际公路下穿铁路工程,采用MIDAS/GTS软件对新建道路下穿铁路工程施工全过程进行数值模拟,精确分析不同施工阶段对铁路的影响。分析结果表明道路施工最不利荷载工况下高铁桥墩沉降量均小于2 mm,墩桩基最大轴力均小于桥桩允许轴力值,理论计算能满足规范及原设计要求。通过数值模拟分析,可以为施工过程中铁路监测及监控提供可靠数据支撑,为以后类似工程实践提供参考。

大厚度湿陷性黄土场地群桩基础负摩阻力分析

文中采用有限元仿真方法,分析群桩的桩土沉降、负摩阻力以及桩身轴力。结果表明,群桩的极限荷载承载力为45 kN,所有桩的桩周土沉降量均随着深度的增加而不断降低。当距桩顶深度小于20 m时,中心桩的桩周土沉降最小;当距桩顶深度大于20 m时,中心桩的桩周土沉降最大。浸水后的角桩、边桩和中心桩的摩阻力分别比浸水前高40%、38%、33%。浸水前,桩身轴力随着桩顶深度的增加呈现不断降低的趋势;浸水后,桩身轴力随着桩顶深度的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势。距桩顶最远处,浸水后角桩、边桩和中心桩的桩身轴力均高于浸水前的桩身轴力。

低承台群桩基础竖向承载特性及优化设计

针对等刚度群桩基础易出现差异沉降、承台弯矩增大等问题,考虑总桩长一定且土体刚度沿深度线性增加的条件下,设定8种典型的群桩基础方案。运用PLAXIS 3D有限元软件建立群桩基础分析模型,结合现场大比例尺群桩载荷试验验证文中数值模拟法的合理可行性,进而针对5×5低承台群桩基础分析桩土刚度比、桩间距等因素对基础轴向刚度比和差异沉降比的影响。研究结果表明,当桩长配置为10、32、16、32、10m时,桩长配置有利于增加基础刚度;当桩长配置为14、24、24、24、14m时,桩长配置有利于减小基础差异沉降。研究为群桩基础的桩长优化设计提供一定的参考。

竖向轴心荷载作用下的公路桥梁桩基设计与施工技术研究

以钻孔灌注桩为研究对象,结合工程实例,对承受垂直方向负荷的公路桥梁桩基的设计进行分析,通过桩型和持力层的选择、单桩竖向承载力特征值的验算、桩基数量和桩长选择来确定设计方案,并对公路桥梁桩基钻孔灌注桩施工工艺进程详细介绍。

腰部设置横梁的双排桩受力分析

双排桩用于填方工程时,可在其腰部增设横梁,以提高填筑工程中双排桩的整体性。在介绍施工方法的基础上,基于有限元法,对腰部设置横梁的双排桩进行对比分析,计算结果表明:双排桩腰部设置横梁后,腰部横梁以上前排桩与后排桩的轴力与弯矩最大值均大幅度减小,故腰部横梁以上前排桩与后排桩的截面积、配筋均可大幅度减小。

不同荷载作用下桥梁摩擦桩承载特性研究

研究桥梁钻孔灌注摩擦桩的承载特性及桩身力学性质的分布规律对桥梁的安全稳定运行具有重要意义。以重庆三店互通式1号桥梁桩基为研究对象,根据桥梁桩基特点设计室内试验,依次进行了灌注摩擦桩单桩承载力、桩身轴力以及侧摩阻力等桩基性能研究,并将试验结果与数值模拟结果以及理论公式计算结果进行对比验证。研究表明:持力层岩性对桥梁灌注摩擦桩桩顶沉降量存在影响,持力层岩土性能越高,则桩顶沉降量越小;桩身轴力及摩阻力的变化幅度均随着桩顶荷载的增加呈先增大后减小的规律,且桩身中部所受到的摩阻力最大;经理论公式和有限元分析的验证,本次试验结果整体上偏差率较小,3种分析计算方法均可较好地得出灌注摩擦桩桩身轴力变化规律。研究结果可为桥梁运营后期的病害防治提供重要的理论支撑。

相邻基坑同步施工对围护结构受力变形的影响实例研究

相邻深基坑同步开挖施工对围护结构体系受力和变形的影响尚不明确。通过对同步施工的某建筑物深大基坑与相邻地铁车站基坑进行监测,对比分析了相邻部位和非相邻部位围护结构顶部位移、水平支撑轴力、深层土体水平位移、地表沉降以及地下水位等的变化。监测结果表明:(1)当车站基坑开挖深度较浅时,建筑基坑相邻部位桩因两侧土压不平衡导致桩顶向坑外侧移而竖向位移出现“上浮”现象,但是,当车站基坑开挖深度超过建筑基坑深度时,建筑基坑相邻部位桩桩顶水平位移转向坑内加剧发展而竖向位移出现“回落”现象;(2)受邻近基坑卸载影响,建筑基坑水平支撑轴力将减小;(3)两基坑间地表沉降大于非相邻部位,且地表沉降变化与桩顶位移和地下水位变化相关联;(4)相邻部位基坑壁深层土体水平位移有向坑外变形的趋势。

Response of carrying capacity of piles induced by adjacent Metro tunneling

Construction of tunnels in urban areas requires assessment of the impact of tunneling on the stability and integrity of existing pile foundations.We have focused our attention to the analysis of the carrying capacity of pile foundations provided by the impact of construction of urban tunnels on adjacent pile foundations,under the engineering background of the construction of the # 2 Line of the Guangzhou subway.It is carried out using a fast Lagrangian analysis of a continuum in a 3D numerical code,which is an elastoplastic three-dimensional finite difference model,to simulate the response of piles under the entire process of metro tunneling(deactivation of soil element and activation of the lining).The adjacent stratum around the tunnel is classified into three regions:Zone I(upper adjacent stratum of tunnel),Zone II(45°-upper-lateral adjacent stratum of tunnel) and Zone III(lateral adjacent stratum of tunnel).In each region one typical pile is chosen to be calculated and analyzed in detail.Numerical simulations are mainly conducted at three points of each pile shaft:the side-friction force of the pile,the tip resistance of the pile and the axial loading of the pile.A contrasting analysis has been conducted both in the response of typical piles in different regions and from computer calculated values with site monitoring values.The results of numerical simulations show that the impact on carrying capacity of the piles lies mainly in the impact of construction of urban tunnels on the side-friction forces and the tip resistance of piles.The impact differs considerably among the different strata zones where the pile tips are located.The complicated rules of side-friction force and tip resistance of piles has resulted in complicated rules of pile axial loading thus,in the end,it impacts the carrying capacity of pile-foundations.It is necessary to take positive measures,such as stratum grouting stabilization or foundation underpinning,etc,to deal with the carrying capacity and the settlement of pile-foundations.The results are of value to similar engineering projects.

超长大直径钻孔桩基础现场压缩静载荷测试分析

文中以某桥梁工程为例,对静载作用下不同类型桩的沉降量时程响应曲线以及荷载随深度的传递机制进行分析。结果表明,相同荷载水平下,2号桩的沉降量与1号桩相比降低了55.3%~67.8%。所有荷载水平下,钻孔灌注桩的桩身轴力随着深度的增加呈现不断下降的趋势。相同荷载条件下,钻孔灌注桩的桩身轴力略高于1号桩的桩身轴力,最大荷载水平下,2号桩的桩端部支撑百分比高于1号桩的端部支撑百分比。随着施加荷载水平的增加,钻孔灌注桩的桩侧摩阻力呈现先快速增加后平稳的趋势。相同荷载水平下,2号桩的桩侧摩阻力大于1号桩的桩侧摩阻力。总之,桩越长,钻孔灌注桩的承载能力越强。

锥形帽单桩竖向承载力模型试验研究

利用等截面桩、方形帽桩和锥形帽桩3种单桩室内模型对比试验研究了锥形帽桩的竖向承载能力,重点分析其桩顶荷载-沉降曲线、桩身轴力分布规律、桩侧摩阻力曲线和荷载分担比。结果表明,锥形帽桩的极限承载力最大,相较于等截面桩和方形帽桩,锥形帽桩极限承载力分别提高了40.0%和16.7%;且锥形帽单桩的轴力分布更加均衡,其侧摩阻力呈先增大后减小再增加的趋势;桩顶锥形桩帽的设置能改善桩体受力状态,减小负摩阻力影响,提高材料利用率;试验中锥形帽单桩的桩侧阻力占总承载力的比例约63.8%,相比等截面桩与方形帽桩相应值分别增加了128.3%和59.4%,其侧摩阻力在三种桩型中为最大,整体表现为摩擦桩。