A new algorithm based on the background field for red tide monitoring in the East China Sea

Remote sensing has been proven to be an effective means of monitoring red tides. The spectral information is an important basis for establishing a model to monitor red tides. The spectral curves of red tide events are analyzed and compared with multiyear monthly averaged spectral curves based on MODIS data from July 2002 to June 2012, as well as spectral differences at the same location during red tide presence and absence. A red tide monitoring algorithm is developed based on the background field to extract the red tide information of the East China Sea （ECS）. With the application of the algorithm in the ECS, the results reveal that the developed model can effectively determine the location of red tides, with good correspondence to the results from an official bulletin. This demonstrates that the algorithm can effectively extract the red tide information.

A numerical model study on multi-species harmful algal blooms coupled with background ecological fields

Based on systematized physical, chemical, and biological modules, a multi-species harmful algal bloom （HAB） model coupled with background ecological fields was established. This model schematically embod-ied that HAB causative algal species and the background ecological system, quantified as total biomass, were significantly different in terms of the chemical and biological processes during a HAB while the inter-action between the two was present. The model also included a competition and interaction mechanism between the HAB algal species or populations. The Droop equation was optimized by considering tempera-ture, salinity, and suspended material impact factors in the parameterization of algal growth rate with the nutrient threshold. Two HAB processes in the springs of 2004 and 2005 were simulated using this model. Both simulation results showed consistent trends with corresponding HAB processes observed in the East China Sea, which indicated the rationality of the model. This study made certain progress in modeling HABs, which has great application potential for HAB diagnosis, prediction, and prevention.

Influence of regional background stress fields on the spontaneous rupture of the major faults around Xiluodu dam,China

Simulations of the spontaneous rupture of potential earthquakes in the vicinity of reservoir dams can provide accurate parameters for seismic resilience assessment,which is essential for improving the seismic performance of reservoir dams.In simulations of potential spontaneous ruptures,fault geometry,regional stress fields,constitutive parameters of the fault friction law,and many other factors control the slip rate,morphology,and dislocation of the rupture,thereby affecting the simulated ground motion parameters.The focus of this study was to elucidate the effects of the background stress field on the nucleation and propagation of spontaneous ruptures based on the factors influencing potential M>7 earthquake events on the Leibo Middle Fault(LBMF)and the Mabian-Yanjing Fault(MB-YJF)in the Xiluodu dam(XLD)region.Our simulation results show that the magnitude of the regional background stress field plays a decisive role in whether a destructive earthquake exceeding the critical magnitude will occur.We found that the direction and magnitude of the regional stress significantly affect the range of rupture propagation on the fault plane,and fault geometry affects the spatial distribution of the rupture range.Under the same regional stress field magnitude and orientation,a more destructive,high-magnitude earthquake is more likely to occur on the LBMF than on the MB-YJF.

Density and temperature reconstruction of a flame-induced distorted flow field based on background-oriented schlieren(BOS) technique

An experimental system based on the background-oriented schlieren（BOS） technique is built to reconstruct the density and temperature distribution of a flame-induced distorted flow field which has a density gradient. The cross-correlation algorithm with sub-pixel accuracy is introduced and used to calculate the background-element displacement of a disturbed image and a fourth-order difference scheme is also developed to solve the Poisson equation. An experiment for a disturbed flow field caused by a burning candle is performed to validate the built BOS system and the results indicate that density and temperature distribution of the disturbed flow field can be reconstructed accurately. A notable conclusion is that in order to make the reconstructed results have a satisfactory accuracy, the inquiry step length should be less than the size of the interrogation window.

基于GPR-LSTM的地震热红外背景场的构建方法

地震监测是一项非常重要且具有挑战性的任务,遥感技术的不断发展加强了在宏观尺度上对地球表面的监测能力。研究表明,地震前通常都会出现地表温度异常升高的现象,因此各种异常提取算法被应用于地震热异常研究中。其中,基于背景场的提取方法由于具有较强的机理解释性而受到广泛应用。然而,以往基于背景场的异常提取方法更多将背景场限定于某一固定阈值,忽略了受外界因素(非震)影响导致的地表温度的小范围正常波动。据此,文中提出了一种基于GPR-LSTM的地震热红外背景场的构建方法。该方法包括两大部分:震期年变基准场的建立、实际LST的残差波动范围计算及背景场的构建。基于MODIS地表温度产品,以2008年四川汶川和新疆于田地震为研究对象,使用所述方法对地震前兆热异常信息进行提取与分析,经过实验得出以下结论:1)地震热异常通常沿青藏高原的断层分布,这不仅证明了文中方法能够减弱地表温度数据中噪声的干扰,同时也证明该方法在热异常信息提取方面的有效性;2)地震年份的构造活动比非地震年份更加活跃,导致地表温度的异常增温更加明显;3)不同地震案例震前的热异常时空特征各不相同。

基于现场可编程门阵列的水果识别系统设计

针对目前大多数水果识别系统实时性差和成本较高的问题,本文提出一种基于现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的水果识别系统。整体硬件设计包含图像采集、检测识别和显示模块。软件部分通过图像采集平台将水果图像存储至双倍数据率同步动态随机存储器(DDR3)控制模块,进行图像灰度化处理,并创造性地提出背景帧差法对水果图像进行分割。通过融合水果颜色和几何特征,实现对水果数量、颜色和种类的识别。整个水果识别系统在不同光照下对常见水果进行了测试。实验结果表明,水果平均识别准确率达到93.25%,识别速度约为16.67 ms,FPGA硬件资源消耗率仅占28.02%,可以满足实时性需求。

基于等效磁路网络法的均匀正交磁场对环形磁芯等效电感的影响

电源中的磁性元件对外部磁场天然敏感,其工作特性直接影响电源的输出特性。实现背景磁场的建模是研究电源中磁性元件受强杂散磁场干扰问题的重要前提,但目前关注这一应用场景的相关研究较少,且常用的电磁场分析方法难以兼顾计算的精度和效率。基于等效磁路网络法提出了一种杂散磁场效应的分析方法,该方法将研究对象等效生成磁路单元,离散形成网络模型,并通过求解等效磁路系统方程得到模型的场量分布。以一款具体的环形铁氧体磁芯为例,利用等效磁路网络法计算了环形磁芯在直流激励和均匀正交磁场下的场量分布,分析了背景磁场对其等效电感的影响。通过对比等效磁路网络法与有限元法的计算结果,验证了该方法的准确性与高效性,且适用于电源受背景磁场干扰问题的分析。

不同遗传背景亲本及其杂交种对田间出苗率的影响

为了研究细胞质不同亲本及其杂交种对田间出苗率的影响,以29个AL型不育系和25个恢复系为亲本材料配制了双列杂交组合,以“同母多父”和“同父多母”的方式,对杂交种和亲本的田间出苗率进行比较分析。结果表明,细胞质遗传背景不同的恢复系、保持系、杂交种之间田间出苗率差异不显著。杂交种与双亲的田间出苗率间呈显著正相关,田间出苗率高的亲本所配置杂交种田间出苗率表现出较高杂种优势。杂交种田间出苗率应该作为优异亲本的重要指标得到重视。

ARCADE 2 Spatial Roar, What Theory of Relation Reveals

The theory of Relation provides an explanation for the Arcade 2 excess. It assumes that the isotropic radio emission measured by the Arcade 2 Collaboration, which is 5 - 6 times brighter than the expected contributions from known extra-galactic sources, is the residue of an immense primitive energy of ordinary matter released by a relativistic bang almost 100 million years after the big bang, which gave the mass-energy the missing gravity to activate contraction. This relativistic bang, via a Lorentz energy transformation, would have released enormous energy held to be the source of the powerful radio noise detected by the NASA researchers. This transformation would have simultaneously triggered the formation of the first stars from dense gas and the reionization of less dense neutral gas. This departs from the idea that continuous reionization began after the formation of the first stars. We emphasize the importance of primordial magnetic fields, which would have generated significant density fluctuations during recombination and acted as a direct seed for cosmic structures. The first stars and galaxies were bathed in strong magnetic fields that gave rise to the radio microwave din (boom) discovered by Arcade 2. These intense magnetic fields alter the trajectory of charged particles zooming near the speed of light, triggering the space roar and emitting radiation that forms a synchrotron radio background. The theory of Relation offers an alternative to the Lambda-CDM cosmological model, which has become the standard model of the big bang, which leads straight to the vacuum catastrophe.

邢台震区应力场特征及M_(L)3.5以上地震的发震背景分析

邢台老震区构造背景复杂,发育多组断裂,属构造较不稳定地带,且区域中小地震频发。2017年至2021年发生6次M_(L)3.5以上地震,其中有两次M L4以上地震。本文基于搜集的震源机制解资料,反演区域现今地壳应力场,模拟震源机制与地壳应力场的关系,计算地壳应力场在地震发震断层面上的相对剪应力和相对正应力,分析地震的发震背景。结果表明,6次M_(L)3.5以上地震中,有2次震源机制节面接近应力场的最大剪应力节面,有4次震源机制节面远离应力场的最大剪应力节面。说明地震不是完全按照震源机制节面上具有最大剪应力的破裂方向发生,有时可能发生在某些薄弱带上。因此,在进行地震预测时,不能只关注最大剪应力破裂方向,还应多关注其边缘的地质薄弱带,这一结果可能会为后续分析该区域的地震危险性,研究地震孕育机制及动力学过程提供一定的参考依据。

3-D finite element modeling for evolution of stress field and interaction among strong earthquakes in Sichuan-Yunnan region

Based on the latest achievement about activities of geological structure, a 3-D finite-element model containing four layers of upper crust, lower crust (two layers) and upper mantle is established in the paper. By repeated tests and revisions, the boundary conditions of the model are determined. And then the background stress field, the stress field caused by fault creep and the stress field triggered by strong earthquake in Sichuan-Yunnan region, as well as their dynamic variations are calculated. The results indicate that the latter earthquake often occurs in the area with positive Coulomb rupture stress change associated with the former one, the former earthquake has a triggering effect on the latter one to a certain extent, and strong earthquake often occur in groups under the background of high stress, which is of great significance for distinguishing seismic anomalies, as well as for improving the level of earthquake prediction.

Transverse Zeeman background correction method for air mercury measurement

By utilizing a natural mercury lamp, the transverse Zeeman background correction method, which is used for trace mercury measurement in air, is studied. In this paper, a natural mercury lamp is used as a light source, and is placed in a 1.78-T magnetic field. The lamp emits two linearly polarized light beams σ± and π of 253.65-nm resonance line, which are used as bias light and absorbing light, respectively. A polarization modulation system is used to allow σ± and π light beams to pass through alternately with a certain frequency. A multipath optical cell with 12-m optical path is used to increase optical distance. Based on the system described above, the influence caused by UV absorbing gases, such as NO2, SO2, acetone, benzene, and O3, is analyzed. The results show that it may reduce the detection limit when the concentrations of these gases exceed 83.4 ppm, 20.3 ppm, 142.3 ppm, 0.85 ppm, and 0.55 ppm, respectively. The detection limit of the system is calculated and can achieve up to 1.44 ng/m3 in 10 minutes. Measurements on mercury sample gas and air are carded out, and the measured data are compared with the data of RA-915 mercury analyzer （Russia）. The result shows that the correlation coefficient reaches up to 0.967. The experimental results indicate that the transverse Zeeman background correction method can be used to quantify trace mercury in air with high-precision.

The Dynamic Characteristics of Strain Fields and Crustal Movement before the Wenchuan Earthquake (M_S=8.0)

In this paper, we analyze the crustal movements, strain field changes and large scale dynamic characteristics of horizontal deformation before the Wenchuan earthquake (M_S=8.0) using GPS data obtained from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China. The following issues are discussed. First, the strain fields of the Longmenshan fault zone located at the epicenter show slow accumulation, because of the tectonic dynamics process subjected to the eastward movement of the Bayan Har block. Second, the different movements between the Longmenshan fault and South China block are smaller than the errors of GPS observation. Third, the high value of compressive strain (2004～2007) is located at the epicenter, which shows that the local squeezing action is stronger than before. Fourth, the data from GPS reference stations in the Chinese Mainland show that crustal shortening is faster than before in the north-eastern direction, which is part of the background of the local tectonic dynamics increase in the Longmenshan fault zone.

基于探针的声爆测量风洞试验技术研究

风洞试验是开展声爆研究必不可少的技术手段,而从复杂的风洞试验环境中准确获取具有弱信号属性的声爆信号是风洞试验技术的关键。为研究暂冲式跨超声速风洞试验环境对声爆信号测量的影响,依托小型暂冲式跨超声速风洞,研制以干扰最小化针状探针为测量设备的试验装置,建立探针、模型独立运动的双运动试验系统,发展基于探针的声爆测量技术。以典型锥柱体模型为研究对象,对比了探针固定、模型移动和模型固定、探针移动2种试验方式所获完整声爆信号的差异,研究了锥柱体模型声爆传播规律和风洞背景流场对声爆测量的影响。结果表明:模型固定、探针移动和探针固定、模型移动2种试验方式相比,前者将引起声爆信号畸变,导致较为严重的声爆信号失真,后者得到的声爆信号曲线更为光滑准确,是相对更可靠的试验方式;风洞背景流场分布对声爆信号测量影响显著,声爆测量风洞试验须详细掌握风洞背景流场分布并尽可能保持其稳定,再在此基础上对模型、探针在风洞中的位置及模型与探针的相对位置进行严格选取。

The Background Variation of Natural Source ELF and Its EM Abnormal Phenomena in Yunnan Earthquakes

In order to add earthquake monitoring methods and develop new method research,the ELF Network for Earthquake Monitoring selected 30 stations in the Capital Circle and the Sichuan-Yunnan region. Finding electromagnetic field background variation is the basis of distinguishing the seismic electromagnetic anomalies. This paper introduces the data acquisition and selection of the Shexian,Anqiu,Lijiang and Dali stations which have recorded for longer time with better data and are located on the similar latitude. Then we use the natural source electromagnetic field's auto-power spectrum to express the intensity of the electromagnetic field. By using power spectral data of many frequencies in the observation frequency band,after the data pre-processing and sliding average noising,the background variation of extremely low frequency stations and the range ability were acquired.Taking the Baoshan M5. 1 earthquake on October 30,2015 and Dali M5. 0 earthquake on May 18,2016 as examples,the authors analyzed the earthquake electromagnetic anomaly characteristic of ELF stations around the earthquakes.

2020年牙买加M_W7.7地震前蜂群卫星磁场的时变背景场与异常分析

蜂群卫星磁场数据受地磁活动和地方时的影响,本文先通过变分模态分解去除地磁活动对数据的影响,再建立时变背景场以消除地方时对数据的影响。基于建立的时变背景场,我们利用蜂群卫星磁场数据对2020年牙买加M_W7.7地震进行震前异常分析,计算地震影响区域内轨道数据的能量值,利用时变背景场设置阈值提取异常。结果表明:牙买加地震影响区域内的异常轨道累计数量在震前50天至震前43天出现加速增长的现象。此外,基于时变背景场与昼、夜侧背景场提取异常的结果对比显示:由于昼、夜侧背景场的建立混合了多个当地时间的磁场数据,高值背景场会被低值背景场拉低,导致部分非异常的轨道被错误地识别为异常轨道;而低值背景场会被高值背景场抬高,导致部分异常轨道不能被识别。而时变背景场针对每一个地方时建立了更为准确的背景,其时间分辨率高,能凸显出不同地方时卫星磁场数据的背景值差异,这对异常轨道的准确提取十分重要。进一步对岩石层、大气层和电离层多圈层的参量进行了震前异常分析,并对三个圈层的异常出现时间进行解释,证明了这些异常可能与牙买加地震的孕育有关。

基于改进两步差法的玛多M_(S)7.4地震微波异常研究

针对2011年提出的两步差法在地震微波异常提取中的不足,提出了改进两步差法,该方法通过使用层次聚类和小波分析两种算法,克服了原方法中未考虑不同地物类型引起的亮温差异、亮温背景场不够稳健等问题,从而使异常结果在空间形态和异常幅度上更加合理,并将该方法应用于2021年5月22日青海省玛多县M_(S)7.4地震的微波异常提取。结果显示,玛多地震前三个月出现了一条长约900 km、增温幅值达12 K的NE向亮温增温条带,与2010年4月14日MS7.1玉树地震前异常特征在空间分布和演化特征上均有很高的相似性。此外,异常出现的时间和幅度与震级有一定相关性,震级较大的玛多地震出现异常时间较早,幅度较大;而震级较小的玉树地震出现异常时间较晚,幅度较小,且两次地震的微波亮温增温幅值均达8 K以上。初步的机理分析认为,地震前的微波异常条带与该区域的NE向张性断裂和张性断陷带在空间上分布一致,异常的出现可能与地震前该断陷带的地热活动以及地表岩石的发射率变化有关。

月球冷却过程中的热应力与月震机制之间关系的初步分析

大量研究表明深源月震的周期性是由地球对月球的潮汐作用引起,但固体潮汐差应力的最大值远小于深源月震发生所需的岩体破裂应力,因此在潮汐力以外,应存在其他背景构造应力.此外,由于月球上并没有活跃的板块运动,浅源月震的发生机制也有待解决.本文用参量化模型初步模拟了月球冷却和岩石圈增厚的历史,并初步计算了月球内部的热应力增长速率以及长期应力松弛下累积至今的热应力,特别关注了深、浅源月震区域近期应力特征.研究结果显示:浅源月震区域内,热应力大小可以造成浅源月震区岩体破裂,且热应力以水平挤压为主,足以产生逆掩断层月震,与实际观测吻合;深源月震区域内,热应力虽然也有集中,但其量级大小并不足以成为造成无水干月岩破裂的主要原因.我们推测深源月震很可能与月幔最下层的部分熔融层释放的流体有关.本文的研究初步揭示了月球冷却收缩热应力与深、浅源月震产生机理间的关系,对未来的进一步深入研究提供了基础.

水下地形匹配导航现状及发展趋势

为了深入研究水下地形匹配导航技术,本文依据国内外最新研究成果,系统地总结了该技术的研究进展,认为已建立了融合实测和反演水深的全球海底地形模型,形成了适用于不同情况的地形匹配算法体系,建立了地形特征集与适配性关系,构建了满足间歇/连续地形匹配的策略及与惯性导航系统信息融合的抗差模型,发展了匹配导航系统,综合促进了水下地形匹配导航技术的进步。分析了当前研究存在的问题,并指出高精度高分辨率全球水深模型构建、在航测深数据处理、稳健匹配导航算法和系统研发是该技术未来的发展方向。

基于数值模式订正背景场的多普勒雷达径向速度退模糊的改进

针对多普勒雷达径向风存在速度模糊的问题,提出一种基于数值模式背景场信息且对背景场信息再订正的雷达径向速度退模糊方法.利用中尺度数值模式模拟大气三维风场并将其作为背景场,基于背景参考和连续性原理对背景场进行多次风速偏差订正,使用订正后的背景场对雷达径向速度进行退模糊.针对两次台风个例进行多普勒天气雷达径向风的速度退模糊试验.结果表明,经过多次偏差订正的模式背景风场与观测的径向风偏差较小,能够较好地实现速度退模糊效果,避免径向速度大片区域无法退模糊或错误退模糊的问题,模糊区域径向速度廓线的不合理突变得到有效纠正,并能够在雷达各个仰角有效纠正一次模糊和二次模糊。