A Knowledge-based System for the Analysis of the Ability of Paying back Loans

This paper describes the development of a knowledgebased system (KBS) for determining whether or not, and under what conditions, a bank Ioan officer should grant a business loan to a company. The prototype system developed focuses on what is bank loans risks management, how to prevent risk by the analysis of the ability of paying back loans. The paper makes the structural analysis involved in the system's decision situation, the structured situation diagram or model, dependency diagram and the document needed by the KBS prototype system thus are developed. Through testing the samples from loan business, the quality for the analysis of the ability of paying back loans can be effectively evaluated by the KBS prototype system.

Intelligent Decision Support System for Bank Loans Risk Classification

Intelligent Decision Support System (IISS) for Bank Loans Risk Classification (BLRC), based on the way of integration Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Expert System (ES), is proposed. According to the feature of BLRC, the key financial and non-financial factors are analyzed. Meanwhile, ES and Model Base (MB) which contain ANN are designed . The general framework,interaction and integration of the system are given. In addition, how the system realizes BLRC is elucidated in detail.

Designing of Commercial Bank Loans Risk Early Warning System Based on BP Neural Networks

According to the index early warning method, a commercial bank loans risk early warning system based on BP neural networks is proposed. The warning signal is mainly involved with the financial situation signal of loaning corporation. Except the structure description of the system structure the demonstration of attemptive designing is also elaborated.

Global Financial Crisis and Accounting Rules： The Implications of the New Exposure Draft （ED） Financial Instruments： Expected Credit Losses on the Evaluation of Banking Company Loans

During the financial crisis, the delayed recognition of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments was identified as a weakness in existing incurred loss model of impairment stated by International Accounting Standards （IAS） 39, because it is believed that this delay might generate pro-cyclical effects. In response to the recommendations of G20, Financial Crisis Advisory Group （FCAG）, and other international bodies, the International Accounting Standards Board （IASB） has undertaken, since 2009, as a part of the project to replace IAS 39, a project （partially shared with Financial Accounting Standards Board （FASB）） aimed at introducing an expected loss model of impairment. Within the scope of this subset project, the IASB has previously issued two exposure documents proposing models to account for expected credit losses： an exposure draft （ED） Financial Instrument： Amortized Cost and Impairment, published in November 2009, and a supplementary document （SD） Financial Instrument： Impairment, published jointly with the FASB in January 2011. However, neither of the two proposals received strong support from interested parties. Recently, the IASB, after the FASB＇s decision to withdraw from the joint project and to develop a separate expected credit loss model based on a single measurement approach consisting in the sole recognition of lifetime expected credit losses, published a third proposal--Ahe so-called expected credit losses model （ED/2013/3 Financial Instruments： Expected Credit Losses）.

扶正化纤方调控PI3K/AKT/BAD信号通路对肝纤维化小鼠的作用及机制

目的基于PI3K/AKT/BAD信号通路探讨扶正化纤方对肝纤维化小鼠的作用及机制。方法采用腹腔注射20%四氯化碳-橄榄油溶液0.2 mL,每周3次,连续4周,复制肝纤维化小鼠模型。将C57B/L雄性小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、安络化纤丸组(0.78 g·kg^(-1))以及扶正化纤方低、中、高剂量组(3.1、6.2、12.4 g·kg^(-1)),每组6只。灌胃给药(10 mL·kg^(-1)),每日1次,持续4周。使用小动物超声仪检测肝脏弹性值;HE、Masson、天狼星红染色法观察小鼠肝脏组织病理变化;ELISA法检测血清透明质酸(HA)、层黏蛋白(LN)、Ⅲ型前胶原(P-ⅢC)及Ⅳ型胶原(Ⅳ-C)水平;qRT-PCR及Western Blot法检测肝脏组织中AKT、BAD、Bax、Bcl-2 mRNA及蛋白表达;免疫荧光法检测肝脏组织中α-SMA表达水平。结果与空白组比较,模型组小鼠的体质量、肝质量明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);肝脏弹性值显著升高(P<0.01);胶原纤维面积占比显著升高(P<0.01);血清HA、LN、P-ⅢC、Ⅳ-C水平均显著升高(P<0.01);肝脏组织α-SMA阳性表达面积占比显著升高(P<0.01),AKT、Bcl-2 mRNA及蛋白表达显著上调(P<0.01),BAD、Bax mRNA及蛋白表达显著下调(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,各给药组小鼠的体质量、肝质量均明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);肝脏弹性值均显著降低(P<0.01);胶原纤维面积占比均显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);血清HA、LN、P-ⅢC、IV-C水平均显著下降(P<0.01);肝脏组织α-SMA阳性表达面积占比显著降低(P<0.01),Bcl-2 mRNA及蛋白表达显著下调(P<0.01),AKT蛋白表达显著下调(P<0.01),BAD、Bax mRNA表达显著上调(P<0.01)。扶正化纤方中、高剂量组小鼠肝脏组织中AKT mRNA表达显著下调(P<0.01),Bax蛋白表达显著上调(P<0.01);扶正化纤方低、高剂量组小鼠肝脏组织中BAD蛋白表达显著上调(P<0.01)。结论扶正化纤方可能通过PI3K/AKT/BAD信号通路调控下游Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达,促进活化肝星状细胞(HSC)凋亡,减少细胞外基质(ECM)及胶原纤维合成,从而改善四氯化碳诱导的肝纤维化小鼠肝内纤维间质沉积。

Problems in Development of Micro-credit Loans to Farmers in China and Countermeasures

There are problems of inadequate natural endowment and weak stamina in the development of micro-credit loans to farmers in China. Specifically,existing problems include narrow profit space,serious non-agricultural trend of funds,high dependence on government support,short life cycle,and constantly increasing operating risks. These problems are related to endogenous drawback in design,defect in operating procedure,lagging in relevant policies and measures,and vacancy in risk compensation mechanism.

An Empirical Study of the Allocation Efficiency of Rural Financial Resources in Hubei Province from the Perspective of Agricultural Loans

The incompatibility of China's economy and finance has to some extent inhibited the development of rural economy. Taking Hubei Province for example,we measure the allocation efficiency of rural financial resources from the perspective of agricultural input and output,and use the modern rural financial development theory to set forth some policy recommendations on how to build a new rural financial resource allocation system. Studies have shown that the allocation efficiency of rural financial resources is low in China,and improving the allocation efficiency of rural financial resources is the key to perfecting rural financial environment while increasing financial support for agriculture.

The Impact of Bank-Specific and Macroeconomic Factors on Non-performing Loans in Sri Lankan Commercial Banks

The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans in systemically and non-systemically important commercial banks in Sri Lanka over 10 year’s period from 2004 to 2013.Also,the study examines the impact of civil war that prevailed in the country for 30 years on the ex-post credit risk of the banking sector.The study employed panel data methodology to investigate the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic factors on non-performing loans.Panel unit root test has been undertaken in order to test the stationary of the variables.Hausman test and Wald coefficient restriction test were used to select the appropriate model out of pooled,random,and fixed effect.A dummy variable panel regression model adopted to study the war effect,considering 2009 as the structural year.Findings revealed that return on assets as a proxy for bank efficiency has a significant negative influence,while non-interest income as a proxy for income diversity is positively correlated with non-performing loans of systemically important banks.Both real gross domestic products and lending rates were highly significant in both bank types.On contrary with literature,growth in bank branches is negatively correlated.Public banks do not account for higher level of non-performing loans compared to their private counterpart.Finally,it was identified that civil war had an effect on the level of non-performing loans in commercial banks.The research would have benefited if the analysis is carried out among classified types of loans offered by commercial banks.Future researchers should involve in identifying the most significant contributing loan type to the non-performing loans and its determinants.This study is one of the few studies which have investigated the causes of non-performing loans in the commercial banking industry in Sri Lanka.The analysis of civil war and its impact on non-performing loans is the first study of that nature to be conducted in the context.

Loans to Foreign-Funded Enterprises

With the implementation of the opening policy, the Bank of China(BOC) started lending to foreignfunded enterprises early in the 1980s. At the end of 1993, 50 percent of foreignfunded enterprise had opened accounts with the BOC. BOC has made US dollar loans worth $16.8 billion, and RMB ioans of ￥ 135.55 billion to

Research in the Securitization of the Non-performing Loans of China＇s State-owned Banks

In this paper, through analyzing the necessity of the securitization of the non-performing loans of China＇s state-owned banks, the author proposes some tentative ideas for the securitization of the non-performing loans and works out some problems that need to be solved in this process.

World Bank loans help ease Central China's power Supply Shortage

Central China’s power sup-ply will get a major boostfrom the expansion of Henan Province’sYanshi Thermal Power Plant --a project involving $180 million worth of WorldBank loans. Yanshi Plant is situated on thesouth bank of Yellow River, about 30 kmeast of Luoyang Municipality. Once com-pleted at the end of 1995, the plant willboast an installed capacity of 1000 MW,

Predictive Modeling and Expectable Loss Analysis for Borrower Defaults of Mortgage Loans

Home mortgage loan lending firms are exposed to many business risks.This paper focuses on the mortgage loan borrower risks and proposes a prospective loss analysis approach in regard to loan repayment defaults of borrowers.For this purpose,a predictive modeling is presented in three stages.In the first stage,occurrence of borrower defaults in a mortgage loans portfolio is modeled through the generalized linear models(GLMs)type regressions for which we specify a logistic distribution for default events.The second stage of modeling develops a survival analysis in order to estimate survival probability and hazard rate functions for individual loans.Ultimately,an expectable loss amount model is presented in the third stage as a function of conditional survival probabilities and corresponding hazard rates at loan levels.Throughout all modeling stages,a large and real data set is used as an empirical analysis case by which detailed interpretations and practical implications of the obtained results are stated.

Non-performing Loans in Turkish Banking Sector and Balance Sheets Effects

In the 21st century, while the scope of banking activities has been expanding every day, collecting deposits and providing credit remain as their main and most important functions. They transfer the collected funds thanks to the market confidence they create back to the market in terms of the credits they give. For the organizations operating in the banking sector, crediting is the highest revenue earning source. However, uncollected loans may disrupt the activities of banks and may reduce their effectiveness. Therefore, the control of bank credits has a particular importance in the bank balance sheets. In this study, the relationship between bank balance sheets and non-performing loans （NPL） will be analyzed using Granger causality test and vector autoregressive （VAR） method. This study aims to discuss the impact of NPL on balance sheets and contribute to making correct credit decisions. It also intends to assist to reduce the NPL ratios of banks and minimize the level of negativity in their financial statements.

Guidelines Procurement under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits

I. INTRODUCTIONPurpose1.1 The purpose of these Guidelines is to informthose carrying out a project that is financed in wholeor in part by a loan from the International Bank forReconstruction and Development (IBRD) or a creditfrom the International Development Association(IDA), of the arrangements to be made for procur-ing the goods and works (including relatedservices) required for the project. The Loan Agree-ment governs the legal relationships between the Bor-rower and the Bank, and the Guidelines are made ap-plicable to procurement of goods and works for theproject, as provided in the agreement. The rightsand obligations of the Borrower and the providers ofgoods and works for the project are governed by thebidding documents, and by the contracts signed bythe Borrower with the providers of goods and works,and not by these Guidelines or the Loan Agreements.No party other than the parties to the Loan Agree-ment shall derive any rights therefrom or have anyclaim to loan proceeds.

Hybrid 1DCNN-Attention with Enhanced Data Preprocessing for Loan Approval Prediction

In order to reduce the risk of non-performing loans, losses, and improve the loan approval efficiency, it is necessary to establish an intelligent loan risk and approval prediction system. A hybrid deep learning model with 1DCNN-attention network and the enhanced preprocessing techniques is proposed for loan approval prediction. Our proposed model consists of the enhanced data preprocessing and stacking of multiple hybrid modules. Initially, the enhanced data preprocessing techniques using a combination of methods such as standardization, SMOTE oversampling, feature construction, recursive feature elimination (RFE), information value (IV) and principal component analysis (PCA), which not only eliminates the effects of data jitter and non-equilibrium, but also removes redundant features while improving the representation of features. Subsequently, a hybrid module that combines a 1DCNN with an attention mechanism is proposed to extract local and global spatio-temporal features. Finally, the comprehensive experiments conducted validate that the proposed model surpasses state-of-the-art baseline models across various performance metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and AUC. Our proposed model helps to automate the loan approval process and provides scientific guidance to financial institutions for loan risk control.

Review of Arbitral Award of Network Loan and Analysis of Construction of Implementation Review Rules

The network arbitration cases arising from the network lending disputes are pouring into the courts in large numbers.It is reported that the network arbitration system of some arbitration institutions even“can accept more than 10,000 cases every day,”while online lending is booming,it has also caused a lot of contradictions and disputes,and traditional dispute resolution methods have failed to effectively respond to the need for efficient and convenient resolution of online lending disputes.This paper tries to study the arbitral award of online loans and proposes the construction of implementation review rules.

Bcl-2/Bad/mPTP通路介导14-3-3γ对抗脂多糖所致心肌损伤

目的探讨Bcl-2/Bad/mPTP通路在14-3-3γ对抗脂多糖所致心肌损伤中的作用。方法构建pFLAG-14-3-3γ重组质粒,转染至原代乳鼠心肌细胞中,然后行LPS损伤处理。处理结束后,取培养液检测LDH活性,MTT比色法检测细胞存活率,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,线粒体肿胀实验检测mPTP开放,Western blot检测14-3-3γ、Bad、phospho-Bad以及线粒体Bcl-2蛋白表达。结果 LPS损伤使心肌细胞LDH活性升高、细胞存活率下降、凋亡细胞增加、mPTP开放加剧,转染pFLAG-14-3-3γ重组质粒后再行LPS损伤,则LDH活性下降、细胞存活率升高、mPTP开放与细胞凋亡减少,同时phospho-Bad蛋白表达增加,线粒体Bcl-2蛋白表达增加。结论 pFLAG-14-3-3γ能够对抗脂多糖所致的心肌细胞损伤,其机制可能与磷酸化Bad,释放Bcl-2至线粒体,抑制mPTP的开放有关。

脑络欣通及其拆方对脑缺血再灌注大鼠NGF、PI3K、Akt以及Bad蛋白表达的影响

目的观察局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠缺血半暗带NGF、PI3K、Akt以及Bad蛋白的动态表达及脑络欣通(黄芪、川芎、三七、蜈蚣等)对其影响。方法以线栓法阻塞大鼠左侧大脑中动脉,复制局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,缺血2 h再灌注3、7、14 d,用免疫组化染色SABC法分别检测缺血半暗带NGF、PI3K、Akt、Bad的表达。结果与模型组相比,脑络欣通组在脑缺血再灌注3、7、14 d后,能够明显增加PI3K、Akt的表达(P<0.01或P<0.001);在再灌注7、14 d,脑络欣通组NGF蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);再灌注14 d,脑络欣通组Bad蛋白表达显著减少(P<0.05)。结论脑络欣通能够保护脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠脑组织,其作用机制可能与促进NGF表达,激活PI3K/Akt通路并降低Bad蛋白表达有关。

线粒体雌激素受体β通过与Bad相互作用抑制非小细胞肺癌细胞的凋亡

目的探究线粒体雌激素受体β(ERβ)抑制凋亡刺激诱导非小细胞肺癌细胞死亡的分子机制。方法免疫荧光及western blotting分析细胞内源ERβ的线粒体定位;检测顺铂与十字孢碱(staurosporine,STS)处理过表达或沉默线粒体ERβ后细胞凋亡的变化;免疫共沉淀和western blotting分析线粒体ERβ与促凋亡蛋白Bad的相互作用。结果 ERβ存在于A549及201T细胞的线粒体中;过表达或沉默ERβ可以显著减少或增加顺铂与STS诱导的Bax激活及细胞凋亡;线粒体ERβ与促凋亡蛋白Bad相互作用可能阻抑Bax的活化及线粒体转位。结论线粒体雌激素受体β可以通过与Bad相互作用抑制顺铂或STS诱导非小细胞肺癌细胞的凋亡,提示线粒体ERβ可能是治疗非小细胞肺癌的一个新靶点。