INFLUENCE OF HOT DEFORMATION ON CONTINUOUSCOOLING BAINITIC TRANSFORMATION IN A LOWCARBON STEEL

The influence of hot deformation conditions on continuous cooling bainitic transformation has been investigated for a low carbon microalloyed steel. The CCT diagrams show that deformation in unrecrpstallized austcnite ation can accelerate transformation process. Bainitic transformation in intermediate transformation temperature region is prominent, and the proeutectoid polygonal ferrite transformation at evelated high temperature is suppressed. According to optical and TEM analyses, low carbon bainitic ferrite is characterized by granular and lathlike ferrite, based on the cooling rate and deformation conditions. For nondeformation, groaps of coarse parallel ferrite lath form from the prior austenite grain boundaries with the same crystallographic orientation. For heavy deformaton, cell structure within the austenite grains due to the high dislocation density formed, which provides more nucleation sites for bainite ferrite. So deformation can discontinue the growth of ferrite laths and decrease the length of ferrite laths.

MODELLING FOR PREDICTION OF CONTINUOUS COOLING TRANSFORMATION KINETICS OF HOT-DEFORMED AUSTENITE STEEL

On the thermodynamics basis of regular solution sub-lattice model and soperelement model, kinetics basis of Cahn's transformation kinetics theory, and according to Scheil's additivity rule and eoperimental results obtained by thermal dilation method,a prediction model of transformations from hot-deformed austenite to ferrite, pearlite and bainite in low alloy steels, which could be applied to continuoas cooling process, is developed. The calculated transformed junctions of each phase based on laboratory controlled rolling and controlled cooling conditions in a low alloy steel are in reasonable agreement with the measured ones.

MECHANICAL STABILIZATION OF DEFORMED AUSTENITEDURING CONTINUOUS COOLING TRANSFORMATION IN AC-Mn-Cr-Ni-Mo PLASTIC DIE STEEL

The influence of prior austenite deformed at different temperature on the subsequent continuous cooling bainitic transformation has been investigated in an C-Ma-Cr-Ni-Mo plastic die steel. The results show that the prior deformation in low temperature region of austenite retards significantly the bainitic transformation. For the same continuous cooling schedule, as austenite deformed at lower temperature, the quantity of the classical sheaf-like bainite becomes less. The present results show that severe deformation leads to mechanical stabilization of austenite and causes the difficulty of bainitic ferrite propagation into the austenite.

Grain Size Prediction after Continuous Cooling Transformation from Deformed Austenite to Ferrite

On the basis of transformation thermodynamics and kinetics theories,an algorithm for predicting ferrite grain size after continuous cooling transformation from deformed austenite to ferrite is suggested.The calculated results of computer simulation with the algorithm are in so good agreement with the measured ones in controlled rolling and controlled cooling experiments that the theoretical algorithm is feasible.

Continuous Cooling Transformation Behavior and Kinetic Models of Transformations for an Ultra-Low Carbon Bainitic Steel

The aim was to investigate transformation behavior and transformation kinetics of an ultra-low carbon bai- nitic steel during continuous cooling. Continuous cooling transformation （CCT） curves of tested steel were measured by thermal dilatometer and metallographic structures at room temperature were observed by optical microscope. Then transformation kinetic equation of austenite to ferrite as well as austenite to bainite was established by analyzing the relationship of lnln]-l/（1--f）] and lnt in the kinetic equation on the basis of processed experimental data. Finally, the measured and calculated kinetic behaviors of the steel during continuous cooling were compared and growth pat- terns of transformed ferrite and bainite were analyzed. Results showed that calculated result was in reasonable agree- ment with the experimental data. It could be concluded that the growth modes of transformed ferrite and bainite were mainly one dimension as the Avrami exponents were between 1 and 2.

Microstructural Transformation and Precipitation of an Ultra-high Strength Steel under Continuous Cooling

We investigated phase transition and precipitation of ultra-high strength steel（UHSS）in a new ＂short process＂ with controlled rolling and controlled cooling.Thermalexpansion test combined with metallographic observation was used to research the continuous cooling transformation（CCT）curve.Moreover,the microstructuraltransformation and precipitation law was revealed by morphologicalobservation and alloying elements by electron probe micro-analyzer（EPMA）.Transmission electron microscopy（TEM）was utilized to analyze the composition and grain orientation of microstructure.The study showed that the measured criticaltransformation temperatures of Ac1 and Ac3 were 746 and 868 ℃,respectively.The CCT curve indicated that the undercooled austenite was transformed into proeutectoid ferrite and bainite with HV 520 in a broad range of cooling rate 0.1^（-1） ℃·s^（-1）.When subjected to a cooling rate of 1 ℃·s^（-1）,the undercooled austenite was divided into small-sized blocks by formed martensite.With further increase of cooling rate,micro-hardness increased dramatically,the microstructure of specimen was mainly lathe bainite（LB）,granular bainite（GB）,lath martensite（LM）and residualaustenite.By diffraction test analysis,it was identified that there was K-S orientation relationship between martensite and austenite for {110}_α//{111}_γ,{111}_α//{101}_γ.EPMA clearly showed that carbon diffused adequately due to staying for a long time at high temperature with a lower cooling rate of 2 ℃·s-1.Phase transition drive force was lower and the residualaustenite existed in the block form of Martensite austenite island（M-A）.With the increase of cooling rate to 10 ℃·s^（-1）,the block residualaustenite reduced,the carbon content of residualaustenite increased and α phase around the residualaustenite formed into a low carbon bainite form.

Influence of Mn Content and Hot Deformation on Transformation Behavior of C-Mn Steels

The hot deformation behaviors and the microstructural evolution of plain C-Mn steels with similar contents of C and Si but different contents of Mn have been investigated by compressive processing using Gleeble-1500 mechanical simulator.Influence of Mn and hot deformation on continuous cooling transformation of steels has been studied.The experimental results showed that deformation in austenite region accelerated transformation process,and the extent is dependent on the hot deformation and cooling conditions.The hot deformation would promote transformation process,but the increase of transformation temperature is dependent on Mn contents.The results have also shown that the effect of deformation on ferrite transformation becomes more obvious with the increase of Mn content at relatively low cooling rate.

Analysis on hot deformation and following cooling technology of 25Cr2Ni4MoVA steel

The true stress–true strain curves of 25Cr2Ni4MoVA steel were obtained by uniaxial compression experiments at 850–1200℃ in the strain rate range of 0.001–10.0 s^(−1).And the dynamic continuous cooling transformation curves were obtained at the cooling rate range of 0.5–15.0℃ s^(−1) from the austenitization temperature of 1000℃ to the room temperature by pre-strain of 0.2 as well.The power dissipation map and the dynamic continuous cooling transformation diagram were constructed based on the data provided by these curves.Compared with the optical micrographs of the compressed samples,the full dynamic recrystallization region is located between 1000 and 1200℃ and at the strain rate range from 0.01 to 10.0 s^(−1) with the power dissipation efficiency not less than 0.33.In the full dynamic recrystallization region,the power dissipation efficiency increases and the dynamic recrystallization activation energy decreases with the temperature increasing.With the strain rate decreasing,the power dissipation efficiency increases firstly and then starts to decrease as the strain rate is less than 0.1 s^(−1),and dynamic recrystallization activation energy changes on the contrary.According to the dynamic continuous cooling transformation diagram,slow cooling is a better way for the hot-deformed piece with large size or complex shape to avoid cracking as the temperature of the piece is lower than 400℃,and different cooling ways can be used for the hot-deformed piece with small size and simple shapes to obtain certain microstructure and meet good compressive properties.

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF PHASE TRANSFORMATION FROM HOT-DEFORMED AUSTENITE IN LOW CARBON STEELS

On the basis of superelement model, Cahn’s transformation kinetics theory and Scheil’s additivity rule, the CCT diagrams and transformation kinetics in low carbon steel were predicted considering both undeformed and deformed conditions. The influence of deformation on phase equilibria and transformation incubation period was evaluated quantitatively. The recrystallization kinetics and the evolution of dislocation density were calculated during continuous cooling. The results show deformation considerably shortens transformation incubation period, accelerates transformation kinetics and makes CCT curve shift leftwards. The calculated CCT diagrams and the volume fraction of each phase are in good agreement with measurements.

Role of Solute Rare Earth in Altering Phase Transformations during Continuous Cooling of a Low Alloy Cr–Mo–V Steel

Effects of solute rare earth(RE)on continuous cooling transformation of a low-alloy Cr–Mo–V bainitic steel are investigated in detail by dilatometry,optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Microstructures appeared in thermal dilatometric samples of both low-alloy Cr–Mo–V(RE)steels are composed of quasi-polygonal ferrite(QPF),degenerate pearlite(DP),granular bainite(GB),lath bainite(LB),and martensite(M)depending on cooling rate.When cooling rate is lower than 2°C/s,the addition of RE suppresses QPF transformation,and thereby inducing a broader transformation region of GB.When cooling rate ranges from 2 to 100°C/s,the addition of RE decreases the start temperature of bainitic transformation distinctly,which results in finer bainitic ferrite grain size and higher dislocation density.The addition of RE can enhance the hardness of the low alloy Cr–Mo–V steel by affecting the aforementioned diffusional and/or partly displacive transformation.However,when cooling rate increases up to 150°C/s,two steels have the same hardness value of about 435 HV due to only martensite obtained by displacive transformation.

Continuous Cooling Bainite Transformation Characteristics of a Low Carbon Microalloyed Steel under the Simulated Welding Thermal Cycle Process

Continuous cooling transformation of a low carbon microalloyed steel was investigated after it was subjected to the simulation welding thermal cycle process and the interrupted cooling test. Microstructure observation was performed by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. On the basis of the dilatometric data and microstructure observation, the continuous cooling transformation （CCT） diagram was determined, which showed that the main microstructure changes from a mixture of lath martensite and bainitic ferrite to full granular bainite with the increase in the cooling time t8/5 from 10 to 600 s, accompanied with a decrease in the microhardness. The interrupted cooling test confirmed that the bainitic ferrite can form attached to grain boundaries at the beginning of transformation even if the final microstructure contains a mixture of granular bainite and bainitic ferrite.

Hot Deformation Behavior of V-Microalloyed Steel

Through the expansion curve of continuous cooling transformation at different cooling rates measured by THERMECMASTOR-Z thermal simulator for U75V rail steel,the continuous cooling transformation curve was obtained.The influence on steel microstructure and hardness at different cooling rates was studied.The softening behavior of isothermal deforming in austenite area of 850-1000 ℃ in the interval of passes was also studied by double-pass compression test.The results show that the product of austenite transformation is pearlite when the cooling rate is lower than 10 ℃.When the cooling rate was in the range of 10-50 ℃·s-1,only martensite was received.The hardness of the test steel increases with increasing the cooling rate.Under the condition of deformation of 30% and deformation rate of 3 s-1,the relaxation time for complete recrystallization was shorter than 100 s when deformation temperature was higher than 1000 ℃.When deformation temperature was lower than 880 ℃,complete recrystallization of steel was difficult to achieve even if the relaxation time is extended.

Modeling of γ→α Transformation Temperature Ar_3 for High-Nb Pipeline Steel During Cooling Process

According to the research on the deformation resistance and the ferrite transformation behavior of X80 pipeline steel by using Gleeble 3500 thermal simulator, a mathematical model of the α-phase start transformation temperature for high-Nb pipeline steel was established, based on the transformation kinetics and thermodynamics. The influence of deformation and cooling rate as well as Nb content on the α-phase starting temperature was thor- oughly investigated. The results given by the model were in good agreement with the experimental results, which showed that the model could predict the α-phase starting temperature for high Nb pipeline steel during cooling process.

Effects of Al addition on bainite transformation and properties of high-strength carbide-free bainitic steels

The effects of aluminum addition on bainite transformation and properties of carbide-free bainitic steels containing 0.22 wt.% carbon were investigated by two different types of heat treatment processes: continuous cooling process (CCP) and isothermal transformation process (ITP). The results indicate that for the CCP treatment, Al addition significantly promoted the ferrite and bainite transformation;however, it did not significantly increase the product of tensile strength and total elongation (PSE). For the ITP treatment, Al addition significantly promoted the kinetics of bainite transformation, and thus, more bainite was formed with Al addition;however, it was found that Al addition resulted in a decrease in tensile strength and an increase in elongation of the tested bainitic steels. Moreover, the effects of Al addition on comprehensive property were profoundly dependent on austempering temperatures. When the austempering temperature was higher (430℃), PSE significantly increased with Al addition, whereas it decreased at the lower austempering temperature (400℃). Therefore, it can be concluded that the effects of Al on properties of bainitic steels were more significant at higher austempering temperatures.

运用DEFORM的连续冷却转变曲线数值仿真

为测定过冷奥氏体的连续冷却转变(Continuous Cooling Transformation,CCT)曲线,运用有限元软件DEFORM,在考虑变物性参数和相变的基础上,获得轴承钢GCr15的等温转变(Time Tem-perature Transformation,TTT)曲线;运用孕育期叠加原理,对温度场、应力—应变场和组织场等进行耦合计算,得到轴承钢GCr15在冷却过程中每个瞬间的温度、组织转变情况,绘出CCT曲线.仿真结果与实测的CCT曲线相符,表明该方法可为新型材料CCT曲线的绘制提供新的有效途径.

一种热冲压成形钢的连续冷却转变曲线测定及其显微组织

以一种热冲压成形钢22MnB5为试验材料,将膨胀法与金相法、硬度法结合,在热膨胀相变仪上测量了该钢的临界转变点,并获得材料的连续冷却转变曲线。结果表明:当冷却速率为0.1℃/s时,显微组织为粗大的铁素体与珠光体;当冷却速率为0.5~5℃/s时,显微组织以贝氏体为主,同时有少量的珠光体和铁素体;当冷却速率大于7.5℃/s时,显微组织为马氏体和贝氏体;当冷却速率大于20℃/s时,贝氏体转变基本结束,全部转变为马氏体。维氏硬度随冷却速率的增大呈增大趋势。

SCM435冷镦钢连续冷却过程中的组织转变及球化退火

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机测定了SCM435冷镦钢的热膨胀曲线。通过金相分析和硬度试验获得了钢的动态连续冷却转变曲线。研究了原始显微组织对钢球化退火效果的影响。结果表明:以小于0.5℃/s的速率冷却后,SCM435钢的组织主要为铁素体和珠光体,以1℃/s及以上速率冷却后组织为贝氏体和马氏体以及少量铁素体,以3℃/s及以上速率冷却后组织为马氏体和贝氏体,以15℃/s及以上速率冷却后组织全部为马氏体。采用相同工艺球化退火时,马氏体和贝氏体的球化效果优于珠光体和铁素体。通过优化轧制工艺试制的原组织为贝氏体和马氏体的SCM435钢盘条球化退火后,组织中碳化物分布均匀,球化效果好,球化退火时间明显缩短。

热变形条件对一种Cr-Mn-Mo-B钢连续冷却贝氏体转变的影响

用ＴＨＥＲＭＥＣＭＡＳＴＯＲ－Ｚ试验装置研究了热变形条件对一种Ｃｒ－Ｍｎ－Ｍｏ－Ｂ钢连续冷却条件下贝氏体转变动力学及其产物形态的影响。试验结果表明，热变形温度对贝氏体转变开始温度的影响是非单调的，不同温度区间其变化规律不同，这一影响取决于热变形后奥氏体发生再结晶的程度。

Al与P对TRIP钢固态相变的影响

为了研究Al和P合金元素在TRIP钢固态相变过程中的作用,研究了4种不同合金成分C-Mn-Al-P TRIP钢的CCT图。结果表明,Al元素强烈的缩小奥氏体相区,提高Ac3与Ms。Al元素促使CCT图左移和上移。P元素能够阻碍碳化物的生成,当钢中P含量达到0.14%,能显著的将CCT图中的珠光体区与贝氏体区右移。P元素对铁素体相变和马氏体相变没有显著影响。利用类平衡下切变长大模型估算了4种TRIP钢的Bs点(A6钢为567℃,P1钢为556℃,P2钢为514℃,P3钢为548℃),与实际测量值吻合较好。研究表明在相同条件下,Al元素降低ΔμFγ→e,cαh,即增加相变驱动力,同时还降低ΔGmsh,eFaer,即降低切变阻力,提高Bs点。P元素增加ΔGmsh,eFaer,即增加切变阻力,降低Bs点。

10MnMoNiNb钢形变奥氏体连续冷却相变规律和显微组织

在Ｇｌｅｅｂｌｅ１５００热模拟机上，利用热膨胀法建立了１０ＭｎＭｏＮｉＮｂ钢在８００℃变形５０％后的连续冷却相变曲线（动态ＣＣＴ曲线），并采用光学金相和ＴＥＭ方法分析了在不同冷速条件下，形变奥氏体的相变产物。结果表明，钢的相变组织主要由冷速决定，快冷显著抑制先共析铁素体相变，中温相变产物为贝氏体组织，其中贝氏体铁素体为针状铁素体和粒状铁素体，均含有较高密度的位错和Ｍ／Ａ岛状组织，并且在中温转变时无明显的碳化物生成。