Baiting Effects of 17 Chinese Medicinal Plants on Brachydanio rerio

The study aimed to discuss baiting effects of 17 kinds of Chinese medicinal plants on Brachydanio rerio.With 100 fish of Brachydanio rerio as tested objects,the average length of the 100 fish was 3.5 cm.Cinnamomum cassia,Mentha canadensis,Eugenia aromaticum,Coptis chinensis,Phellodendron amurense,Scutellaria baicalensis,star anise,Kaempferia galanga,Prunus mume,Magnolia sinensis,Terminalia chebula meat,Sophora flavescens,Polygonum cuspidatum,Rhizoma polygonatum,Astragalus membranaceus,Forsythia suspense and...

Construction of Lescpth5 Bait Vector and Detection of Its Self-activated Activity

[ Objective ] The paper was to construct bait vector pGBKTT-Lescpth5, and detect its self-activated transcription activity and the toxicity on yeast cells. [ Method] Lescpth5 was amplified by PCR technique, and connected into bait vector pGBKTT. The recombined vector was transformed into yeast competent ceils AH109 and carried out self-activated detection and toxicity detection in the au.xotrephic medium. [ Result] Digestion and sequencing results showed that bait vector pGBKT7-Lescpth5 was suecessfully constructed with correct reading frame. Self-activated activity and toxicity detection results showed that bait vector had no self- activated activity on yeast strain AH109, which also had no toxicity on yeast. [Condusion] Bait vector successfully constructed could be used in yeast two-hybrid system, which laid the foundation for screening of cDNA library in the next step.

Efficient Protein-based Bait Formulation for Attraction and Feeding Response of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Myanmar

Protein baitsprays were produced from many different sources for the controlling fruit flies in the integrated pest management program around the world.Here,fruit fly baits were formulated based on cost-effective bait mixtures such as local jaggery,brewers spent grain(BSG),apple cider vinegar,wheat bran powder and local red wine with the fresh enzyme from papaya and pineapple.Fruit fly Baits were prepared by mixing the small amount of local detergent as insecticide.Our results indicated that the best efficient fruit fly bait for area wide integrated pest management(AW-IPM)is the BSG-based bait whereas the second efficient bait is local red wine-based bait.The highest fruit fly per trap per day(FTD)value by BSG-based bait traps was discovered.The highest female captured percentage is BSG-based bait with papaya solution.The field analysis of one week and one month old protein-based bait showed that FTD values decreased slightly while only one month old wheat bran-based bait dropped to the base.The BSG-based baits analysis is effective not only female fruit flies but also cockroaches male in Myanmar’s tropical region.Thus our results reveal that the efficient protein-based bait is the fresh BSG-based bait with papaya solution.

Construction and Identification of a Yeast Two-Hybrid Bait Vector and Its Effect on the Growth of Yeast Cells and the Self-Activating Function of Reporter Genes for Screening of HPV18 E6-Interacting Protein

By using a yeast two-hybrid system,a yeast two-hybrid bait vector was constructed and identified for screening of the HPV18 E6-interacting proteins,and its effects on the growth of yeast cells and the activation of reporter genes were investigated.Total mRNA extracted from Hela cells was reversely transcribed into cDNA.Fragment of HPV18 E6 cDNA was amplified using RT-PCR and directly ligated to the pGBKT7 vector.The recombinant plasmid was confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequencing.Th...

Control Effects of Three Poisonous Baits on Solenopsis invicta Buren

The field control effects of different concentrations of indoxacarb baits,fipronil baits and chlorfenapyr baits on Solenopsis invicta was evaluated. The results showed that at 21 post administration,the control effects of 0. 04% indoxacarb on nests and worker ants reached 100%; the control effect of 0. 02% and0. 06% indoxacarb on active nests and worker ants were 87. 50% and 100%,respectively; 0. 000 25% and 0. 000 5% fipronil and 0. 05% chlorfenapyr also had significant control effects on active nests and worker ants. At 30 d post administration,the decline rates of ant colony grade treated by 0. 04% and 0. 06% indoxacarb,0. 000 25% fipronil and 0. 05% chlorfenapyr were 100%,100%,91. 44% and 98. 11%,respectively,and the comprehensive control effect reached 97. 18%.

Behavioural Response of Anacanthotermes ochraceus towards Some Baits and Volatile Oils

Six types of termites＇ baits （cartoon, rough tissues, soft toilet tissues, acacia wood, saw dust of building wood and sackcloth） were elicited variable degree of attraction toward Anacanthotermes ochaceus, where the best one was cardboard, followed by soft and rough toilet tissue at mono-choice and multiple-choice tests. Chemical analysis showed that there were variations in the chemical constituents （lignin, cellulose, N, H and C） of the six baits studied. On the other hand, olfactory reactions of harvester termites toward eight volatile oils （four natural medical plants and four commercial terpines） were repellent, but the most repellent one was cineol and the least one was clove oil. The most tested oils were caused inhibition in feeding, except cedar wood. The most toxic oils were cineol followed by thymol.

Ethyl-iophenoxic acid as a quantitative bait marker for small mammals

Bait markers are indispensable for ecological research but in small mammals,most markers are invasive,expensive and do not enable quantitative analyses of consumption.Ethyl-iophenoxic acid(Et-IPA)is a non-toxic,quantitative bait marker,which has been used for studying bait uptake in several carnivores and ungulates.We developed a bait with Et-IPA,assessed its palatability to common voles(Microtus arvalis),and determined the dose-residue-relation for this important agricultural pest rodent species.Et-IPA concentrations of 40 to 1280μg Et-IPA per g bait were applied to wheat using sunflower oil or polyethylene glycol 300 as potential carriers.In a laboratory study,common voles were offered the bait and blood samples were collected 1,7,and 14 days after consumption.The samples were analyzed with LC-ESI-MS/MS for blood residues of Et-IPA.Sunflower-oil was the most suitable bait carrier.Et-IPA seemed to be palatable to common voles at all test concentrations.Dose-dependent residues could be detected in blood samples in a dose-dependent manner and up to 14 days after uptake enabling generation of a calibration curve of the dose-residue relationship.Et-IPA was present in common vole blood for at least 14 days,but there was dissipation by 33–37%depending on dose.Et-IPA meets many criteria for an“ideal”quantitative bait marker for use in futurefield studies on common voles and possibly other small mammal species.

Deworming of stray dogs and wild canines with praziquantel-laced baits delivered by an unmanned aerial vehicle in areas highly endemic for echinococcosis in China

Background:Canines,the definitive hosts for the parasites causing alveolar(AE)and cystic echinococcosis(CE),are the main source of this infections playing the key role in the transmission.The ten-year mortality rate of AE is extremely high(94%)if the patients are not given sustained treatment.The aim of this field study is to explore the possibility of delivery of praziquantel-laced baits using unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)aimed at deworming wild canines in the endemic areas.Methods:UAVs were compared to manual bait delivery in the 1-km^(2)test areas followed by testing of canine faeces using an Echinococcus coproantigen ELISA test in the ensuing year.The outcomes of the two approaches were compared with respect to time of delivery and overall cost.Findings:Compared to manual bait delivery,delivery by UAVs saved up to 67%of the overall cost.Three times more staff was needed for the former approach compared to the latter and,time wise,UAV bait delivery saved 350%compared to manual bait delivery on average.With regard to investment needed,the use of UAVs showed an efficiency 2.5 times better than manual bait delivery.Compared to the area served by UAVs,the average positive rate for the canine faecal samples was more than 38%higher in the area served manually.Conclusion:The technique of bait delivery with praziquantel using UAVs for canine deworming has a strong potential with regard to savings of manpower,time and overall cost in areas highly endemic for echinococcosis.

Field evaluation of some bait additives against Indian crested porcupine(Hystrix indica)(Rodentia:Hystricidae)

This research study evaluated the effect of different additives on the bait consumption by Indian crested porcupine,a serious forest and agricultural pest,under field conditions.Different additives(saccharin,common salt,bone meal,fish meal,peanut butter,egg yolk,egg shell powder,yeast powder,mineral oil and coconut oil)at 2 and 5%each were tested for their relative preference,using groundnut-maize(1:1)as basic bait.All the additives were tested under a no-choice test pattern.For control tests,no additive was mixed with the basic bait.Saccharin at 5%concentration significantly enhanced the consumption of bait over the basic bait,while 2%saccharin supplemented bait resulted in a non-significant bait consumption.All other additives did not enhance the consumption of the bait material;rather,these worked as repellents.However,the repellency was lowest with the common salt,followed by egg yolk,egg shell powder,bone meal,peanut butter,mineral oil,fish meal and yeast powder,while coconut remained the most repellent compound.The present study suggested that groundnut-maize(1:1)supplemented with 5%saccharin was the preferred bait combination,and can be used with different rodenticides for the management of Indian crested porcupine.

Grain, pellet and wax block bait take by the house mouse (Mus musculus) and non-target species: implications for mouse eradications on coral cay islands

Introduced rodents have been eradicated from large numbers of offshore islands using toxic baits;however, toxicbaits have been linked with negative impacts on non-target species. The present study assessed the bait take oftarget (house mouse, Mus musculus) and non-target (buff banded rail, Rallus philippensis) animals on Northwestand Heron Islands in the Great Barrier Reef. Three non-toxic bait formulations (wax block, pellet and grain) weretested and each was applied at 1 kg ha–1 in six treatment grids. The tracks of animals visiting the baits were identifiedusing 30 tracking stations per treatment grid. A tracking station consisted of a track-board placed in the centre of asand-pad. Mean bait take differed significantly between the formulations: birds took more grain bait than wax blockbait;mice took more wax block than grain bait. Both mice and birds were equally selective of pellet bait. Thus, thefindings indicate that wax blocks are the most suitable formulation for future baiting programs to eradicate mice onthese and other islands.

饵剂投放站对田间红火蚁的饵剂搬运量及防控效果研究

饵剂诱杀是防控红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren最广泛和最有效的措施。本研究利用一种新型饵剂投放站(简称饵剂站)对比分析红火蚁工蚁对0.08%茚虫威杀蚁饵剂及其载体的搬运量,并使用5 g/巢、10 g/巢、20 g/巢3种剂量的饵剂对田间红火蚁蚁巢进行单蚁巢处理,评价饵剂站对田间红火蚁的饵剂搬运量及防控效果的影响。结果表明,红火蚁工蚁对饵剂站内0.08%茚虫威饵剂及其载体的搬运量少于直接撒施处理方式的搬运量。施药24 h后,红火蚁工蚁对饵剂站内和直接撒施的0.08%茚虫威饵剂搬运量分别为14.84±3.18 g和17.71±5.88 g,差异不显著。使用饵剂站施用10 g、20 g饵剂处理28 d后,工蚁减退率、蚁巢减退率、蚁群级别降低率和综合防治效果均可达到90%以上,与直接撒施处理方式均无显著差异。虽然饵剂站会一定程度上降低红火蚁工蚁对饵剂的搬运量,但却不影响对红火蚁的防控效果,基于其防雨、防潮的优点,饵剂站可显著延长红火蚁防控的窗口期。

BG-Trap法与双层叠帐法对登革热媒介白纹伊蚊监测效果的比较

目的比较BG-trap法与双层叠帐法对登革热媒介白纹伊蚊的监测效果,进一步探讨BG-trap法用于登革热媒介伊蚊监测的可能性,为制定更有效的登革热防控策略提供参考依据。方法实验选取江苏省3个设区市的6个户外监测点,于8—9月的3天时间中,分别于每日16:00-16:30、17:00-17:30、18:00-18:30三个时段同步开展BG-Trap法和双层叠帐法监测。结果BG-Trap法和双层叠帐法均能够有效地捕获白纹伊蚊的雌蚊,双层叠账法捕获的白纹伊蚊占比高于BG-Trap法(χ^(2)=16.034,P<0.01),两种方法捕获的白纹伊蚊雌蚊构成比之间差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.162,P=0.687)。BG-Trap法捕获的白纹伊蚊平均密度指数为7.85±5.23只/(台·h),低于双层叠帐法的27.04±13.86只/(顶·h),差异有统计学意义(t=6.73,P<0.001)。结论BG-Trap法对登革热媒介白纹伊蚊监测效果不及双层叠帐法,其能否应用于登革热媒介伊蚊监测有待于进一步研究。

不同型号鼠夹和不同诱饵在农村地区捕鼠效果比较

目的通过比较不同型号鼠夹搭配不同诱饵的捕鼠效果,为今后工作中合理选择鼠夹和诱饵提供依据。方法使用中号钢板夹和大号钢板夹分别搭配生花生米和鲜肉交替布放在农村居民区和农田,比较捕获率及鼠种构成。结果大号鼠夹捕获率高于中号鼠夹(P<0001,OR=3280,95%CI:2414~4456),用鲜肉作为诱饵的捕获率低于生花生米(P=0020,OR=0723,95%CI:0550~0950),大号鼠夹和生花生米饵在捕获农田优势鼠种黑线姬鼠方面有优势,大号鼠夹更容易捕获到体型较大的褐家鼠。结论不同鼠夹型号和诱饵对于捕鼠效果影响较大,建议鼠害监测可用大号鼠夹和生花生米。

不同生物饵料对中国鲎繁殖性能及后代质量的影响

为筛选有效促进中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)亲鲎性腺发育及产卵的生物饵料,选取成年中国鲎15对,于2021年7—8月开展生物饵料实验,以菲律宾蛤仔(A组)、双齿围沙蚕(B组)、近江牡蛎肉(C组)、菲律宾蛤仔+双齿围沙蚕(D组)和近江牡蛎肉+双齿围沙蚕(E组)5组生物饵料投喂亲鲎,采用SPSS 19.0软件统计分析和单因素方差分析,通过比较卵径、受精卵的孵化时间和孵化率以及1龄幼体头胸甲宽,研究不同饵料对中国鲎繁殖性能和后代质量的影响。结果表明:试验D组产卵数量和次数均高于其他试验组,其次是E组,混合试验组产卵数量和质量均高于单独试验组。研究发现,双齿围沙蚕和菲律宾蛤仔组合投喂较适合开发为亲鲎性腺强化培育的生物饵料,对性腺发育及产卵有显著的促进作用。本研究旨在为开发安全、高效、优质的中国鲎性腺促熟饵料提供参考依据。

投喂不同饵料对斑鳜生长及消化性能的影响

【目的】探明斑鳜(Siniperca scherzeri)摄食配合饲料后其生长与消化性能的变化规律,为开展以配合饲料替代传统饵料鱼的斑鳜规模养殖提供参考依据。【方法】选取驯化和未驯化斑鳜苗种各180尾,分别投喂配合饲料和活饵鱼,饲养20周后饥饿24 h,测定分析其生长性能、消化酶活性、肠道组织结构及肠道微生物群落结构。【结果】至饲养20周后,饲料组斑鳜的存活率、脏体比与活饵组斑鳜相比无显著差异(P>0.05,下同),但终末体质量、增重率及饲料系数显著低于活饵组斑鳜(P<0.05,下同);饲料组斑鳜肠道α-淀粉酶活性显著高于活饵组斑鳜,胰蛋白酶活性显著低于活饵组斑鳜,而胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性无显著差异。此外,饲料组斑鳜肠道的肌层厚度和黏膜褶皱高度均显著低于活饵组斑鳜,但二者间的肠黏膜褶皱数无显著差异。在肠道微生物群落方面,饲料组斑鳜肠道微生物群落的ACE指数和Chao1指数显著低于活饵组斑鳜,但Shannon指数和Simpson指数无显著差异;2种饵料投喂模式下斑鳜肠道微生物群落结构均以变形菌门、厚壁菌门、软壁菌门和放线菌门为绝对优势菌门,其相对丰度之和在98.00%以上;在属分类水平上,饲料组斑鳜肠道内的伯克霍尔德菌属相对丰度显著高于活饵组斑鳜,而鞘氨醇盒菌属和支原体属相对丰度显著低于活饵组斑鳜。【结论】以配合饲料替代活饵投喂斑鳜,其生长速度显著降低,肠道组织结构、消化酶活性及肠道微生物群落结构出现适应性变化,尤其是配合饲料的投喂有助于维持肠道微生物稳定性。可见,以配合饲料替代活饵养殖斑鳜具有可行性,但还需进一步优化饲料营养组分及投喂策略,提高配合饲料养殖下斑鳜的生长速率。

基于混合空洞卷积和注意力多尺度网络的残饵密度估计

及时、准确地估算饵料盘中残留饲料量是提高养殖效益的重要措施。针对虾类养殖场景下残饵检测模型复杂度高、计数精度低的问题,提出了一种基于混合空洞卷积和注意力多尺度网络(hybrid dilated convolution and attention multi-scale network,HAMNet)的残饵密度估计方法。首先,借鉴MCNN(multi-column convolutional neural network)多列架构的思想设计并行卷积块(parallel convolution block,PCB),使网络在单列架构中提取多种尺度的残饵特征,简化了网络结构并减轻了计算量;同时为了弥补网络结构简化造成残饵特征表示能力略有不足的问题,引入混合空洞卷积块(hybrid dilated convolution block,HDCB)避免信息丢失并增大感受野,增强模型深入挖掘多尺度残饵信息的能力。其次,在网络中嵌入通道注意力机制(channel attention mechanism,CAM),利用通道之间的相互依赖性重新校准有用特征信息的权重,凸显目标与背景的差异性。最后,针对下采样导致密度图质量差的问题,应用可学习的转置卷积恢复特征图细节信息,进而提升模型计数性能。利用饵料盘条件下采集的残饵图像进行了验证,试验结果表明,与基准模型MCNN相比,HAMNet模型的平均绝对误差、均方根误差和计算量分别降低了44.4%、40.8%和13.7%,参数量仅为0.52 MB。与经典密度估计模型CMTL(cascaded multi-task learning)、SANet(scale aggregation network)、CSRNet(congested scene recognition network)相比,该模型在各项性能指标上保持了最佳平衡,明显处于优势。该研究可为人工智能在水产养殖中快速量化残饵提供参考。

Mosquito Control, Killing off the Females

In addition to causing discomfort, female mosquitoes introduce disease-carrying viruses and bacteria into the bloodstream of their victims. There are numerous publications describing the uses of sugary mosquito baits with promising results. Without temperature control measures however, these methods are mainly useful for only nectar-feeding insects, including male mosquitoes, because the warmth of the blood is a condition for the females to locate their meals. The efforts required to keep the baits fresh against the natural spoiling process make them less attractive or impractical to implement. These experiments address these issues by using warm baits of water, sugar, boric acid, and antibiotics. Overnight, the general areas became clear of blood-sucking female mosquitoes while in numbers, the harmless males concentrated into the immediate vicinities. Control vs. experiment protocol established no other logical explanation for this phenomenon other than that females were attracted and killed by the bait. As expected, there was no female mosquito’s activity in these areas. There weren’t many left to do the work.

乌东德水电站尾水集鱼平台集鱼效果影响因素分析

为研究乌东德水电站尾水集鱼平台集鱼效果与诱鱼措施、下游水文要素等影响因素之间的关系,通过分析2021年4~10月乌东德水电站右岸尾水集鱼平台运行数据以及同期水文数据,采用数据对比分析法初步提出了水文指标变化与集鱼效果之间的趋势关系。数据分析显示:金沙江中游江段投放肉食型饵料诱鱼增益效果更好;6~7月开启灯光诱鱼,可显著提升光照敏感鱼类的收集率;短时间的下泄流量增加对刺激鱼类洄游,增加集鱼数量没有明显作用,而超过5 d以上连续的下泄流量增加可以刺激鱼类洄游,提升集鱼数量。研究成果可为优化金沙江中游水电站生态调度以及提升集鱼系统集鱼效率提供支撑。

活饵与饲料投喂对幼鳜肠肽酶活力及小肽转运、吸收的影响

以初始体重(6.77±0.64)g的鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)为实验对象,从消化道肠肽酶活力和小肽转运吸收方面比较研究鳜对活饵与饲料消化吸收能力的差异。实验采用3种分组投食策略,将鳜分活饵组(仅投喂活饵鱼)、饲料组(仅投喂饲料)、复投活饵组(以下简称复投组,先投喂饲料后活饵鱼)。活饵组、饲料组分别饲养22d,复投组经5d驯饲、15d饲料和2d活饵喂养。饲养结束时在各组进食0.5h、1h、2h、3h、6h、12h、16h时分别取样肠和幽门盲囊,测定氨肽酶和羧肽酶含量与活力,小肽转运载体基因Pept1a、Pept1b和Pept2 mRNA表达水平,及进食12h后肠内容物及粪便中残余小肽含量。结果表明:各组羧肽酶、氨肽酶含量变化无显著性规律,酶活力总体呈先升后降趋势;活饵组肽酶活力峰值显著高于复投组高于饲料组(P<0.01),复投组由饲料转喂活饵后,肠道肠肽酶活力显著上升;各组前肠、中肠及幽门盲囊Pept1a、Pept1b mRNA表达显著高于后肠(P<0.01),后肠则以Pept2 mRNA高表达(P<0.01)。在复投组摄食活饵后,小肽转运载体基因表达水平较饲料组迅速回升(P<0.01);摄食12h,复投组肠内容物小肽含量显著高于活饵组和饲料组,小肽吸收效率随消化时间延长而上升。饲料组粪便中小肽含量显著高于活饵组与复投组,未转运的小肽中含必需氨基酸居高。综上所述,投喂鳜配合饲料,对肠肽酶活力、小肽转运载体基因表达和小肽吸收速率均产生不利影响,鳜对饲料蛋白的分解和小肽转运吸收效率显著低于活饵鱼。

水丝蚓及人工饲料对草金鱼生长和体色的影响

为评价水丝蚓或人工饲料对草金鱼生长和体色的影响,选择初始体质量(7.82±1.84)g、体长(5.73±0.45)cm的草金鱼,分别投喂水丝蚓(SY组)和人工饲料(SL组),定期测定体质量和体色色度。结果显示,SY组试验鱼增质量率、特定生长率显著高于SL组(P<0.05),肥满度差异不显著(P>0.05);两组试验鱼体质量直线斜率差异不显著(P>0.05)。两组草金鱼体色L*(亮度)值与投喂时间呈正相关趋势,a*(+a*红,-a*绿)、b*(+b*黄,-b*蓝)值均呈负相关趋势;两组试验鱼色度值直线斜率(K)差异不显著(P>0.05);试验结束时,SY组试验鱼体表a*和b*值均显著高于SL组(P<0.05)。研究表明,草金鱼体质量与生长时间的线性相关性较强,投喂水丝蚓更容易被草金鱼接受,更能稳定促进其生长,但无论投喂水丝蚓或是人工饲料,其体表红色均会逐渐变淡。