The Conflict and Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Public Freedom of Information in the“Anti-circumvention Clause”

There is a long-standing conflict between intellectual property rights and public freedom of information.The continuous development of the“anti-circumvention clause”has caused the conflict to intensify.As a basic human right,freedom of information is being gradually eroded by the expansion of intellectual property rights.The existing research mainly carries on the right balance from the negative protection path,but the positive protection path is more advantageous to realizing the public freedom of information and alleviates the conflict between the two kinds of rights.In practice,there are some problems in the application of the anti-circumvention clause,such as the legality of the aim,the division of the protected part,and the determination of the circumvention.This is mainly due to the lack of restrictions on technical measures,the failure to distinguish between“copyright protection”and“contact control”,and the offside and absence of administrative bodies in practice.We should protect public freedom of information by distinguishing the two measures of copyright protection and contact control and the two torts of access and use,increasing the restrictive conditions for the use of technical protection measures,and changing the functions of administrative supervision agencies.

The Centennial History and Significance of the Protection of the Rights and Interests of Persons with Disabilities by the Communist Party of China

The Communist Party of China has been concerned with the protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities since its founding.in the period of the new democratic Revolution and after the founding of the People’s Republic of China,it adopted a series of protective measures in various forms in line with local conditions.Since the reform and opening-up,the cause of persons with disabilities has developed in an all-around way under the leadership of the CPC.especially since the 18th national Congress of the Communist Party of China,the protection of human rights for persons with disabilities has been innovatively developed,and persons with disabilities have been truly participating in social affairs and share the country’s development gains as equal subjects of rights.The centennial history of the Party’s protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities shows that the CPC’s ideas of human rights protection consecutively comprise humanitarian assistance,humanitarian protection,and people-centered human rights protection.The main identity of persons with disabilities has changed from the object of protection during the revolution to the object of medical care and social welfare,and the subject of human rights.The content of protection of rights and interests has developed from survival assistance to comprehensive protection including education,rehabilitation,employment,etc.The dignity,autonomy,equality,and social participation of persons with disabilities as the subject of human rights have become increasingly prominent.

The Bacteria in a Giant's Body--Analysis of Problems in USA Politics

The United States is the first bourgeois republic nation.The history of its political system dates back to 400 years ago.In the history of the American Continent,'The May Flower Treaty' for the first time wrote the democratic thoughts on the paper.And the Virginia Congress was the earliest found congress,which made the Congress a basic political system in the colonies.The Independent Declaration passed on July 4th,1776 established the basic system in the colonies.In 1787 when 'The Constitution of United States' was made and passed,the political system centered on 'checks and balances' was finally confirmed.Since that time,the American politicians have been boasting their most 'advanced' and 'perfect' political system all over the world and trying to promote it all over the world.In fact,more than half of the countries in the world really applied the American political system in their bourgeois revolution.However,the financial crisis originated in USA in 2008 strongly questioned the effectiveness of American political system.The USA government's performance in the crisis was widely criticized by other countries.This dissertation will analyze the problems exposed in the execution of the American political system centered on 'checks and balances'.The writer will exam the problems shown in this time's financial crisis and pay attention to the problems of the two-party system,the electoral system,etc.The writer hopes that the dissertation can give some lights and create a new view.

Evaluation of a concept-based physical education unit for energy balance education

Background:Physical education(PE)is a key channel that impacts children's decisions and behaviors for healthful living.This study evaluated the effects of a concept-based PE(CBPE)instructional unit,featured by energy balance(EB)education,on students'knowledge learning,situational interest,cognitive,and physical engagements as well as teachers'perceptions.Methods:Fourth and 5th grade students(n=468)in a mid-western state of the United States were recruited as the participants.Four elementary schools were randomized to the CBPE or control groups.Students'EB knowledge,situational interest,cognitive engagement,and physical engagement were measured by a knowledge test,the Situational Interest Scale—Elementary,written task sheets,and accelerometers,respectively,while teachers'perceptions of the CBPE unit were captured by individual interviews at the end of the experiment.Results:The CBPE group showed a significant increase in EB knowledge,while the control did not.Both groups showed a similar increasing trend for situational interest over time,although the statistical results favored the control group.For physical engagement,the CBPE group demonstrated a statistically different but substantively similar level of in-class physical activity compared to the control group.The CBPE group also showed a moderate level of cognitive engagement throughout the unit.The PE teachers reported overall positive perceptions about teaching the CBPE unit.Conclusion:These results support the utility of the CBPE unit in enhancing EB education along with facilitating positive student interest and engagement as well as positive teaching experiences.

Review of the International Situation in 2012

The world in 2012 has continued the patchwork of turbulences of the past several years, only with more conflicts and turmoil, and deeper adjustments and transformations. The world economy was still trapped in the crisis and its recovery has been faltering. Situations in hot-spot areas became more complicated, and big powers’ strategic adjustments and jostling in geopolitics have intensified. Competitions in development models and

Realty Service Contracts and the Legal System of Realty Management in China

The realty(real estate)management of ownership of buildings includes the owner(homeowner)entrust-management and the owner self-management,the former through the way of realty service contracts,the latter through the resolution of the owners’assembly and the owners’committee.The legal disputes of realty service contracts involve balancing interests among the realty service enterprise,individual owner,and all the owners.We should use dynamic balancing of the interests of the three parties to implement the interests of the win-win cooperation rather than the interests of the trade-off of“all or nothing.”The realty service contract is similar to the entrustment contract,both of which are based on the owners’entrustment.The duty to provide realty service is not simply equivalent to fiduciary duty.The realty service contract has the essence of both behavior debt and result debt.For the former,the general provisions of the entrustment contract can be referred to,and for the latter,the general provisions of the contract for work can be referred to.In view of the group characteristics of the realty service contract,owners have no right to terminate the realty service contract at any time but should obey the principle of due process and take the majority mechanism to make a dismissal resolution resolution.The resolutions and management stipulations worked out by the owners’assembly in a majority mechanism,both of which belong to resolution behavior and are legal tools of the owners’autonomy,shall be binding on all the owners.The relationship between the owner,the owner’s assembly,and the owner’s committee is similar to the fiduciary relationship.If the decision made by the owners’assembly or the owners’committee and the management stipulation infringes upon the legal rights and interests of the owners,the injured owner has the right to revocation litigation.At present,residential commodity owners have a relatively low degree of autonomy in China,and legal disputes over realty services are frequent.In the future,we need to perfect the legal incentive and constraint measures,and stimulate the vitality of owner autonomy to promote better implementation of the owner self-management and owner entrust-management.

Rethinking the Method and Function of Proportionality Test in the European Court of Human Rights

Strasbourg’s application of proportionality test has some unique features.Due to the Court inherent subsidiary role,it hardly transplants the formulas and criteria adopted by the German Constitutional Court or Court of Justice European Union(CJEU) in the complete sense.Consequently,the Strasbourg application of the proportionality has been depicted as a "mysterious house" for the reason that it lacks of certainty.Therefore,some scholars often worry the application of the proportionality test will threaten the predictability and the Strasbourg rule of law.Generally,the proportionality test has two internal functions for the Strasbourg judges:(1) strike fair balance between/among the competing interests;(2) testing on the reasonableness and appropriateness between the measures employed and aim pursued.In the first category,the primary task of the Court is to protect the scope of "essence" of the Convention rights from the interference of collective goods relying on the interest-based rights theory.Beyond this scope,the Court would have to balance the interests explicitly incorporated into the Convention rights as well as the external collective goods claimed by the state authorities.In some sensitive judgments,the Strasbourg Court tends to impose the onerous responsibility of "burden of proof" to the State authorities,or strategically defers to the domestic decisions unless they will be found "manifestly unreasonable".Secondly,the Court must take a scrutiny towards the appropriateness between the means employed and ends pursued,and then it has to decide whether a less intrusive alternative existed or will possibly be found or not.Sometimes,the Court might impose state authorities an obligation looking for a new alternation.However,due to subsidiarity characteristic of the Strasbourg Court,the task of the assessments sometimes is complicated and time-consuming,so the Court are not capable of evaluations in all occasions.Finally,the Court could strike down the "chilling consequence" caused by some few of the legitimate measures which may highly potentially threaten the individual rights in the National legal order.

BEIJING DECLARATION "Health of Humankind Continues to Need Traditional Medicine"

We, health professional, scientists and health administrator from all over the world involvedin the field of traditional medicine, meeting in Beijing from 18 to 22 October 1991, affirm ourcollective support for traditional medicine. We recognize that traditional medicine has been the cultural heritage and treasure of allpeoples for thousands of years and has substantially to human health and to the development

Recognition and Causes of Risks of Urban Stock Land Use Alteration

In China,a more strict approval system has been introduced against urban stock land use alteration,but the uncertainty of this system,due to its unclear statement on disposition,restraints and profit sharing,makes landuse alteration come along with risks of return loss of state-owned real property,recycling of stock land,imbalance of interest sharing,embezzlement of public land and pollution of industrial land. Causes of risks are directly linked to behaviors and decisions of major interest holders. In this paper,those causes are studied through the analysis of interest game between local governments,original land users,and property developers. The prevention and control of those risks requires balance of interest between interest holders to make possible multiple parties' engagement and interest sharing.

论行政复议的适当性审查

合法性审查、适当性审查是行政复议机关审查被申请行政行为的两个审查标准。适当性审查与行政诉讼合理性审查表述不同但内容一致。合法性审查是形式合法性审查,适当性审查是实质合法性审查,因此,适当性审查与合法性审查构成了一种从“从形式违法到实质违法”的双阶审查方法。在形式合法性已经确认的前提下,针对被申请行政行为的内容,行政复议机关可以从合目的性、结果可接受性和利益权衡三个面向作适当性审查。

民事在线诉讼当事人权益保障的检视与路径探索

当事人权益保障体现了以当事人为中心的诉讼理念,确保了实现诉讼效益与程序公正的统一。在线诉讼中单一的程序选择权类型难以满足双方当事人需求、证人远程作证提高了质证难度、异步审理稀释了直接言词原则、个人信息保护与庭审公开之间存在张力。应当根据被选择事项性质合理确定选择权类型、加强证人远程作证技术保障、肯定异步审理的价值并明确边界、具体衡量审判公开与个人信息保护价值利益。

考虑主从博弈的电热能源系统优化调度

针对多主体利益纷争导致电热能源系统运行经济性欠优的问题,提出一种基于主从博弈理论的电热能源系统优化调度方法。首先,分析博弈过程中的信息交互机理,建立电热能源系统调度框架;其次,制定上网电价和供能商出力约束,构建旨在实现环境成本和购电成本之和最小化的主体模型,同时构建以自身经济性最优为目标的从体模型;最后,采用差分进化法求解各主体的出力分配和利益分配问题。仿真结果验证了所提模型的优越性。

利益嵌入与制度效能:提升制度执行力的行动主义路向

制度执行力体现在制定、执行、监督和评估等制度建构行动中。利益是贯穿制度执行力的重要影响因素,也是检视制度执行力的重要视角。具体而言,政治利益是制度执行的合法性前提,协调多元利益关系是影响制度执行的基础环境,追求利益平衡是提升制度执行力的实现形式。在制度实践中,制度实现要充分关照以人民为中心的利益相关者群体,消解利益关系形成的多重制度困局,利用有效的激励手段消解多重利益主体之间形成的利益共谋现象。为提升制度执行力的制度效能,必须维护政治利益的公共性,实现制度公平公正;协调多方利益关系,营造制度执行的良好环境;实现多元利益的平衡,确保制度有效执行;建构激励相容的政策体系,优化制度执行的动力机制。

元宇宙空间刑法规制的教义学立场

元宇宙是当今人工智能、大数据、5G、区块链以及扩展现实等一系列技术发展集合的结果,本质上是互联网的升级版,其具有拟真性和虚实相融的特点,但是仍然依附于现实世界。元宇宙空间中隐藏着诸如侵犯人身权利、侵犯财产权利、妨害社会管理秩序以及破坏经济秩序等刑事风险。刑法在规制上述风险时,尚没有增设新罪的必要,通过刑法解释可以实现规制的效果。刑法通过解释介入元宇宙空间领域,需以利益衡量原则为指导,坚持刑法最后介入和技术规制技术优先规则,防止前沿技术的发展受到刑法的不当干预。同时,元宇宙空间中不法的认定应以法益现实被侵害为基础,依循各个罪名的规范保护目的,对相应的行为进行客观解释。

公益诉讼程序保障论

公益诉讼制度中的程序保障具有优位性和指导原理性地位,并因公益相关主体不同而呈现差序性。首先,面向公益原告及被告(公益加害人)的程序保障在公益诉讼中应居于最核心地位,原告的程序保障程度与公益类型及代表模式相关;被告的程序保障应以“妨诉抗辩”和“重复法律评价抗辩”为重点;公益诉讼中居于被告地位的行政机关应得到实质性程序保障,其诉讼权利不应被“非讼化”程序削弱。其次,“公益相关人”受公益诉讼的过程和结果影响,其程序参与权和选择权应得到合理且适当的保护。再次,公益诉讼的过程及其结果借助社会公众的参与而获得正当性,社会公众的诉讼知情权和参与权是公益诉讼结果向社会归责的必要条件。最后,在公益诉讼“国家化”及程序类型多元化的背景下,司法机关的程序保障责任各不相同,检察公益诉讼诉前程序属职权调查程序,检察机关应恪守客观中立原则并承担公益论证义务;公益诉讼审理程序采对抗制结构,法院应充分保障当事人的辩论权、异议权及公正审理请求权;检察机关与法院在公益诉讼协商程序中应加强司法监督,防止公共利益被不当处分。

全面禁止抑或严格限制:我国竞业限制制度的模式选择与规范进路

竞业限制涉及用人单位的商业秘密权与劳动者的就业权,并对公共利益产生影响,相关制度设计及其司法适用应当平衡好各方权益。立法的不完善和司法审查的宽松标准助长了用人单位滥用竞业限制。在大力发展新质生产力的背景下,虽然我国不能移植美国最新的“全面禁止”规则,但可以借鉴美国审理竞业限制可执行性的司法经验,在竞业限制领域建立起较为严格的二重审查基准,并配套以预防“事实竞业限制”的相关措施。

“生态券”式自然生态空间有偿使用法律制度的提出与规范建构

研究目的:证成“生态券”式自然生态空间有偿使用法律制度,并进行规范建构。研究方法:规范分析法、比较分析法和案例分析法。研究结果:(1)空间公平正义价值观下,“税费”式自然生态空间有偿使用制度有利于保护自然生态空间,一定程度上衡平了自然生态空间利益。因忽视自然生态空间安全价值,该制度在自然生态空间利益全面保护方面仍面临主体涵盖不全、利益混同、补偿滞后以及救济偏离诉求目标等困境。(2)受生态安全价值观影响,自然生态空间利益衡平的理念由“损害最小化”转向“零耗损”。研究结论:应推行“生态券”式自然生态空间有偿使用法律制度,与资源税费制度并行,与生态补偿、碳汇交易等制度协同,保障自然生态空间安全,全面衡平自然生态空间利益。具体制度建构中,应秉持权力制约与权益保障的理念,厘清生态券的法律属性,发掘生态券有偿使用方式下的权力与权利规范;明确自然生态空间占用权,确认与合理配置自然生态空间利益;设定对价支付自然生态空间占用的具体义务,明晰权利的边界;加强“生态券”交易市场的培育与落实,健全制度运行的关键程序。

知识产权比例协调政策与比例原则的区分

比例协调是近年来知识产权司法工作的基本政策,但理论界与实务界对其和比例原则的关系存在误读。在规范目的层面,比例协调政策与比例原则虽然都以规范权力行使、保护公民权利为目的,但前者旨在指导法院给予被侵权人适当地救济,后者却以公民权利可被侵犯为前提,希望实现对公权力行使的限制。在规范功能层面,比例协调政策可以指导法院确定知识产权权利边界以及填补被侵权人的财产损害,比例原则只能针对被损害的价值进行损益权衡。在价值基础层面,比例协调政策体现分配正义与利益平衡的价值取向,比例原则的价值本源却是保护公民的消极自由以及对行政行为进行利益衡量。在具体适用上,比例协调政策与比例原则在适用阶段与裁量空间上也存在较大差异。这表明比例协调政策不是比例原则在知识产权法中的类推,而是知识产权法的个性表达。

科技报告法律属性与知识产权归属分析

科技报告是重要的科技信息资源,厘清科技报告法律属性和权属关系是保障科技报告开发利用安全、有效的关键因素。根据科技计划项目属性和科技报告创作特点明确科技报告的财产权属性、公私双重属性、特殊职务作品属性。基于科技报告法律属性确定其知识产权权属规则,在坚持公私利益平衡基础上,引入契约自由与公权介入规则,进而确定不同情形下科技报告知识产权归属情况。

我国非物质文化遗产传承人法律保护制度运行检视与本土化构建

非物质文化遗产传承人保护是中华优秀传统文化传承保护的关键举措之一。在实践中,部分非物质文化遗产传承“无人”,并呈现传承人的断层危机、传承人欠缺自主品牌的保护意识、传承人对非物质文化遗产二次创造的能力较弱和特色保护机制缺失等现象,亟须予以解决。现行代表性传承人认定制度欠缺理性构建、传承人难以获得知识产权保护、传承人获得利益分享的空间受限和现行法对传承人的保护不完备等问题凸显出传承人保护法律制度的不足。结合我国非物质文化遗产传承人法律保护制度运行实践,可以通过厘清代表性传承人的认定标准、突破现行知识产权制度的保护范围、探索本土化的利益分享制度和完善传承人保护制度的本土化设计等举措,构建符合我国国情的非物质文化遗产传承人保护法律制度体系。