Balance of Water Supply-demand in Paddy Fields in Hilly Regions in Sichuan Province

[Objective] The aim was to study the effects of water supply and consumption on water saving and drought resistance. [Method] Controlling field experiment was conducted to explore water balance between supply and demand in paddy fields in hilly regions in Sichuan Province. [Result] Rainfall in hilly areas was 3 611.10 m3/hm2; water for irrigation was 6 299.25 m3/hm2; evapotranspiration of rice was 6 424.95 m3/hm2; deep leakage was 2 459.55 m3/hm2; overflowing amount was 1 026.00 m3/hm2. In addition, water consumption totaled 8 884.50 m3/hm2 during rice production; water use was 0.99 kg/m3 and use efficiency of irrigated water was 1.40 kg/m3. [Conclusion] Water supply and consumption should be further organized to save water and fight against drought in hilly areas in Sichuan Province.

THE BALANCE BETWEEN SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF WATER RESOURCES AND THE WATER-SAVING POTENTIAL FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE HEXI CORRIDOR

The Hexi Corridor is an important base of agriculture development inNorthwest China. According to recent statistics, there are 65. 94 x 10~8m^3 of water resourcesavailable in the Hexi Corridor. At present, net consumption in development and utilization is 43. 33x 10~8m^3. Water supply and demand reach a balance on the recent level of production, but loss ofevaporation and evapotranspiration is as much as 25. 69 x 1010~8m^3. So net use efficiency of waterresources is 59% Based on analyzing balance between water and land considering ecologicalenvironment at present, there exists the serious water shortage in the Shiyang River system whereirrigation lands have overloaded. There is a comparative balance between supply and demand of waterresource in the Heihe River system; and the Sule River system has some surplus water to extendirrigation land. Use of agriculture water accounts for 83. 3% and ecological forest and grass for 6.9% . The Hexi Corridor still has a great potential for water saving in agriculture production.Water-saving efficiency of irrigation is about 10% by using such traditional technologies as furrowand border-dike irrigation and small check irrigation, and water-saving with plastic film cover andtechniques of advanced sprinkler and drip/micro irrigation etc. can save more than 60% of irrigatedwater. Incremental irrigation area for water-saving potential in the Hexi Corridor has beenestimated as 56% - 197% to original irrigation area. So the second water sources can be developedfrom water saving agriculture in the Hexi Corridor under Development of the Western Part of China inlarge scale. This potential can be realized step by step through developing the water-savingmeasures, improving the ecological condition of oasis agriculture, and optimizing allocation ofwater resources in three river systems.

The Supply and Demand of Agricultural Products in China Based on Balanced Diet

Promoting agricultural production and ensuring the supply of agricultural products has always been the main task of agricultural development in China,but the agricultural production in China has not yet been combined with the Chinese residents' dietary needs to formulate reasonable development goals,with a certain blindness in production. According to the dietary standards in The Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents developed by the Chinese Nutrition Society,we calculate the demand of various types of agricultural products in China under the conditions of balanced diet. In comparison with the output of various types of agricultural products in China at present,we find that the output of most of agricultural products in China has exceeded the reasonable demand of the Chinese residents under the conditions of balanced diet. Therefore,adjusting the agricultural production structure in China and advocating balanced diet has become an important way to solve the problem of balance between supply and demand of agricultural products.

The Study on Urban Vertical Greening and Balance Water Supply Technology

The paper had analyzed the technology, maintenance and recognition of vertical greening in urban space, and proposed a solution for balance water supply for balconies and streetlights, that is, magnetic auxiliary shallow water level controller, the patent of which had been applied. Magnetic auxiliary shallow water level controller had met water supply of some special parts of urban vertical greening and was sure to accelerate urban vertical greening.

The Estimation of Water Supply and Demand in Hotan Oasis

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to estimate water supply and demand, which can provide a basis for how to allocate rationally water resources in Hotan Oasis. [Method] The water supply and demand in Hotan Oasis in the next15 years were calculated according to water-soil balance. [Result] When the runoff of Hotan River is at a probability of 50%（P=50 for short）, the total water resource is 50.57×10^8m^3, and there is only 33.13×10^8m^3available for social and economics,but there would be a need of 33.44×10^8and 36.06×10^8m^3, and the water shortage would be 1.31 ×10^8and 2.93 ×10^8m^3in 2020 and 2030 respectively. When P =75,the total water resource is 44.30×10^8m^3, there is only 29.39×10^8m^3water available for social and economics. However, there would be a need of 31.43 ×10^8and33.11×10^8m^3, and the water shortage would be 2.04×10^8and 3.72×10^8m^3in 2020 and 2030, respectively. [Conclusion] The problem of water shortage would be serious over the next 15 years, and the fragile ecosystem would be destroyed dramatically with the large-scale land reclamation against natural laws. Hence, the effective policies and measures should be taken timely to prohibit reclamation and to cope with ongoing water shortage, based on the water supply and demand estimation under the background of climate change.

Analysis of Water Resources Supply and Demand and Security of Water Resources Development in Irrigation Regions of the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

Based on the data for meteorology, hydrology, soil, planting, vegetation, and socio-economic development of the irrigation region in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, Northwest China, the model of balance of water supply and demand in the region was established, and the security of water resource was assessed, from which the results that the effects of unified management of water resources in the Heihe River basin between Gansu Province and Inner Mongolia on regional hydrology are significant with a decrease in water supply diverted from Heihe River and an increase in groundwater extracted. In addition, it was found that the groundwater level has been steadily decreasing due to over pumping and decrease in recharges. In present year （2003）, the volume of potential groundwater in the irrigation districts is far small because of the groundwater overdraft; even in the particular regions, there is no availability of groundwater resources for use. By 2003, water supply is not sufficient to meet the water demand in the different irrigation districts, the sustainable development and utilization of water resources are not secured, and the water supply crisis occurs in Pingchuan irrigation district. Achieving water security for the sustainable development of society, agriculture, economy, industry, and livelihoods while maintaining or improving the abilities of the management and planning of water resources, determining of the reasonable percentage between water supply and groundwater utilization and water saving in agricultural irrigation are taken into account. If this does not occur, it is feared that the present performance of water development and planning may further aggravate the problem of scarcities of water resources and further damage the fragile ecological system.

Farmer's Perception on Supply-Demand Matching of New Variety and Its Influence Factors

Using disordered multinomial logistic regression and multiple linear regression method,385 copies of questionnaires on farmer are analyzed to explore the relationship between peasant's psychological traits,peasant's cognition on seed technology and perception on supplydemand matching of new variety.Research results show that the vast majority of farmers think that current new variety is at high-level supplydemand balance and the oversupply status,and updating speed of new variety on the market is faster;the farmers preferring risk,seeking innovation and having strong learning and cognition ability may select high-level supply-demand matching state,and the farmers understanding the importance and difference of seed technology tend to choose high-level supply-demand matching situation;the farmers with strong learning and cognition ability can acknowledge the importance and difference of seed technology,while the farmers preferring risk can perceive the difference of seed technology;psychology seeking the innovation and learning and cognition ability affect the farmer's perception on supplydemand matching status of new variety via affecting the farmer's cognition on technical difference.

Open Innovation and New Mechanism of Market-Based Technology Diffusion from MNCs

The international community has blamed developing countries for the lack of intellectual property rights(IPR)protection-not least the“forced technology transfers”-in attracting foreign direct investment(FDI).This paper employs the largesample contract data of multinational companies’(MNCs)IT R&D transactions in China to discuss this controversy from a unique perspective of MNCs in the role of contractors.Our findings suggest that MNCs initially guarded their know-how before the 2000s under closed innovation,but have started to take the initiative to transfer technology to local partners as open innovation held sway.China’s structured market entities and huge demand for technology transactions have served as key drivers for MNCs to transfer technology,which has been further boosted by the new business model of open innovation.This paper’s empirical analysis not only helps unravel the“black box”of technology transfers by MNCs,but reveals how late-moving developing countries may make better use of FDI referencing China’s experience on the three dimensions of market opportunities,structured entities,and economies of scale.

Tilt Angle Optimality Criteria for Stand Alone PV Systems

The conventional approach to optimizing tilt angles for fixed solar panels aims to maximize energy generation over the entire year. However, in the context of a supply controlled electric grid, where solar energy availability varies, this criterion may not be optimal. This study explores two alternative optimization criteria focused on maximizing baseload supply potential and minimizing required storage capacity to address seasonality in energy generation. The optimal tilt angles determined for these criteria differed significantly from the standard approach. This research highlights additional factors crucial for designing solar power systems beyond gross energy generation, essential for the global transition towards a fully renewable energy-based electric grid in the future.

Land Use Allocation Based on Interval Multi-objective Linear Programming Model: A Case Study of Pi County in Sichuan Province

Adjusting and optimizing land use structure is one of the essential approaches to solve the conflict between land supply and demand. In this study,an uncertain interval multi-objective linear programming model was established and applied to analyzing the suitability of land use structure in Pi County of Sichuan Province. An adjustment scheme for optimizing land use structure was proposed on the basis of development planning drawn up by the local government. The results are summarized as follows: 1) the optimal adjustment scope for cropland area ranges from 27 976.75 ha to 31 029.08 ha,and the current area is less than the lower limit of the scope; 2) the optimal adjustment scope for garden land area ranges from 4 736.49 ha to 12 967.11 ha,and the current area is less than the lower limit; 3) the optimal adjustment scope for construction land ranges from 7 761.95 ha to 10 393.18 ha,and the current area is greater than the upper limit; 4) the optimal adjustment scope for industry and mining land ranges from 557.29 ha to 693.54 ha,and the current area exceeds the upper limit; and 5) the areas of forest land,grassland and other agricultural land are within the optimal adjustment scope. In order to maximize comprehensive benefit with the limited resources and the demand of sustainable development,the areas of cropland and garden land are supposed to be expanded properly,while the construction land should be controlled and reduced gradually,and the forest land and other agricultural land can be maintained at the current level in short period.

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Supply and Demand Balance of Water Supply Services in the Dongjiang Lake Basin and Its Beneficiary Areas

Water-related ecosystem services is a hot topic in ecological research. Water supply services are crucial to regional water cycles and water quantity balance. The Dongjiang Lake basin is a national priority river basin in China where ecological compensation pilot programs concerning water resources and water supply services are top priorities for ecosystem service protection. We analyzed spatial and temporal patterns associated with generation and use of water supply services in the Dongjiang Lake basin using the In VEST model, socio-economic data and water resource data. We found that between 1995 and 2010, water yield in the Dongjiang Lake basin and its beneficiary areas increased before declining, varying 9350–12 400 m3 ha-1 y-1; average water yield peaked in 2000. The spatial distribution patterns of water yield during these years are similar, progressively decreasing from upstream to downstream with a remarkable reduction in surrounding areas of city clusters. Average water consumption of the basin and its beneficiary areas ranged from 2900–4450 m3 ha-1 y-1 between 1995 and 2010; the spatial distribution patterns of water consumption during these years are similar, dropping gradually from urban construction land to its surroundings with a stronger gradient between urban and rural areas. More water was consumed on both banks and surroundings of the lake. From 1995 to 2010, water supply fell short of demand for urban construction land and its proximity as well as areas along the lake. Water supply services were able to satisfy needs in other regions. The Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan city cluster suffers from the most strained water supply.

Technical System Construction in the Market Trading System for Demand Response Based on the Energy Internet

With the explosive growth of variable renewable energy,the balance between the supply and demand of the power grid is faced with new challenges.Based on the development experience from typical countries and the state quo in China,this paper further analyzes the system architecture and development trend of demand response under the background of Energy Internet.Five dimensions are considered:Energy Internet platform,demand response application scenarios,system architecture,information technology system construction,and demand response development trend.The results show that the application of the Energy Internet platform can effectively solve the problems of data acquisition and processing,“terminal-edge-network-cloud”cooperation of demand response,etc.The system architecture of the demand response platform that supports user resource management,user information access,control instruction receiving,control strategy issuing,and response process monitoring is proposed in this paper.It is also helpful to provide a feasible technical choice for expanding the application services of Energy Internet towards government and society.

Economy Equilibrium and Sustainable Development

The structure of technological mappings is studied and it is shown that for an important class of technological mappings there exists a continuous strategy of the behavior of firms as arbitrarily close in terms of profit. The latter is important for building the theory of economic equilibrium, which is an important tool for building the theory of sustainable economic development. Theorems of the existence of economic equilibrium under conditions of uncertainty and under general assumptions about the structure of supply and demand have been proved.

中药饮片产业发展现状及供给侧问题与对策

分析了中药饮片产业及市场规模现状,相关法律、法规、政策等,从供给侧剖析产业发展瓶颈,解析中药饮片生产标准化、规模化程度低,技术及产品创新不足,缺少协调供需平衡的宏观统筹问题,提出加强炮制理论基础研究、提高中药饮片生产标准化水平的对策措施,包括提高中药炮制技术的标准化水平、完善质量控制标准、建立等级标准等,倡导提高产业规模化水平、实施大品种战略、鼓励科技创新、组建创新联合体,加快中药饮片数字化、智能化生产管理研发及新产品研发,并从调控供需平衡角度提出了推进中药饮片区域化生产与流通的措施等,以期构建以高品质中药饮片为核心的创新型产业发展格局,探寻振兴中药饮片产业高质量发展之路。

山地多中心城市公园绿地生态系统文化服务供需匹配特征

城市公园绿地为居民提供了重要的生态系统文化服务,在促进居民身心健康和提高社会福祉方面发挥着关键作用。以典型山地城市重庆中心城区为例,构建供需匹配评估体系,利用多源数据量化供给与需求,识别供需平衡与协调发展关系。结果表明:(1)重庆市中心城区城市公园绿地生态系统文化服务供需具有显著空间异质性,供给呈北高南低、分散布局的格局,需求呈中心高、外围低的格局;(2)生态系统文化服务供需失衡特征显著,其中52.38%的组团文化服务供给滞后,33.33%的组团属于供给超前状态;供需耦合协调指数平均值为0.50,协调发展程度空间分布呈“中心高、外围低”格局;(3)综合分析供需均衡与耦合协调结果发现,由于供给超前导致了外围城市组团的失调发展,而城市中心区域组团在供给滞后状态下维持了中等水平协调发展程度。总体来看,重庆市中心城区各组团存在不同程度的公园绿地生态系统文化服务供需错配,基于评估提出针对性的城市公园绿地优化策略,可为公园绿地的合理配置与规划提供重要支持。

我国健身服务业高质量发展的推进路径——基于供需平衡理论

健身服务业作为体育产业的重要组成部分,基于其潜在的市场考验和广阔的发展前景,本文采用文献资料、专家访谈、逻辑分析等方法,分析供需平衡理论框架下健身服务业高质量发展的宏观形态。从健身服务市场主体发展态势看,我国传统健身服务市场主体虽已发展成熟,但存在盈利模式单一、价值增值能力弱、供需错位以及结构失衡等诸多问题;从健身服务市场客体看,我国消费出现有效需求转化、广泛人群需要层次提升、潜在消费人口发展、消费理性预期改善、消费内容空间扩大等变化。因此,必须形成“三位一体”,即政策、供给、需求的健身服务经济价值新路径,以推进健身服务业高质量发展。

基于区块链的城市智能交通网络均衡分配方法

为了提高城市智能交通网络的应用效率,有效分配网络中存在的资源,同时保证网络资源分配的均衡度。因此,提出区块链技术下城市智能交通网络均衡分配方法。通过建立城市智能交通网络模型,分析用户在交通网络中的资源需求。根据用户的需求,采用区块链技术分配网络中的资源,通过引入椭圆曲线数字签名算法,对需求和资源的发布信息加密处理,并根据资源需求与资源供应之间的匹配,完成城市智能交通网络资源的均衡分配。实验结果表明,所提方法的用户吞吐率高,且Jain公平指数在0.8以上,表明所提方法的资源分配合理性高。

区块链赋能全民健身公共服务供给治理研究

运用文献资料法,探究区块链赋能全民健身公共服务供给治理的理论框架、变革向度及精准路径。研究认为:基于“服务金三角”理论模型构建全民健身公共服务供给治理框架,从服务需求重构、供给战略重构、供给系统重构、供给主体重构等方面诠释变革向度。并提出建构“链式”管理、“公有链”运作平台、需求精准管理和供给科学决策、创新赋能机制的供给实践框架,从供给需求、供给战略、供给系统、供给主体层面阐释区块链嵌入供给治理风险,为规避风险提出政府、企业、社会、个体应对路径。

供需平衡视角下昆仑山北坡县域单元地表水资源开发利用潜力初探

定量分析地表水资源开发利用潜力有助于明晰区域水资源禀赋,对区域未来水资源科学规划和可持续开发利用具有重要的指导意义。通过供需水量平衡,从地表径流量、生态需水量、地表水可利用量角度,初步探讨了昆仑山北坡县域单元的地表水资源开发利用潜力,以期为昆仑山北坡科学规划和兵团南进布局提供水资源保障依据。结果表明:(1)昆仑山北坡河流径流2000年后呈显著增加趋势,主要河流2001—2010年年均径流量较2000年以前平均增加了23.36%,2011—2020年较2000年以前平均增加了42.89%,其中车尔臣河增幅最大,和田河增幅最小。(2)车尔臣河流域、克里雅河流域和和田河流域的生态基流量分别为4.67×10^(8)m^(3)、5.38×10^(8)m^(3)和20.26×10^(8)m^(3),天然植被生态需水量分别为4.34×10^(8)m^(3)、4.00×10^(8)m^(3)和2.62×10^(8)m^(3)。(3)昆仑山北坡各县域单元现状地表水已用水量范围为0.1×10^(8)~8.73×10^(8)m^(3),地表水资源潜力范围为-0.07×10^(8)~3.17×10^(8)m^(3),空间差异非常显著,其中水资源潜力大于2.00×10^(8)m^(3)的有墨玉县、铁门关市38团、策勒县、且末县、和田县、民丰县和洛浦县。现状区域的地表水资源调蓄能力不足,水资源利用上限偏低,虽有潜力但有水难用,未来昆仑山北坡各县域单元需制定修编更为适宜的地表水资源规划并加强基础水利工程建设,提升地表水资源利用效率,为区域高质量发展提供水资源支撑保障。

基于生态需水的黄河中游水平衡分析--以沁河流域为例

为推动黄河流域生态保护及高质量发展,解决地表水资源供需矛盾,亟需开展水平衡分析,建立水平衡模型,为水资源合理分配提供参考依据。作为黄河的重要支流,沁河流域位于黄河中游末端,由于近年来上游调水政策的施行以及流域内生活、生产用水的增加,用水矛盾突出,出现了河道断流、入黄水量偏枯等问题。为保障河流生态环境健康,优化引沁入汾跨流域提水工程实施后的流域水资源供需平衡,以2021年为现状年,在“自然-人工”二元水循环研究理论的指导下,运用水平衡分析理论与方法,以河道内生态需水为保障基础,对沁河流域水资源需求、供水能力与供需平衡进行了分析与讨论。结果表明:(1)沁河流域水资源供给和需求在空间分布上具有分异性,上游山西省境内各河段河道内均能够保障适宜的生态需水量,下游河南省境内,仅可满足最小生态需水量;(2)沁河流域可供给水资源总量为10.04×10^(8)m^(3),河道外生产、生活及生态用水总量为8.89×10^(8)m^(3),剩余河道内水量仅为1.15×10^(8)m^(3),仅可满足河流最小生态需水;(3)推算至2030年,流域内工业生产及生活取用地表水量将达到6.98×10^(8)m^(3),河道外用水总量将达到9.81×10^(8)m^(3),剩余水量无法满足最小生态需水。建议采用降低工业用水量、提高农田灌溉用水利用率、推广使用高效节水技术,进一步增强水资源的有效利用,改善流域生态环境。研究结果可为合理规划沁河流域水资源调度提供参考,也可为黄河中游水平衡分析提供范例。