Euler’s First-Order Explicit Method–Peridynamic Differential Operator for Solving Population Balance Equations of the Crystallization Process

Using Euler’s first-order explicit(EE)method and the peridynamic differential operator(PDDO)to discretize the time and internal crystal-size derivatives,respectively,the Euler’s first-order explicit method–peridynamic differential operator(EE–PDDO)was obtained for solving the one-dimensional population balance equation in crystallization.Four different conditions during crystallization were studied:size-independent growth,sizedependent growth in a batch process,nucleation and size-independent growth,and nucleation and size-dependent growth in a continuous process.The high accuracy of the EE–PDDO method was confirmed by comparing it with the numerical results obtained using the second-order upwind and HR-van methods.The method is characterized by non-oscillation and high accuracy,especially in the discontinuous and sharp crystal size distribution.The stability of the EE–PDDO method,choice of weight function in the PDDO method,and optimal time step are also discussed.

Multisensory mechanisms of gait and balance in Parkinson’s disease:an integrative review

Understanding the neural underpinning of human gait and balance is one of the most pertinent challenges for 21st-century translational neuroscience due to the profound impact that falls and mobility disturbances have on our aging population.Posture and gait control does not happen automatically,as previously believed,but rather requires continuous involvement of central nervous mechanisms.To effectively exert control over the body,the brain must integrate multiple streams of sensory information,including visual,vestibular,and somatosensory signals.The mechanisms which underpin the integration of these multisensory signals are the principal topic of the present work.Existing multisensory integration theories focus on how failure of cognitive processes thought to be involved in multisensory integration leads to falls in older adults.Insufficient emphasis,however,has been placed on specific contributions of individual sensory modalities to multisensory integration processes and cross-modal interactions that occur between the sensory modalities in relation to gait and balance.In the present work,we review the contributions of somatosensory,visual,and vestibular modalities,along with their multisensory intersections to gait and balance in older adults and patients with Parkinson’s disease.We also review evidence of vestibular contributions to multisensory temporal binding windows,previously shown to be highly pertinent to fall risk in older adults.Lastly,we relate multisensory vestibular mechanisms to potential neural substrates,both at the level of neurobiology(concerning positron emission tomography imaging)and at the level of electrophysiology(concerning electroencephalography).We hope that this integrative review,drawing influence across multiple subdisciplines of neuroscience,paves the way for novel research directions and therapeutic neuromodulatory approaches,to improve the lives of older adults and patients with neurodegenerative diseases.

Wireless Network Security Using Load Balanced Mobile Sink Technique

Real-time applications based on Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)tech-nologies are quickly increasing due to intelligent surroundings.Among the most significant resources in the WSN are battery power and security.Clustering stra-tegies improve the power factor and secure the WSN environment.It takes more electricity to forward data in a WSN.Though numerous clustering methods have been developed to provide energy consumption,there is indeed a risk of unequal load balancing,resulting in a decrease in the network’s lifetime due to network inequalities and less security.These possibilities arise due to the cluster head’s limited life span.These cluster heads(CH)are in charge of all activities and con-trol intra-cluster and inter-cluster interactions.The proposed method uses Lifetime centric load balancing mechanisms(LCLBM)and Cluster-based energy optimiza-tion using a mobile sink algorithm(CEOMS).LCLBM emphasizes the selection of CH,system architectures,and optimal distribution of CH.In addition,the LCLBM was added with an assistant cluster head(ACH)for load balancing.Power consumption,communications latency,the frequency of failing nodes,high security,and one-way delay are essential variables to consider while evaluating LCLBM.CEOMS will choose a cluster leader based on the influence of the fol-lowing parameters on the energy balance of WSNs.According to simulatedfind-ings,the suggested LCLBM-CEOMS method increases cluster head selection self-adaptability,improves the network’s lifetime,decreases data latency,and bal-ances network capacity.

Shifting balance from neurodegeneration to regeneration of the brain: a novel therapeutic approach to Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative conditions

Neurodegeneration is one of the biggest public health problems in modern society. Age-associated neurodegeneration, which is accelerated several-fold in Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） alone, is not only an enormous social and economic burden to the affected in- dividuals and their families, but is also a great scientific challenge. Currently 25-35 million people worldwide suffer from AD, the single largest cause of dementia in middle- to old-aged individuals. These numbers are projected to triple by 2050 if no treatment to prevent or reverse AD is developed.

China-U.S. Trade Balance from the National Income Perspective

This paper calculates the China-U.S. trade balance from the national income perspective based on an input-output model that differentiates domestic and foreign-invested companies. The result shows that due to different degrees of dependence of both countries on foreign production factors such as foreign capital for the manufacturing of export goods,only 87.7% of the domestic value-added created by China's exports to the U.S. in 2012 was China's national income, whereas 96.2% of value-added in U.S. exports to China was U.S.national income. In the comparison of total export volume and export value-added, the home country's national income created by exports can more realistically reflect a country's gains from trade. In 2012, China's trade surplus with the U.S. stood at 102.8 billion US dollars in national income terms, which is 61% and 22% smaller than the results in gross and value-added terms, respectively. The implication is that the traditional trade balance accounting method seriously exaggerates the China-U.S. trade imbalance.

Fecal-associated microbiome differences between phlegm-dampness constitution and balanced constitution

Objective: This study aimed to explore the structural and functional characteristics of the fecalassociated microbiome(FAM) between the phlegm-dampness constitution(PDC) and balanced constitution(BC), and to screen the related specific operational taxonomic unit(OTU) biomarkers.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. After strictly identifying the constitution of subjects, their clinical index was recorded and counted. Fecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing. Alpha diversity, beta diversity, and the relative abundance of dominant bacterial taxa were used to describe the FAM structure, and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Metagenome Seq, and linear discriminant analysis effect size(LEf Se) were used to screen specific bacterial taxa. Specific OTUs were screened to construct receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves.Results: Thirty-two subjects were enrolled, including 22 subjects with BC and 10 subjects with PDC.There were significant differences in cold preference, levels of aspartate transaminase, β2-microglobulin,and creatine kinase MB, and alpha diversity indices(Shannon and Shannoneven) between the two groups. In principal coordinate analysis by abund-jaccard distance measure and partial least squares discriminant analysis, bacterial communities clustered separately between the two groups. Furthermore,based on Metagenome Seq, LEf Se, and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, a total of 43, 18, and 130 OTUs were differentially distributed between BC group and PDC group, respectively, and OTU200, OTU133, and OTU353 were screened when P≤.01. The area under the ROC curve constructed from the 3 selected OTUs was 0.93.Conclusion: The FAM structure and related functional characteristics of the PDC group differed from those of the BC group. In particular, OTU200, OTU133, and OTU353 can be used as unique markers of PDC to assist clinical diagnosis.

U-Type Designs via New Generalized Partially Balanced Incomplete Block Designs with <i>m</i>= 4, 5 and 7 Associated Classes

The traditional combinatorial designs can be used as basic designs for constructing designs of computer experiments which have been used successfully till now in various domains such as engineering, pharmaceutical industry, etc. In this paper, a new series of generalized partially balanced incomplete blocks PBIB designs with m associated classes (m = 4, 5 and 7) based on new generalized association schemes with number of treatments v arranged in w arrays of n rows and l columns (w ≥ 2, n ≥ 2, l ≥ 2) is defined. Some construction methods of these new PBIB are given and their parameters are specified using the Combinatory Method (s). For n or l even and s divisor of n or l, the obtained PBIB designs are resolvable PBIB designs. So the Fang RBIBD method is applied to obtain a series of particular U-type designs U (wnl;) (r is the repetition number of each treatment in our resolvable PBIB design).

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Effects on Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

Introduction: In the last thirty years, brain neuromodulation techniques have been used as an alternative to pharmacological treatment of neurological disorders. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder leading to bradykinesia, rest tremor, postural changes, and non-motor symptoms such as depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, pain, and cognitive decline that compromises executive functions (EFs), responsible for the orderly execution of behaviors and tasks of daily life and intentional and directed actions. To this date, a few studies with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have shown beneficial effects in PD patients concerning specific motor and non-motor symptoms, targeting the motor cortex and/or prefrontal regions. Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of left prefrontal tDCS across a broad spectrum of motor and non-motor symptoms of PD using established validated scales. Method: Single-blind randomized clinical trial with 18 volunteers with PD, aged between 45 and 80 years (66.1 ± 9.65), who met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were submitted to assessments of motor and non-motor functions employing psychometric scales and tests to evaluate EFs and were randomly divided into two groups: control (sham stimulation) and experimental (active stimulation). All participants were involved in three separate tDCS sessions. The anode was positioned over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the cathode over the right supraorbital region, with a direct current intensity of 2 mA, lasting 20 minutes. At the end of the three sessions, all participants were reassessed. Results: Significant effects of tDCS on non-motor functions were observed for cognition (verbal fluency of actions, clock copy test, appointment by visual confrontation, and verbal memory with immediate free recall) and subjective assessment of sleep quality (overall restlessness and discomfort in the arms and legs at night, leg and arm cramps at night and distressing dreams). There was also an improvement in the rate of errors and successes for congruent and incongruent stimuli of the Stroop Test. The beneficial effects on motor function were decreased rigidity, improved gait, and greater agility in the finger-tapping test. Conclusion: Three tDCS sessions showed positive results for participants with PD, producing significant improvements in various motor and non-motor functions, including sleep quality, cognition, and EFs. Additionally, the present results indicate that tDCS neuromodulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex region is feasible, safe, and provides significant objective benefits for PD patients.

Body Balance and Core Training in Parkinson’s Disease: A Longitudinal Crossover Study

Objective: The objective of this study was to verify the effects of two different training protocols based on Core Stability and Body Balance exercises in subjects with Parkinsons’s Disease. Methods: Eight elderly men with PD (age of 73 ± 9 years, weight 69 ± 16 kg, height 164 ± 13 cm, 2 ± 1 of Disability Score according to Hoehn and Yahr scale). The disability score was evaluated using Hoehn and Yahr scale. This study was 12-month-long organized in 3 blocks of 4 months each. The sample was divided in two groups formed by 4 subjects each group. During the first four months, one group performed core stability exercises (CSG) while the other group exercised itself through a Balance Exercises Program (BG). After this first part of the study both protocols were stopped for the following 4 months. Finally, the group were reversed (counter balance design) for the last 4 months of physical activity. The two groups were measured twice, before (T0) and after the treatment (T1). Both treatments were designed in order to investigate the improvement in core muscles performance in order to grant a better balance control and to reduce the risk of falling. Results: statistically significant variations were found in the flight time of Sit-to-Stand (p < 0.05, +27%) and in the step length (p < 0.05, ?3%). In the CSG group, statistically significant variations were detected in Speed of Steps (p < 0.05, +5%), Step Cadence (p < 0.05, +3%), and Left Stride Duration (p < 0.05, ?3%) (Table 1). Conclusion: Both Body Balance and Core training can be considered two good physical exercise methods for people with PD. This study highlights the positive effects of this training protocol on legs strength improvements and on the balance control while walking.

改进YOLOX-S的偏光片表面缺陷检测算法

偏光片是液晶显示器的重要组成部分,其表面缺陷不仅会降低液晶显示器的显示质量,甚至可能造成整个液晶面板的报废。针对偏光片表面缺陷存在尺度差异大、形状变化多样的问题,提出一种改进YOLOX-S的偏光片表面缺陷检测算法。提出自适应平衡特征金字塔(ABFP)模块充分融合主干网提取的多级特征,并通过单个卷积增加检测分支,进一步增强模型的多尺度检测能力。在ABFP中引入注意力模块CBAM关注重要特征。采用CIo U损失函数的同时使用Mish激活函数替代Si LU激活函数。实验结果表明,改进的算法在偏光片表面缺陷数据集上的m AP_(50)和m AP_(50:95)分别达到92.97%和55.16%,相比YOLOX-S(FPN)提升了1.86和1.34个百分点,每秒检测帧数(FPS)达到50,基本满足工业实时检测的需求。

An Analysis of China's Trade Balances with Other Countries and Regions

This article utilizes a large amount of statistical data to analyze the global distribution of foreign trade in China since 1990,as well as the factors involved and the changes in trends.The research results indicate that China has gained a favourable balance against developed countries and a disadvantageous balance against developing countries;China enjoys a trade surplus with North American and European countries while suffering deficits with those in the Asia.pacific region,as well as with resource-abundant Australia,Africa and South America. With regard to trends,the structure of China’s foreign trade will not undergo fundamental changes in the short term,but in the long run will be transformed in line with restructuring of the growth pattern.

Pro-Oxidant Antioxidant Balance in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with increased morbidity and incident of colon cancer;however its etiology is still unclear. Currently, one of the most probable pathogenesis patterns is increased permeability of bowel membrane and it seems that oxidative stress plays an important role in this pathway. This study was done to assess the pro-oxidant antioxidant balance (PAB) in these patients. Materials: This was a cross sectional study of 2 groups including 50 patients with diagnosed IBD and 50 healthy controls. Patients were selected purposively from those referring to adult gastroenterology clinic in 2013. SPSS (ver11.5) has been. A P value < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: Mean PAB in patients and controls group was 119.98 ± 38.98 HK unite and 52.67 ± 22.80 HK unite, respectively, (P value < 0.001). PAB mean in ulcerative colitis patients was 120.60 ± 33.90 HK unite and in CD patients was 118.20 ± 45.99 HK unite, and showed no significant difference (P value = 0.85). PAB and MDA could detect healthy subjects from IBD patients with sensitivity more that 90% and specificity more than 84%. Conclusion: PAB shifted to pro-oxidants in IBD patients;moreover this shift was unrelated to disease type. These tests could use as screening test.

Analysis Method for Predicting Strain in Interior Beds and Sub-Resolution Faults from Area Balance Theory in Extensional Basins

Extensional basins include mainly grabens and half grabens displaced along alower detachment. Based on area balance theory, there is a linear relationship between a height ofregional and the lower detachment h on the outside of the basin and 'lost area S' from the regionalin the basin. The pre-growth beds above lower detachment are of the same extensional displacement sothat an 'S-h diagram' can be used to determine the depth to lower detachment and to calculate thetotal extensional displacement of the beds above the lower detachment. The extensional displacementis dominated by the heave of various scale normal faults. The displacement of obvious faults can beimmediately figured out from the measured bed-length. The requisite extension calculated by areabalance is the layer-parallel strain, which could be accommodated by displacement on sub-resolutionfaults. Accordingly, the layer-parallel strain can help us predict the magnitude and distribution ofsub-resolution faults on the basis of analysis of the structural style and rheological behavior.

A Meta-analysis of Mood Stabilizers for Alzheimer's Disease

The objective of this study was to assess the clinical evidence for or against mood stabilizers as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD).We searched 5 databases from their inception to January 2010.Five randomized clinical trials of mood stabilizers to treat human patients suffering from AD were included.These trials assessed the effectiveness of mood stabilizers as an adjunct treatment to conventional anti-dementia drugs on behavioral and psychological symptoms, especially on agitation.Methodological quality was assessed using the Jadad score.The results suggested a significant effect in favor of placebo on the Mini-Mental Status Examination [n=270, weight mean difference (WMD), -0.89; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) -1.69 to -0.09, P=0.03] and on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory total (NPI total) (n=51, WMD, 3.71; 95% CIs 0.15 to 7.26, P=0.04).There were no significant differences in change scores on total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS total), NPI/BPRS agitation, Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory total and Physical Self Maintenance Scale between mood stabilizers and placebo.Only one of these studies was free of methodological limittions (Jadad score=5).In conclusion, based on the existing evidence, mood stabilizers are ineffective or even harmful as a treatment for AD.

Energy-Efficient Routing Using Novel Optimization with Tabu Techniques for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)consists of a group of limited energy source sensors that are installed in a particular region to collect data from the environment.Designing the energy-efficient data collection methods in largescale wireless sensor networks is considered to be a difficult area in the research.Sensor node clustering is a popular approach for WSN.Moreover,the sensor nodes are grouped to form clusters in a cluster-based WSN environment.The battery performance of the sensor nodes is likewise constrained.As a result,the energy efficiency of WSNs is critical.In specific,the energy usage is influenced by the loads on the sensor node as well as it ranges from the Base Station(BS).Therefore,energy efficiency and load balancing are very essential in WSN.In the proposed method,a novel Grey Wolf Improved Particle Swarm Optimization with Tabu Search Techniques(GW-IPSO-TS)was used.The selection of Cluster Heads(CHs)and routing path of every CH from the base station is enhanced by the proposed method.It provides the best routing path and increases the lifetime and energy efficiency of the network.End-to-end delay and packet loss rate have also been improved.The proposed GW-IPSO-TS method enhances the evaluation of alive nodes,dead nodes,network survival index,convergence rate,and standard deviation of sensor nodes.Compared to the existing algorithms,the proposed method outperforms better and improves the lifetime of the network.

基于C/S模式的粮食供需平衡监测预警系统

在分析我国粮食宏观调控需求的基础上,介绍了粮食供需动态监测和预警系统的总体设计和实现方法。并对其中的关键技术问题进行了较深入的探讨。

右美托咪定复合芬太尼及七氟烷对幕上脑肿瘤患者血清NSE、S-100β、SOD和MDA含量及脑氧供需平衡的影响

目的观察右美托咪定复合芬太尼及七氟烷对幕上脑肿瘤患者血清神经原特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、S-100β蛋白,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),以及丙二醛(MDA)含量及脑氧供需平衡的影响。方法选择幕上脑肿瘤患者70例,随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组在麻醉诱导前给予右美托咪定,对照组给予等量生理盐水,其他处理相同。于全麻诱导前(T1)、气管插管(T2)、切开硬脑膜(T3)、切开硬脑膜1 h后(T4)、硬脑膜缝合时(T5)、术后24 h(T6)6个时间点检测动-静脉血氧含量差(Ca-jvO_2)、颈内静脉球部血氧饱和度(SjvO_2),脑氧摄取率(CERO_2),血清NSE、S-100β、SOD和MDA含量。结果针对Ca-jvO_2及CERO_2指标,实验组在T3、T4、T5及T6时点相比对照组均降低(均P<0.05)。针对SjvO_2指标,实验组在T3、T4、T5及T6时点相比对照组均升高(均P<0.05)。针对SOD含量,实验组在各时间点相比对照组均升高(均P<0.05)。针对MDA含量,实验组在T3、T4、T5及T6时点相比对照组均降低(均P<0.05)。针对S-100β含量,实验组在T2、T3、T4、T5及T6时点相比对照组均降低(均P<0.05)。针对NSE含量,实验组在T3、T4、T5及T6时点相比对照组均降低(均P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定可显著改善脑氧供需平衡,下调颅内自由基含量,降低多种脑损伤的特异性蛋白含量,从而实现脑保护作用。

HDFS数据存放策略的研究与改进

为了改善HDFS中集群负载的均衡性,提高数据节点的资源利用率,提出了一种改进的数据存放策略。在HDFS原始策略的基础上充分考虑了节点的差异性,通过采集数据节点的CPU负载、内存负载、网络负载和存储空间负载,引入负载因子计算数据的存放成本,以选择一个最优的数据节点存放数据。实验结果表明,改进后的策略优化了集群负载的均衡性,提高了数据块副本的传输性能。

S-E-T悬吊训练对田径运动员平衡能力的影响

探讨S-E-T悬吊训练对田径运动员平衡能力的影响,通过实验法,以30名田径运动员为研究对象,进行为期12周的悬吊训练,测定比较训练前后平衡能力的变化情况,探讨S-E-T悬吊训练对田径运动员平衡能力的影响。经12周训练后,实验组的动态平衡能力和静态平衡能力显著提高,表明S-E-T悬吊训练可作为运动员改善平衡能力的有效锻炼方法之一在训练领域中进一步推广实施。

厚朴酚在Hank's平衡盐溶液的溶解性和稳定性

目的考察厚朴酚在Hank's平衡盐溶液(HBSS)中的溶解性和稳定性,为进行厚朴酚的体内吸收与代谢研究奠定基础。方法采用RP-HPLC法,分别考察pH值、温度、光照对厚朴酚溶解性和稳定性的影响。结果厚朴酚在甲醇中的标准曲线为Y=4374X-2207.7(r=0.999 9),在8～200μmol/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限为0.4μmol/L,精密度和稳定性均符合要求。厚朴酚在含有1%甲醇和0.1%吐温-80的HBSS中的溶解性较好,在pH 7.4的HBSS中的溶解性和稳定性较好,在37℃下24 h内较稳定,光照对厚朴酚的稳定性几乎没有影响。结论厚朴酚在pH 7.4的HBSS中的溶解性和稳定性较理想,可以进行其在体内吸收与代谢的研究。