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EFFECTS OF HIGH-ENERGY BALL MILLING ON STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF L1_2 INTERMETALLIC COMPOUND Al_(67)Mn_8Ti_(25)
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作者 Yunyi, Fu Qian, Wan Gengxiang, Hu 《中国有色金属学会会刊:英文版》 EI CSCD 1998年第3期57-61,共5页
1INTRODUCTIONTheorderedintermetaliccompoundAl3Tiisnoticeablebecauseofitslowdensity(3.4g/cm3),excelenthighte... 1INTRODUCTIONTheorderedintermetaliccompoundAl3Tiisnoticeablebecauseofitslowdensity(3.4g/cm3),excelenthightemperatureoxidatio... 展开更多
关键词 Al 67 MN 8Ti 25 alloy high energy ball millING powder metallurgy STRUCTURE evolution INTERMETALLIC COMPOUND
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Balanced Fracturing and Cold-welding of Magnesium during Ball Milling Assisted by Carbon Coating:Experimental and Molecular Dynamic Simulation
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作者 韩宗盈 DONG Hui +2 位作者 DING Guoyang ZHANG Jiale SONG Xiufang 《Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science)》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第4期895-903,共9页
The lignite-derived carbon from self-protection pyrolysis was employed to balance the fracturing and cold-welding of magnesium during ball milling.Particle size analysis indicates that the introduction of lignite-deri... The lignite-derived carbon from self-protection pyrolysis was employed to balance the fracturing and cold-welding of magnesium during ball milling.Particle size analysis indicates that the introduction of lignite-derived carbon can effectively reduce the particle size of Mg while the introduction of graphite does no help.Besides,the effect of lignite-derived carbon on crystallite size reduction of Mg is also better than graphite.A moderate cold-welding phenomenon was observed after ball-milling Mg with the lignite-derived carbon,suggesting less Mg is wasted on the milling vials and balls.Molecular dynamic simulations reveal that the balanced fracturing and cold-welding of magnesium during ball milling is mainly attributed to the special structure of the lignite-derived carbon:graphitized short-range ordered stacking function as dry lubricant and irregular shape/sharp edge function as milling aid.The preliminary findings in current study are expected to offer implications for designing efficient Mg-based hydrogen storage materials. 展开更多
关键词 MAGNESIUM lignite-derived carbon cold-welding ball milling molecular dynamic
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Improved length of calcium sulfate crystal seeds and whiskers via ball milling and hydration treatment
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作者 Yuke Li Yuxin Liu +1 位作者 Jizhen Huang Yi Mei 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第7期102-109,共8页
Elucidating the effect of growth periods on the quality of calcium sulfate whiskers(CSWs)prepared from calcium sulfate dihydrate(DH)is imperative.Herein,crystal seeds and whiskers were prepared from DH in a water–gly... Elucidating the effect of growth periods on the quality of calcium sulfate whiskers(CSWs)prepared from calcium sulfate dihydrate(DH)is imperative.Herein,crystal seeds and whiskers were prepared from DH in a water–glycerol system.Longer whiskers were obtained from crystal seeds prepared via hydration of DH for 30 s than via ball milling for 5 min followed by hydration for 20 s.The attachment of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide and glycerol additives to the whisker tops promoted whisker growth.The whisker sponges exhibited good thermal barrier properties and compression cycle stability. 展开更多
关键词 Hemihydrate gypsum whisker HYDRATION ball milling/hydration Crystal seed Growth process
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Structural, Magnetic and Heating Efficiency of Ball Milled γ-Fe2O3/Gd2O3 Nanocomposite for Magnetic Hyperthermia
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作者 Abdelaziz Sabik 《Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry》 CAS 2024年第1期15-23,共9页
The preparation of γ-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanocomposite for possible use in magnetic hyperthermia application was done by ball millin... The preparation of γ-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanocomposite for possible use in magnetic hyperthermia application was done by ball milling technique. The nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The heating efficiency and the effect of milling time (5 h and 30 h) on the structural and magnetic properties of the nanocomposite were reported. XRD analysis confirms the formation of the nanocomposite, while magnetization measurements show that the milled sample present hysteresis with low coercivity and remanence. The specific absorption rate (SAR) under an alternating magnetic field is investigated as a function of the milling time. A mean heating efficiency of 68 W/g and 28.7 W/g are obtained for 5 h and 30 h milling times respectively at 332 kHz and 170 Oe. The results showed that the obtained nanocomposite for 5 h milling time is a promising candidate for magnetic hyperthermia due to his properties which show an interesting magnetic behavior and high specific absorption rate. 展开更多
关键词 Magnetic Hyperthermia Iron Oxides Nanoparticles Maghemite ball milling XRD VSM
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Effect of ball milling time on the microstructure and compressive properties of the Fe–Mn–Al porous steel 被引量:2
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作者 Lingzhi Xie Zhigang Xu +4 位作者 Yunzhe Qi Jinrong Liang Peng He Qiang Shen Chuanbin Wang 《International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第5期917-929,共13页
In the present work,Fe–Mn–Al–C powder mixtures were manufactured by elemental powders with different ball milling time,and the porous high-Mn and high-Al steel was fabricated by powder sintering.The results indicat... In the present work,Fe–Mn–Al–C powder mixtures were manufactured by elemental powders with different ball milling time,and the porous high-Mn and high-Al steel was fabricated by powder sintering.The results indicated that the powder size significantly decreased,and the morphology of the Fe powder tended to be increasingly flat as the milling time increased.However,the prolonged milling duration had limited impact on the phase transition of the powder mixture.The main phases of all the samples sintered at 640℃ were α-Fe,α-Mn and Al,and a small amount of Fe2Al5 and Al8Mn5.When the sintering temperature increased to 1200℃,the phase composition was mainly comprised of γ-Fe and α-Fe.The weight loss fraction of the sintered sample decreased with milling time,i.e.,8.3wt% after 20 h milling compared to15.3wt% for 10 h.The Mn depletion region(MDR) for the 10,15,and 20 h milled samples was about 780,600,and 370 μm,respectively.The total porosity of samples sintered at 640℃ decreased from ~46.6vol% for the 10 h milled powder to ~44.2vol% for 20 h milled powder.After sintering at 1200℃,the total porosity of sintered samples prepared by 10 and 20 h milled powder was ~58.3vol% and ~51.3vol%,respectively.The compressive strength and ductility of the 1200℃ sintered porous steel increased as the milling time increased. 展开更多
关键词 powder metallurgy porous steel ball milling time microstructure evolution compressive properties
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GENERALIZED FORELLI-RUDIN TYPE OPERATORS BETWEEN SEVERAL FUNCTION SPACES ON THE UNIT BALL OF C^(N) 被引量:1
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作者 Xuejun ZHANG Yuting GUO +1 位作者 Hongxin CHEN Pengcheng TANG 《Acta Mathematica Scientia》 SCIE CSCD 2024年第4期1301-1326,共26页
In this paper,we investigate sufficient and necessary conditions such that generalized Forelli-Rudin type operators T_(λ,τ,k),S_(λ,τ,k),Q_(λ,τ,k)and R_(λ,τ,k)are bounded between Lebesgue type spaces.In order t... In this paper,we investigate sufficient and necessary conditions such that generalized Forelli-Rudin type operators T_(λ,τ,k),S_(λ,τ,k),Q_(λ,τ,k)and R_(λ,τ,k)are bounded between Lebesgue type spaces.In order to prove the main results,we first give some bidirectional estimates for several typical integrals. 展开更多
关键词 Forelli-Rudin type operator L^(p q s k)(B_(n))space BOUNDEDNESS unit ball
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Reactive ball-milling synthesis of Co-Fe bimetallic catalyst for efficient hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to value-added hydrocarbons
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作者 Haipeng Chen Chenwei Wang +5 位作者 Mengyang Zheng Chenlei Liu Wenqiang Li Qingfeng Yang Shixue Zhou Xun Feng 《Journal of Energy Chemistry》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2023年第9期210-218,共9页
Catalytic hydrogenation of CO_(2) using renewable hydrogen not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions,but also provides industrial chemicals.Herein,a Co-Fe bimetallic catalyst was developed by a facile reactive ball-mi... Catalytic hydrogenation of CO_(2) using renewable hydrogen not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions,but also provides industrial chemicals.Herein,a Co-Fe bimetallic catalyst was developed by a facile reactive ball-milling method for highly active and selective hydrogenation of CO_(2) to value-added hydrocarbons.When reacted at 320℃,1.0 MPa and 9600 mL h^(-1) g_(cat)^(-1),the selectivity to light olefin(C_(2)^(=)-C_(4)^(=)) and C_(5)+ species achieves 57.3% and 22.3%,respectively,at a CO_(2) co nversion of 31.4%,which is superior to previous Fe-based catalysts.The CO_(2) activation can be promoted by the CoFe phase formed by reactive ball milling of the Fe-Co_(3)O_(4) mixture,and the in-situ Co_(2)C and Fe_(5)C_(2) formed during hydrogenation are beneficial for the C-C coupling reaction.The initial C-C coupling is related to the combination of CO species with the surface carbon of Fe/Co carbides,and the sustained C-C coupling is maintained by self-recovery of defective carbides.This new strategy contributes to the development of efficient catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO_(2) to value-added hydrocarbons. 展开更多
关键词 Reactive ball milling Co-Fe bimetallic catalyst Carbon dioxide Value-added hydrocarbon C–C coupling reaction
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Low-Temperature Synthesis of Nano-AlN Based on Solid Nitrogen Source by Plasma-Assisted Ball Milling
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作者 Zhuoli Yang Xianbin Hou Leyang Dai 《Journal of Renewable Materials》 SCIE EI 2023年第6期2941-2951,共11页
Plasma-assisted ball milling was carried out on the Al+C3H6N6 system and Al+C_(4)H_(4)N_(4) system,respectively.The phase structure,functional groups and synthesis mechanism were analyzed by XRD and FT-IR,and the diff... Plasma-assisted ball milling was carried out on the Al+C3H6N6 system and Al+C_(4)H_(4)N_(4) system,respectively.The phase structure,functional groups and synthesis mechanism were analyzed by XRD and FT-IR,and the differences in the synthesis process of nano-AlN with different solid nitrogen sources were discussed.The results show that C3H6N6 has a stable triazine ring structure,and its chemical bond is firm and difficult to break,so AlN cannot be synthesized directly by solid-solid reaction at room temperature.However,there are a large number of nitrile groups(-CN)and amino groups(-NH_(2))in C_(4)H_(4)N_(4) molecules.Under the combined action of plasma bombardment and mechanical energy activation,C_(4)H_(4)N_(4) molecules undergo polycondensation and deamination,so that the ball milling tank is filled with a large number of active nitrogen-containing groups such as N=,≡N,etc.These groups and ball milling activated Al can synthesize nano-AlN at room temperature,with a conversion rate of 92%.SEM,DSC/TG analysis showed that the powder obtained by ball milling was formed by soft agglomeration of many fine primary particles about 50–80 nm.The surface morphology of the powder was loose and porous,and it had strong activity.After annealing at 800℃,the conversion rate of the Al+C_(4)H_(4)N_(4) system reached 99%. 展开更多
关键词 Plasma-assisted ball milling solid nitrogen source melamine(C_(3)H_(6)N_(6)) aluminum nitride(AlN) low-temperature synthesis
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Effect of Milling Parameters on DEM Modeling of a Planetary Ball Mill
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作者 Mohsen Mhadhbi 《Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry》 CAS 2023年第4期49-58,共10页
The effects of the milling parameters involving shape of powder particles, rotation speed, and ball-to-powder diameter (BPDR) on DEM modeling in the planetary ball mill were investigated. BPDR was varied from 1 to 10.... The effects of the milling parameters involving shape of powder particles, rotation speed, and ball-to-powder diameter (BPDR) on DEM modeling in the planetary ball mill were investigated. BPDR was varied from 1 to 10. The results revealed that the size and shape of the powder particles do not give a significant change in simulation results when BPDR attains maximum value of 10. The increasing of BPDR leads to the increase of simulation time and size. Hence, the effect of change of the powder particle shape on the calculated data size is not significant. The results also revealed that the increasing rotation speed increases impact energy between powder particles. 展开更多
关键词 DEM Modeling milling Parameters Planetary ball mill Particles Shape
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Improving hydrogen storage thermodynamics and kinetics of Ce-Mg-Ni-based alloy by mechanical milling with TiF_(3)
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作者 Hongwei Shang Wei Zhang +4 位作者 Xin Wei Yaqin Li Zeming Yuan Jun Li Yanghuan Zhang 《Journal of Magnesium and Alloys》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2024年第4期1593-1607,共15页
Mg-based hydrides are too stable and the kinetics of hydrogen absorption and desorption is not satisfactory.An efficient way to improve these shortcomings is to employ reactive ball milling to synthesize the nanocompo... Mg-based hydrides are too stable and the kinetics of hydrogen absorption and desorption is not satisfactory.An efficient way to improve these shortcomings is to employ reactive ball milling to synthesize the nanocomposite materials of Mg and additives.In this experiment,TiF_(3)was selected as an additive,and the mechanical milling method was employed to prepare the experimental alloys.The alloys used in this experiment were the as-cast Ce_(5)Mg_(85)Ni_(10),as-milled Ce_(5)Mg_(85)Ni_(10)and Ce_(5)Mg_(85)Ni_(10)+3 wt.%TiF3.The phase transformation,structural evolution,isothermal and non-isothermal hydrogenation and dehydrogenation performances of the alloys were inspected by XRD,SEM,TEM,Sievert apparatus,DSC and TGA.It revealed that nanocrystalline appeared in the as-milled samples.Compared with the as-cast alloy,ball milling made the particle dimension and grain size decrease dramatically and the defect density increase significantly.The addition of TiF_(3)made the surface of ball milling alloy particles markedly coarser and more irregular.Ball milling and adding TiF_(3)distinctly improved the activation and kinetics of the alloys.Moreover,ball milling along with TiF_(3)can decrease the onset dehydrogenation temperature of Mg-based hydrides and slightly ameliorate their thermodynamics. 展开更多
关键词 Mg-based hydrides TiF_(3) ball milling THERMODYNAMICS KINETICS
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ON THE EMPTY BALLS OF A CRITICAL OR SUBCRITICAL BRANCHING RANDOM WALK
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作者 Shuxiong ZHANG Jie XIONG 《Acta Mathematica Scientia》 SCIE CSCD 2024年第5期2051-2072,共22页
Let{Z_(n)}_(n)≥0 be a critical or subcritical d-dimensional branching random walk started from a Poisson random measure whose intensity measure is the Lebesugue measure on R^(d).Denote by R_(n):=sup{u>0:Z_(n)({x∈... Let{Z_(n)}_(n)≥0 be a critical or subcritical d-dimensional branching random walk started from a Poisson random measure whose intensity measure is the Lebesugue measure on R^(d).Denote by R_(n):=sup{u>0:Z_(n)({x∈R^(d):∣x∣<u})=0}the radius of the largest empty ball centered at the origin of Z_(n).In this work,we prove that after suitable renormalization,Rn converges in law to some non-degenerate distribution as n→∞.Furthermore,our work shows that the renormalization scales depend on the offspring law and the dimension of the branching random walk.This completes the results of Révész[13]for the critical binary branching Wiener process. 展开更多
关键词 empty ball DIMENSION branching random walk super-Brownian motion
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MAXIMAL FUNCTION CHARACTERIZATIONS OF HARDY SPACES ASSOCIATED WITH BOTH NON-NEGATIVE SELF-ADJOINT OPERATORS SATISFYING GAUSSIAN ESTIMATES AND BALL QUASI-BANACH FUNCTION SPACES
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作者 林孝盛 杨大春 +1 位作者 杨四辈 袁文 《Acta Mathematica Scientia》 SCIE CSCD 2024年第2期484-514,共31页
Assume that L is a non-negative self-adjoint operator on L^(2)(ℝ^(n))with its heat kernels satisfying the so-called Gaussian upper bound estimate and that X is a ball quasi-Banach function space onℝ^(n) satisfying som... Assume that L is a non-negative self-adjoint operator on L^(2)(ℝ^(n))with its heat kernels satisfying the so-called Gaussian upper bound estimate and that X is a ball quasi-Banach function space onℝ^(n) satisfying some mild assumptions.Let HX,L(ℝ^(n))be the Hardy space associated with both X and L,which is defined by the Lusin area function related to the semigroup generated by L.In this article,the authors establish various maximal function characterizations of the Hardy space HX,L(ℝ^(n))and then apply these characterizations to obtain the solvability of the related Cauchy problem.These results have a wide range of generality and,in particular,the specific spaces X to which these results can be applied include the weighted space,the variable space,the mixed-norm space,the Orlicz space,the Orlicz-slice space,and the Morrey space.Moreover,the obtained maximal function characterizations of the mixed-norm Hardy space,the Orlicz-slice Hardy space,and the Morrey-Hardy space associated with L are completely new. 展开更多
关键词 Hardy space ball quasi-Banach function space Gaussian upper bound estimate non-negative self-adjoint operator maximal function
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Ex⁃situ Measurement of Internal Deformation in Ball Grid Array Package with Digital Volume Correlation
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作者 WANG Long GAO Zizhan +3 位作者 ZHANG Xuanhao LIU Qiaoyu HOU Chuantao XING Ruisi 《Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics》 EI CSCD 2024年第5期609-620,共12页
In spacecraft electronic devices,the deformation of solder balls within ball grid array(BGA)packages poses a significant risk of system failure.Therefore,accurately measuring the mechanical behavior of solder balls is... In spacecraft electronic devices,the deformation of solder balls within ball grid array(BGA)packages poses a significant risk of system failure.Therefore,accurately measuring the mechanical behavior of solder balls is crucial for ensuring the safety and reliability of spacecraft.Although finite element simulations have been extensively used to study solder ball deformation,there is a significant lack of experimental validation,particularly under thermal cycling conditions.This is due to the challenges in accurately measuring the internal deformations of solder balls and eliminating the rigid body displacement introduced during ex-situ thermal cycling tests.In this work,an ex-situ three-dimensional deformation measurement method using X-ray computed tomography(CT)and digital volume correlation(DVC)is proposed to overcome these obstacles.By incorporating the layer-wise reliability-guided displacement tracking(LW-RGDT)DVC with a singular value decomposition(SVD)method,this method enables accurate assessment of solder ball mechanical behavior in BGA packages without the influence of rigid body displacement.Experimental results reveal that BGA structures exhibit progressive convex deformation with increased thermal cycling,particularly in peripheral solder balls.This method provides a reliable and effective tool for assessing internal deformations in electronic packages under ex-situ conditions,which is crucial for their design optimization and lifespan predictions. 展开更多
关键词 ball grid array(BGA)packages digital volume correlation ex-situ rigid body displacement thermal cycling test
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Tennis ball cord combined with endoscopy for giant gastric phytobezoar:A case report
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作者 Juan Shu Heng Zhang 《World Journal of Clinical Cases》 SCIE 2024年第18期3603-3608,共6页
BACKGROUND Due to the specificity of Chinese food types,gastric phytobezoars are relatively common in China.Most gastric phytobezoars can be removed by chemical enzyme lysis and endoscopic fragmentation,but the treatm... BACKGROUND Due to the specificity of Chinese food types,gastric phytobezoars are relatively common in China.Most gastric phytobezoars can be removed by chemical enzyme lysis and endoscopic fragmentation,but the treatment for large phytobezoars is limited,and surgical procedures are often required for this difficult problem.CASE SUMMARY For giant gastric phytobezoars that cannot be dissolved and fragmented by conventional treatment,we have invented a new lithotripsy technique(tennis ball cord combined with endoscopy)for these phytobezoars.This non-interventional treatment was successful in a patient whose abdominal pain was immediately relieved,and the gastroscope-induced ulcer healed well 3 d after lithotripsy.The patient was followed-up for 8 wk postoperatively and showed no discomfort such as abdominal pain.CONCLUSION The combination of tennis ball cord and endoscopy for the treatment of giant gastric phytobezoars is feasible and showed high safety and effectiveness,and can be widely applied in hospitals of all sizes. 展开更多
关键词 Tennis ball cord ENDOSCOPY Giant gastric phytobezoar Case report
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Preparation and Properties of Spray Polyurea Elastomer for Aquaculture Foam Floating Balls
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作者 Guifang HUANG Guanyuan WEI +3 位作者 Shengjun WEI Lan DING Wenhong CAI Bolin PAN 《Agricultural Biotechnology》 2024年第2期38-42,共5页
[Objectives] This study was conducted to develop a polyurea elastomer which can be sprayed on the surface of expanded polystyrene (EPS) floating balls, so as to improve the surface strength and service life of the flo... [Objectives] This study was conducted to develop a polyurea elastomer which can be sprayed on the surface of expanded polystyrene (EPS) floating balls, so as to improve the surface strength and service life of the floating balls. [Methods] The effects of the types and amounts of isocyanate, chain extenders and polyether polyols on the gelation rate, adhesion and wear resistance of polyurea elastomer were investigated, and it was finally determined the preparation process of polyurea elastomer using liquid isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and amino-terminated polyether (D2000) as the main raw materials, dimethylthiotoluene diamine (E300) as the chain extender and silica as the wear resistance modifier through two-step solution polymerization of prepolymerization and chain extension. [Results] The physical properties and chemical resistance tests of spray polyurea elastomer showed that it had good physical properties and acid and alkali resistance, and could meet the requirements of spraying and protection of EPS floating ball surface in marine environment. [Conclusions] Polyurea elastomer coating can improve the aging resistance, wear resistance and acid and alkali resistance of EPS floating balls, and prevent them from being fragile and floating randomly to form marine floating garbage which results in "white pollution". 展开更多
关键词 EPS floating ball Spray polyurea elastomer Gelation rate Wear resistant ADHESION Chemical resistance
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The Impact and Intervention of Handheld Tai Chi Water-Resistance Fitness Ball on Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
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作者 He Huang 《Health》 2024年第4期319-349,共31页
Through the use of a survey and statistical methods, this study explores the effects and interventions of handheld Tai Chi water resistance fitness balls on the elderly with Parkinson’s disease. Firstly, a questionna... Through the use of a survey and statistical methods, this study explores the effects and interventions of handheld Tai Chi water resistance fitness balls on the elderly with Parkinson’s disease. Firstly, a questionnaire on exercise compliance for patients with Parkinson’s disease was developed, and its reliability and validity were tested. Then, a survey was conducted to investigate the current status of exercise compliance among Parkinson’s disease patients, including general information, scoring status, and single and multiple factor analyses of influencing factors [1]. The results of the study show that through qualitative research, the dimensions and item pools of the questionnaire were initially constructed, and the reliability analysis of the questionnaire was conducted through Delphi expert consultation, with favorable results in terms of its reliability and validity [2]. Regarding the current status of exercise compliance among Parkinson’s disease patients, the study found that the level of exercise compliance needs improvement, and there are significant differences in exercise compliance levels among patients under different circumstances. Finally, the research results were discussed and conclusions were drawn. The innovation of this study lies in the development of a questionnaire on exercise compliance for patients with Parkinson’s disease and the preliminary qualitative research and Delphi expert consultation conducted on it, providing new ideas and methods for the study of exercise compliance. However, the study also has limitations as it did not examine the effects of other interventions on Parkinson’s disease, so further research should be conducted [3]. 展开更多
关键词 Parkinson’s Disease Exercise Compliance Tai Chi Water Resistance Fitness ball Influencing Factors Intervention Effectiveness
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Existence of a Hölder Continuous Extension on Embedded Balls of the 3-Torus for the Periodic Navier Stokes Equations
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作者 Terry E. Moschandreou 《Advances in Pure Mathematics》 2024年第2期118-138,共21页
This article gives a general model using specific periodic special functions, which is degenerate elliptic Weierstrass P functions whose presence in the governing equations through the forcing terms simplify the perio... This article gives a general model using specific periodic special functions, which is degenerate elliptic Weierstrass P functions whose presence in the governing equations through the forcing terms simplify the periodic Navier Stokes equations (PNS) at the centers of cells of the 3-Torus. Satisfying a divergence-free vector field and periodic boundary conditions respectively with a general spatio-temporal forcing term which is smooth and spatially periodic, the existence of solutions which have finite time singularities can occur starting with the first derivative and higher with respect to time. The existence of a subspace of the solution space where v<sub>3</sub> is continuous and {C, y<sub>1</sub>, y<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>}, is linearly independent in the additive argument of the solution in terms of the Lambert W function, (y<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>=y<sub>2</sub>, C∈R) together with the condition v<sub>2</sub>=-2y<sub>1</sub>v<sub>1</sub>. On this subspace, the Biot Savart Law holds exactly [see Section 2 (Equation (13))]. Also on this subspace, an expression X (part of PNS equations) vanishes which contains all the expressions in derivatives of v<sub>1</sub> and v<sub>2</sub> and the forcing terms in the plane which are related as with the cancellation of all such terms in governing PDE. The y<sub>3</sub> component forcing term is arbitrarily small in ε ball where Weierstrass P functions touch the center of the ball both for inviscid and viscous cases. As a result, a significant simplification occurs with a v<sub>3 </sub>only governing PDE resulting. With viscosity present as v changes from zero to the fully viscous case at v =1 the solution for v<sub>3</sub> reaches a peak in the third component y<sub>3</sub>. Consequently, there exists a dipole which is not centered at the center of the cell of the Lattice. Hence since the dipole by definition has an equal in magnitude positive and negative peak in y<sub>3</sub>, then the dipole Riemann cut-off surface is covered by a closed surface which is the sphere and where a given cell of dimensions [-1, 1]<sup>3</sup> is circumscribed on a sphere of radius 1. For such a closed surface containing a dipole it necessarily follows that the flux at the surface of the sphere of v<sub>3</sub> wrt to surface normal n is zero including at the points where the surface of sphere touches the cube walls. At the finite time singularity on the sphere a rotation boundary condition is deduced. It is shown that v<sub>3</sub> is spatially finite on the Riemann Sphere and the forcing is oscillatory in y<sub>3</sub> component if the velocity v3</sub> is. It is true that . A boundary condition on the sphere shows the rotation of a sphere of viscous fluid. Finally on the sphere a solution for v3</sub> is obtained which is proven to be Hölder continuous and it is shown that it is possible to extend Hölder continuity on the sphere uniquely to all of the interior of the ball. 展开更多
关键词 Navier-Stokes PNS 3-Torus PERIODIC ball Sphere Hölder CONTINUOUS Riemann-Surface Uniqueness
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Enhancing Fire Safety in Commercial Vehicles: Assessing the Efficacy and Advantages of Exploding Fire Extinguishing Balls
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作者 Paul W. Ford 《Journal of Transportation Technologies》 2024年第4期521-548,共28页
Fire incidents in commercial vehicles pose significant risks to passengers, drivers, and cargo. Traditional fire extinguishing systems, while effective, may have limitations in terms of response time, coverage, and hu... Fire incidents in commercial vehicles pose significant risks to passengers, drivers, and cargo. Traditional fire extinguishing systems, while effective, may have limitations in terms of response time, coverage, and human intervention [1]. This study investigates the efficacy of a novel fire suppression technology—the Exploding Fire Extinguishing Ball (EFEB) —as an alternative and complementary fire safety solution for commercial vehicles. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing engineering, materials science, fire safety, and human factors analysis. A systematic literature review establishes a comprehensive understanding of existing fire suppression technologies, including EFEBs. Subsequently, this study analyzes the unique features of EFEBs, such as automatic activation, as well as manual activation upon exposure to fire, and their potential to provide rapid, localized, and autonomous fire suppression. The study presents original experimental investigations to assess the performance and effectiveness of EFEBs in various fire scenarios representative of commercial vehicles. Experiments include controlled fires in confined spaces and dynamic simulations to emulate real-world fire incidents. Data on activation times, extinguishing capability, and coverage area are collected and analyzed to compare the efficacy of EFEBs with traditional fire extinguishing methods. Furthermore, this research shows the practical aspects of implementing EFEBs in commercial vehicles. A feasibility study examines the integration challenges, cost-benefit analysis, and potential regulatory implications. The study also addresses the impact of EFEBs on vehicle weight, stability, and overall safety. Human factors and user acceptance are crucial elements in adopting new safety technologies. Therefore, this research utilizes an experimental design to assess the performance and effectiveness of EFEBs in various fire scenarios representative of commercial vehicles. This dissertation presents original controlled experiments to emulate real-world fire incidents, including controlled fires in confined spaces and dynamic simulations. The experimental approach ensures rigorous evaluation and objective insights into EFEBs’ potential as an autonomous fire suppression system for commercial vehicles. This includes the perspectives of drivers, passengers, fleet operators, insurance agencies, and regulatory bodies. Factors influencing trust, perceived safety, and willingness to adopt EFEBs are analyzed to provide insights into the successful integration of this technology. The findings of this research will contribute to the knowledge of fire safety technology and expand the understanding of the applicability of EFEBs in commercial vehicles. 展开更多
关键词 Exploding Fire Extinguishing balls Commercial Vehicles Fire Suppression Fire Safety Technology Human Factors Usability Feasibility Study
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七次广义Ball曲线的两种扩展
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作者 付雨楠 严兰兰 《应用数学进展》 2024年第1期331-341,共11页
构造了两组含形状参数的多项式基函数:第一组基既是七次Wang-Ball基的扩展,又是七次Said-Ball基的扩展;第二组基既是七次Said-Ball基的扩展,又是七次Bernstein基的扩展。并由此定义了两种新的七次广义Ball曲线:前者不仅包括了七次Wang-B... 构造了两组含形状参数的多项式基函数:第一组基既是七次Wang-Ball基的扩展,又是七次Said-Ball基的扩展;第二组基既是七次Said-Ball基的扩展,又是七次Bernstein基的扩展。并由此定义了两种新的七次广义Ball曲线:前者不仅包括了七次Wang-Ball和Said-Ball曲线,还涵盖了无数条处于这两种曲线之间的曲线;后者不仅包括了七次Said-Ball和Bézier曲线,还涵盖了无数条处于这两种曲线之间的曲线。依次分析了两种新的广义Ball曲线与七次Bézier曲线之间的关系后明确了每个形状参数的几何意义,并给出了其几何作图法。 展开更多
关键词 Wang-ball基函数 Said-ball基函数 广义ball曲线 BÉZIER曲线 形状参数
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Research on the Influence of Raceway Waviness on the Vibration Characteristics of Deep Groove Ball Bearings
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作者 Yuanlong CHEN Jiarui ZHOU +2 位作者 Xinyu WEN Shaoqi WANYAN Yuqing WANG 《Mechanical Engineering Science》 2024年第1期13-20,共8页
The dynamics model of a 2-degree-of-freedom deep groove ball bearing is established by incorporating the raceway surface waviness model comprising multiple sinusoidal functions superposition.The model is solved using ... The dynamics model of a 2-degree-of-freedom deep groove ball bearing is established by incorporating the raceway surface waviness model comprising multiple sinusoidal functions superposition.The model is solved using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method to obtain the vibration characteristics including displacement,velocity,acceleration,and frequency of the bearing.Validation of the model is accomplished through comparison with theoretical vibration frequencies.The influence of the amplitude of waviness of the inner and outer ring raceway surfaces of deep groove ball bearings on the vibration displacement,peak-to-peak vibration displacement and root-mean-square vibration acceleration is analyzed,and the results show that as the amplitude of the inner and outer ring raceway surfaces waviness increases,all the vibration characteristic indexes increase,indicating that the vibration amplitude of the bearings as well as the energy of the waviness-induced shock waveforms increase with the increase of the amplitude of the waviness. 展开更多
关键词 WAVINESS Deep groove ball bearing Vibration characteristics DYNAMICS
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