The Extraction Method of Cutting Engagement in Ball-end Milling Simulation

Ball-end mill is widely used in workpiece processi ng with free-form surfaces. Such models that can predict processing character istics precisely are very necessary to the aim of cost reducing, quality improvi ng and productivity progressing, the cutting force prediction is the most import ant among these models. To explore the physical essence of metal cutting, model researchers commonly simplify the geometric conditions in cutting process, and a ssume that the geometric parameters that are needed to solve the physical models have already been predefined, so it results in the separation between model res earch and practical application. In this paper, for the representative cutting f orce models of ball end milling, a new extraction method of geometric parameters is suggested, which makes it possible for physical model to actually serve for the practical manufacturing, and take in the inspection of real production.

Study on High-Performance Computing for Simulation of End Milling Force

Milling Process Simulation is one of the important re search areas in manufacturing science. For the purpose of improving the prec ision of simulation and extending its usability, numerical algorithm is more and more used in the milling modeling areas. But simulative efficiency is decreasin g with increase of its complexity. As a result, application of the method is lim ited. Aimed at above question, high-efficient algorithm for milling process sim ulation is studied. It is important for milling process simulation’s applicatio n. Parallel computing is widely used to solve the large-scale computation question s. Its advantages include system flexibility, robust, high-efficient computing capability and high ratio of performance to price. With the development of compu ter network, utilizing the computing resource in the Internet, a virtual computi ng environment with powerful computing capability can be consisted by microc omputers, and the difficulty of building hardware environment which is used to s upport parallel computing is reduced. How to use network technology and parallel algorithm to improve simulative effic iency for milling forces simulation is investigated in the paper. In order to pr edict milling forces, a simplified local milling forces model is used in the pap er. End milling cutter is assumed to be divided by r number of differential elem ents along the axial direction of the cutter. For a given time, the total cuttin g forces can be obtained by summarizing the resultant cutting force produced by each differential cutter disc. Divide the whole simulative time into some segmen ts, send these program’s segments to microcomputers in the Internet and obtain the result of the program’s segments, all of the result of program’s segments a re composed the final result. For implementing the algorithm, a distributed Parallel computing framework is de signed in the paper. In the framework, web server plays a role of controller. Us ing Java RMI(remote method interface), the computing processes in computing serv er are called by web server. There are lots of control processes in web server a nd control the computing servers. The codes of simulative algorithm can be dynam ic sent to the computing servers, and milling forces at the different time are c omputed through utilizing the local computer’s resource. The results that are ca lculated by every computing servers are sent to the web server, and composed the final result. The framework can be used by different simulative algorithm. Comp ared with the algorithm running single machine, the efficiency of provided algor ithm is higher than that of single machine.

Simulation of a Laboratory Scale Ball Mill via Discrete Element Method Modelling

Discrete Element Method (DEM) is a powerful tool for simulating different types of mills. It also used for computing different types of particles such as rocks, grains, and molecules. DEM has been widely used in the field of rock mechanics. In the present work, DEM approach is applied to model the milling media (powder particles and balls) inside a planetary ball mill and to estimate the distribution of particles of a dry powder during milling. In fact, the efficiency of the DEM strongly depends on the input parameters. The DEM simulation results indicated that DEM is a promising tool for the simulation of the dynamic particles motion and interactions within planetary ball mill. These results could be utilized to further develop the synthesis performance, anticipate the reaction, and reduce the wear in the dry milling reactions.

Study on End Milling Generation Surface Model and Simulation in View of Main Axle's Tolerance

In accordance with the relative movement between end-milling cutter and workpiece surface, a theoretical generation model for milled surface was established with the movement error of principal axle considered. Then the milled surfaces under various cutting condition were simulated, the results of which showed that end milled surfaces were of "vaulted profile", heights of surface irregularty at various points to be different with maximum value in the middle and smaller at both sides, the difference were determined by diameter of milling cutter, feeding speed, ratio between the diameter of milling cutter and teeth point curve radius and width of workpiece. The study results can be applied to quality prediction of milled surfaces for precision and/or super precision milling operation.

双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子加工刀轨规划及仿真

针对双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子加工方法中存在的加工效率和精度比较低等问题,提出了利用球头铣刀在数控铣床上加工双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子的方法。研究目标是:根据双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子方程,结合空间啮合原理,建立了双圆弧斜齿轮的加工坐标系,根据各坐标系之间的转换矩阵,建立了双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子的齿面方程,模拟使用球头铣刀进行加工过程,计算出加工刀具中心在平面和空间轨迹,同时给出判定球头铣刀不发生干涉的最大半径的方法。利用VERICUT软件建立虚拟制造环境并进行铣齿仿真加工,验证了双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子齿面数控加工方法的正确性及其可行性。

Prediction of cutting forces in ball-end milling of 2.5D C/C composites

Machining of carbon/carbon （C/C） composite materials is difficult to carry out due to its high specific stiffness, brittleness, anisotropic, non-homogeneous and low thermal conductivity, which can result in tear, burr, poor surface quality and rapid wear of cutters. Accurate and fast pre- diction of cutting forces is important for milling C/C composite materials with high quality. This paper presents an alternative cutting force model involving the influences of the directions of fiber. Based on the calculated and experimental results, the cutting forces＂ coefficients of 2.5D CC com- posites are evaluated using multiple linear regression method. Verification experiment has been car- ried out through a group of orthogonal tests. Results indicate that the proposed nmdel is reliable and can be used to predict the cutting forces in ball-end milling of 2.5D C/C composites.

基于接触区齐次变换的球头铣削力预报与分析

精准求解球头铣刀-工件接触区(Cutter-workpiece engagement,CWE)已成为研究其力学行为的关键问题。现有球头CWE的求解方法存在效率低、通用性不佳和工程适用性不强等局限性。为此,本文提出一种基于齐次变换矩阵的CWE求解方法并借此实现球头铣削力预报和分析。首先,以铣削过程的几何特性分析为切入点,构建无倾角CWE解析方程组;然后,从多体系统理论的视角出发,通过齐次变换方法将球头铣姿态参数表征为坐标矩阵,由此推导出其在任意姿态下的解析表达式,进而将铣削过程时域离散化并对CWE内有效铣削刃及其演化过程进行分析。在此基础上,开展球头铣削力测试试验来检验该求解方法与铣削力分析的可靠性和精准性。研究结果表明,所提CWE求解方法可在较大程度上简化求解过程,且对铣削力的预报可靠、精准性高;前倾角或侧倾角的增大会减少切削刃在铣削周期中的铣削时间,并使得铣削周期内的平均铣削力降低;采用较小的前倾角时可获得较大的铣削力。

考虑刀具尺寸效应和刀具跳动的球头铣刀五轴微细铣削力预测

五轴微细铣削技术广泛应用于微小型零件的精密加工过程。铣削力作为加工过程中最重要的参数之一,直接影响零件的加工精度、刀具磨损和加工过程中的振动等。在球头铣刀五轴微细铣削过程中,刀—工接触几何CWE(Cutter Workpiece Engagement)及未变形切屑厚度瞬态变化,使其求解过程变得复杂和困难。综合考虑不同前倾、侧倾角度下的刀—工接触几何,推导出考虑最小切屑厚度、刀具跳动和工件材料弹性恢复的未变形切屑厚度数学表达式,建立了五轴微细铣削力的预测模型,获得铣削力的仿真结果。进行五轴微细铣削实验获得实测铣削力,并与预测铣削力进行比较,结果表明,铣削力预测值与实测值误差均在20%以内,验证了铣削力预测模型的有效性。

3D finite element prediction of chip flow, burr formation, and cutting forces in micro end-milling of aluminum 6061-T6

Abstract Predictive models for machining operations have been significantly improved through numerous methods in recent decades. This study proposed a 3D finite element modeling （3D FEM） approach for the micro end-milling orAl6061-T6. Finite element （FE） simulations were performed under different cutting conditions to obtain realistic numerical predictions of chip flow, burr formation, and cutting forces. FE modeling displayed notable advantages, such as capability to easily handle any type of tool geometry and any side effect on chip formation, including thermal aspect and material property changes. The proposed 3D FE model considers the effects ofmiU helix angle and cutting edge radius on the chip. The prediction capability of the FE model was validated by comparing numerical model and experimental test results. Burr dimension trends were correlated with force profile shapes. However, the FE predictions overestimated the real force magnitude. This overestimation indicates that the model requires further development.

三维振动铣削加工振幅对铣削力的影响研究

三维振动辅助铣削是一种新型获得复杂表面结构形貌的特殊加工方式,三个方向振幅对能够反映表面加工质量的工艺参数—铣削力有着重要影响。文章旨在探究振动幅值对铣削力的影响规律,首先根据振动辅助加工原理,建立了球头铣刀三维振动轨迹模型;其次,通过ABAQUS软件,基于铝合金7050-T6的J-C本构模型,建立了球头铣刀三维振动辅助铣削过程三维有限元模型;最后,检测了施加三维振动辅助后,仿真过程中球头铣刀的空间位移瞬态响应,对不同振动幅值下各个方向的输出铣削力进行分析。结果表明,三维振动辅助能够在一定程度上减小铣削力;增大振幅,使三个方向的最大铣削力增大,但纵向进给方向和横向进给方向的平均铣削力呈下降趋势,而垂直进给方向的平均铣削力增加到最大值后,振幅的增加对其平均铣削力影响变小。

微径球头铣刀微铣削有限元仿真及微铣削力预测

变螺旋角螺旋线的切削刃使得微径球头铣刀微铣削过程复杂且实验研究难度较大,对此,提出有限元建模仿真与多元线性回归分析相结合的微铣削过程量化分析和微铣削力预测方法。结合球面螺旋线模型和实测建立微径球头铣刀的三维模型,以此为基础实现全槽微铣削的有限元仿真,并通过实验验证仿真的正确性。针对主轴转速、进给速度与铣削深度三因素,利用正交实验设计方法确定三因素三水平的微铣削仿真方案,得到不同工艺参数组合下的微铣削力数据,通过多元线性回归分析建立预测微铣削力峰值的经验模型,其拟合优度分析表明预测模型具有较好的准确度和可靠性,可用于工艺参数对微铣削力峰值的影响规律分析,优化控制微铣削过程。

铣削γ-TiAl球头立铣刀几何角度优化设计

钛铝合金具有良好的物理和力学性能,在航空航天及汽车领域具有广泛的应用前景。由于其高温强度高、导热率低及室温脆性等特性,加工时存在切削力较大、切削温度高等问题,是一种典型的难加工材料,因此开发一款针对该种材料加工的球头立铣刀具有十分重要的意义。本文通过三维有限元仿真技术,以降低铣削力和铣削温度为优化目标,求得球头铣刀前角、螺旋角和后角三个几何参数的最优组合;分析这三个几何参数对切削力和切削温度的影响,实现刀具几何参数的优化设计。

GH4169高温合金球头铣刀铣削有限元仿真分析

GH4169高温合金在切削加工过程中通常会产生较大的切削力和较高的切削温度,进而难以控制加工表面完整性。借助ABAQUS有限元分析软件中的Johnson-Cook热力耦合模型建立球头铣刀简化模型,对GH4169高温合金的铣削加工过程进行三维有限元模拟仿真,研究GH4169高温合金材料在球铣削过程中的切削力、切削温度、等效塑性应变和应变率的变化与分布规律,并对比分析仿真结果与试验结果的差异。研究结果表明,仿真模型的预测结果与试验测量结果有较好的一致性,所构建的铣削有限元仿真模型为球头铣刀的铣削加工提供了可参考的切削要素。

基于BP神经网络的球头铣刀恒力切削控制方法研究

针对数控机床加工过程中的不可控制参数变化的问题,提出一种基于BP神经网络的球头铣刀恒力切削控制方法。分别建立铣削过程模型与BP神经网络控制模型,针对多指标变化导致恒力控制球头铣刀切削难以实施的问题,利用多层BP神经网络的自主高度拟合特性,结合恒力控制多时刻切削力与相关伺服输入,实现自适应调节多指标完成恒力控制。其中,指标包含切削力、进给量、进给速度、背吃刀量。为进一步探究噪声对控制算法鲁棒性的影响,利用方波噪声对所建立的控制算法进行干扰实验,讨论控制算法的抗干扰能力。结果表明:所提出的控制方法能够对球头铣刀控制进行快速且精确的恒力跟踪,在切削深度加深后能自适应地调整切削力;在添加噪声的恒力控制中,所获得的仿真曲线与未添加噪声时保持一致,进一步证明了该方法的抗干扰能力。该控制方法具有较好的控制性能与鲁棒性。

基于数学建模的球头立铣刀参数化结构设计

针对球头立铣刀的结构进行综合分析,建立球头立铣刀相关数学模型,确定球头立铣刀的周刃螺旋线、侧刃螺旋线和容屑槽,并基于UG的二次开发进行球头立铣刀的三维参数化建模,得到准确的球头立铣刀三维模型。在考虑机床误差的前提下,对原材料进行磨制与送检,发现经此方法设计的球头立铣刀前角、后角和螺旋角与设计值的偏差分别为15′36″,25′26″,8′12″,槽深和中心半径与设计值的偏差为0.007mm和0.004mm,角度偏差在0.5°之内,尺寸偏差控制在±0.01mm,该方法可有效提高刀具的外形精度。

基于遗传算法的磨煤机运行优化方法

以平稳锅炉燃烧过程、充分挖掘系统控制潜力、提高机组运行水准为目标,研究基于遗传算法的磨煤机开关机运行优化方法。针对风、粉、煤、灰、烟等燃烧过程中的关键因素,从历史运行数据中挖掘规律,构建水冷壁温差、磨煤机小钢球用量等指标的模拟仿真模型。以遗传算法为核心实现智能化控制,在各种工况下寻找使磨煤机平均单耗降低且水冷壁温差不高于阈值的磨煤机最优控制方案,实现机组节能减排。该方案兼顾机组安全性、经济性与环保性。

考虑刀具变形的球头铣刀铣削力建模与仿真

提出了准确识别参与切削的切削刃段的实体造型方法；基于铣削力与切削负载之间的经验关系，建立了三分量的球头铣刀铣削力模型；通过将刀具简化为一个悬臂梁结构，给出了刀具变形计算公式；从刀具变形对刀齿切削路径影响的几何关系出发，推导了三维进给运动下的瞬时切厚表达式。在此基础上，开发了完整的球头铣刀三轴铣削过程铣削力仿真系统。仿真计算和试验结果表明了模型及算法的正确性。

一种新的螺旋刃球头铣刀铣削力模型

为提高铣削加工的安全性和生产效率 ,有必要在加工实际进行之前准确地预测切削过程的物理信息 ,如铣削力、刀具振动等。给出了球头铣刀刃线几何模型 ,采用理论切削力分析与实验—系数识别相结合的方法建立了新的螺旋刃球头铣刀的铣削力模型。对不同切削条件下的铣削力进行了仿真 ,与实验测量数据吻合良好 ,证明离线仿真可以对铣削力做出较准确的预测。

基于Z-map模型的球头铣刀铣削力建模与仿真

对球头铣刀铣削力建模进行了研究。在Z-map仿真模型的基础上,提出了识别加工中参与切削的切削刃单元的方法,通过考虑刀具偏心和刀具变形对瞬时切削厚度的影响,推导出了瞬时切削厚度的表达式,由铣削力和切削负载之间的关系,建立了球头铣刀三轴铣削力仿真模型。铣削力仿真计算与铣削实验的对比表明在考虑刀具偏心和刀具变形后所建立的铣削力模型能够对铣削力进行准确的预测。

球头铣刀铣削表面形貌建模与仿真

为了研究铣削加工的表面形貌 ,文章给出了考虑刀杆柔性的螺旋刃球头铣刀的动态铣削过程模型 ,并基于广义加工表面创成理论、球头铣刀刃线模型和铣削运动模型 ,对球头刀动态铣削表面形貌进行了建模和仿真 .