Instantaneous rotation speed measurement and error analysis for variable speed hydraulic system

In order to monitor the working state of piston motor and measure its instantaneous rotation speed accurately, the measuring principle and method of instantaneous rotation speed based on industrial personal computer and data acquisition card are introduced, and the major error source, influence mechanism and processing method of data quantization error are dis- cussed. By means of hybrid programming approach of LabVIEW and MATLAB, the instantaneous rotation speed measurement system for the piston motor in variable speed hydraulic system is designed. The simulation and experimental results show that the designed instantaneous speed measurement system is feasible. Furthermore, the sampling frequency has an important influ- ence on the instantaneous rotation speed measurement of piston motor and higher sampling frequency can lower quantization er- ror and improve measurement accuracy.

An improved resampling algorithm for rolling element bearing fault diagnosis under variable rotational speeds

In order to address the issues of traditional resampling algorithms involving computational accuracy and efficiency in rolling element bearing fault diagnosis, an equal division impulse-based（EDI-based） resampling algorithm is proposed. First, the time marks of every rising edge of the rotating speed pulse and the corresponding amplitudes of faulty bearing vibration signal are determined. Then, every adjacent the rotating pulse is divided equally, and the time marks in every adjacent rotating speed pulses and the corresponding amplitudes of vibration signal are obtained by the interpolation algorithm. Finally, all the time marks and the corresponding amplitudes of vibration signal are arranged and the time marks are transformed into the angle domain to obtain the resampling signal. Speed-up and speed-down faulty bearing signals are employed to verify the validity of the proposed method, and experimental results show that the proposed method is effective for diagnosing faulty bearings. Furthermore, the traditional order tracking techniques are applied to the experimental bearing signals, and the results show that the proposed method produces higher accurate outcomes in less computation time.

Model of Rotation Accuracy of High-Speed Spindles on Ball Bearings

For the purpose to improve a design quality of high-speed spindle units, we have developed mathematical models and software to simulate a rotation accuracy of spindles running on ball bearings. In order to better understand the mechanics of ball bearings, the dynamic interaction of ball bearings and spindle unit, and the influence of the bearing imperfections on the spindle rotation accuracy, we have carried out computer aided analysis and experimental studies. When doing this, we have found that the spindle rotation accuracy can vary drastically with rotational speed. The influence of bearing preload has a secondary importance. Comparison of the results of these studies has demonstrated adequacy of the models developed to the real spindle units.

风电轴承大尺寸钢球光球加工技术

针对国内现有风电轴承大尺寸钢球光球机加工精度低,加工效率低的问题,对钢球在光球机动、静磨盘沟道内的运动规律、受力特点和磨削机理进行分析,光球时钢球受到的磨削力与动、静磨盘沟道深度比有关,并基于ADAMS仿真得到最佳动、静磨盘沟道深度比为7∶3,去两极和环带、成形、走圆工序最佳动磨盘转速分别为90,120,90 r/min。样机试验结果表明,改进后光球机的光球效率提高了30%,球形误差至少提高了0.2 mm,表面粗糙度Ra值至少减小了0.03 mm。

变转速极低标签率下旋转机械故障诊断的图注意力网络

在极低标签率情况下,现有的图神经网络(graph neural network,GNN)在图构造时存在节点间的关联信息挖掘不充分等问题。工业生产中,旋转机械常工作在变转速工况下,且标记故障样本代价高昂。针对上述两个问题,基于JS(Jenson-Shannon)相对熵和动态图注意力网络(dynamic graph attention network,DGAT),提出了一种熵-图注意力网络,并将其应用于极低标签率下变转速工况的旋转机械半监督故障诊断中。首先,设计了基于JS相对熵的图构造方法,用于充分挖掘GNN中样本间的关联信息。其次,构建基于熵-动态图注意力网络的半监督学习模型,通过动态注意力机制进一步挖掘样本中故障敏感特征。最后,将所提方法在变转速工况下轴承和齿轮箱数据集上进行验证,结果表明所提方法能够在标签率不超过1%的极低情况下准确诊断出旋转机械的不同故障类型,且性能优于其它常用的图神经网络。

初始转速与导叶控制策略对变速抽水蓄能机组泵断电过程影响规律研究

在可变速抽水蓄能机组泵断电暂态过程中,因导叶关闭引起的压力波动、回流、转速双峰等不利现象,极大影响了机组及压力管道系统的安全运行;初始转速作为影响机组动态特性的重要参数,其对泵断电过程中转速、流量的影响规律尚不明晰。针对以上问题,基于一维瞬变流理论特征线法和改进Suter变换法,构建可变速抽水蓄能机组调节系统模型。通过对可变速抽水蓄能机组泵断电过程进行模拟,分析了导叶关闭时间对特征参数的影响规律,阐明了初始运行转速与倒流流量、反转转速极值之间的内在联系。结果表明,正转正流阶段和正转逆流阶段的初期各特征参数时域响应趋势极为相近;与此同时,对比不同导叶关闭时间的结果,得出由反转逆流阶段进入停机能够增强机组及压力管道系统安全性的结论;此外,在同一扬程和入力条件下,采用不同初始运行转速对泵断电过程进行模拟,得出流量、转速极值特性与初始运行转速呈负相关的结论。

自适应窗口旋转优化短时傅里叶变换的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断

针对短时傅里叶变换(STFT)中固定窗效应所导致的能量集中度不高的问题,提出了一种自适应窗口旋转优化短时傅里叶变换(AWROSTFT)的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断方法。通过变分模态分解(VMD)对原始振动信号进行降噪,并利用粒子群优化算法(PSO)解决了VMD参数选择困难的问题;利用切线思想对STFT中水平窗口自适应匹配一系列的旋转算子,使得窗口旋转方向接近甚至等于瞬时调频率,提高了时频表示的能量集中度;计算出谱峰检测法提取到的瞬时频率与转频的平均比值,将得到的结果与轴承的故障特征系数进行匹配,以此实现变转速工况下滚动轴承的故障诊断。仿真和实验的结果都表明,本文所提方法能够兼顾PSO-VMD和AWROST-FT的优势,通过切线思想自适应的旋转窗口使得信号与窗函数在全局上的夹角都为零,从而达到提高能量集中度和锐化时频脊线的目的,实现了变转速工况下滚动轴承的故障诊断。

油气润滑下滚动轴承内润滑油输运与分布试验观察

受限于试验设备与试验条件,针对油气润滑的研究多基于数值模拟或球-盘点接触试验,这不符合轴承内部实际接触情况,特别是轴承内润滑介质的分布与输运的试验研究相对缺乏。搭建滚动轴承润滑行为模拟试验台,采用玻璃外环代替轴承外圈,利用光学方法直接观测油气润滑下滚动轴承内润滑油的分布与供给过程,并以SKF6008深沟球轴承为研究对象,分析转速和供气压力对供油效果的影响,结果表明:油气润滑输运的油滴可铺展在轴承外圈内表面,直接供给接触区;高压气体在较高转速下能够输运供给油层至接触区附近。

基于灰色关联度的轴承温度影响因素分析

为研究角接触球轴承温度的影响因素及其影响程度,对2套7006C角接触球轴承进行了9种工况下的温度测试试验。通过文献跟踪确定影响轴承温度的因素为转速、径向载荷、轴向载荷和填脂量,并计算各因素与轴承温度之间的欧式灰色关联度、模糊隶属度和模糊灰色关联度,结果表明,各因素对轴承温度影响程度由大到小依次为转速、轴向载荷、径向载荷、填脂量。

工况参数对高速角接触球轴承温升特性的影响

以润滑油温度、转速、径向载荷、轴向载荷和喷油量等工况参数为变量进行温升试验,分析工况因素对高速角接触球轴承温升特性的影响规律,并应用灰色关联度方法研究不同工况参数对轴承温升的影响程度。试验结果表明:喷油量与轴承温升之间呈非线性关系;存在最佳轴向预紧力使轴承的温升较低,不同转速条件下轴承达到最优预紧状态所需要的轴向载荷不同;各工况参数对轴承温升的影响程度从大到小为润滑油温度、转速、喷油量、轴向载荷、径向载荷。

轴承内圈沟道磨削热应力场有限元仿真分析

针对轴承套圈滚道磨削加工时过大的热应力会导致滚道表层产生热损伤的问题,联合ABAQUS及Hyper-Mesh建立B7008C角接触球轴承内圈沟道磨削热应力场有限元模型,开发DFLUX子程序减少模型分析步的数量,克服了网格数量庞大导致磨削热源无法沿沟道整周移动的问题,揭示了内圈沟道磨削热应力场的形成机制与演化规律,得到了内圈沟道表层产生残余拉应力的临界温度,并分析了工艺参数对内圈沟道残余拉应力分布的影响,结果表明:只有当磨削热应力超过材料的屈服强度时,内圈沟道表层才会产生残余拉应力,产生残余拉应力的临界温度约为420℃;随着热流密度的增大及工件转速的减小,内圈沟道表层的残余拉应力和分布深度增大。

基于EOE_LMD和阶次跟踪分析的变转速轴承故障诊断

振动信号分析是轴承故障诊断中的重要技术手段之一。变转速工况下的滚动轴承振动信号是典型的非平稳信号,并且在转频变化较小的工况中还存在噪声干扰的问题,使传统的时频分析技术难以应用。为解决该问题,提出了一种基于经验最优包络(empirical optimal envelope,EOE)的局部均值分解(local mean decomposition,LMD)和采用分段线性插值的计算阶次跟踪(computing order tracking,COT)算法相结合的故障诊断方法。首先,确定低通滤波器的截止频率和滤波阶数,对滚动轴承振动信号进行滤波,并对滤波后的包络信号进行COT,以获得角域平稳信号。然后,利用EOE_LMD对重采样后的平稳信号进行处理,得到若干乘积函数(product function,PF)分量。最后,通过计算各分量的信息熵和相关系数,选取合适的分量进行阶次分析,以判断变转速滚动轴承的故障类型。结果表明,该方法可以消除转速波动对故障特征提取的影响,在不同转速变化条件下对滚动轴承具有良好的故障诊断能力。

基于Fluent的高速角接触球轴承润滑脂动态分布

以脂润滑高速角接触球轴承为研究对象,建立润滑脂流动仿真模型,根据轴承实际运转工况设置模型速度、温度等边界条件,通过拟合常温至高温条件下的润滑脂黏度模型参数,建立全温域范围赫-巴黏度模型来描述润滑脂非牛顿流体特性,采用CFD软件Fluent进行仿真试验,并分析轴承在不同转速、温度和填脂量下的润滑脂分布。结果表明:在一定的填脂量下,随着转速提高润滑脂在轴承腔内分布更均匀,且在保持架转动方向的两侧分布更多,而内圈润滑脂量逐渐减少,转移到保持架和外圈;相对于常温,在高温下润滑脂流动性更高,向离心方向扩散的特征更为明显,这是内圈更易磨损的原因之一;在润滑脂填充比例为19.8%~29.7%的范围内,随着填脂量提高,润滑脂分布状态更好。

离心泵变频技改的节能量测算探讨

在离心泵变转速节能技改项目中,由于泵流量不满足相似定律的比例条件,不宜采用比例定律计算有关参数及节能效果。依据泵流量不变的条件,通过相似理论导出泵扬程、泵效率随泵转速变化的关系式,有效减小预测值与实际节能效果的偏差。

某型汽轮滑油泵变工况转速波动较大问题

某型汽轮滑油泵在配合系统做变工况试验时,机组转速波动大的问题常有发生。针对这一问题,通过详细分析变工况试验中记录的数据,对可能的问题原因展开分析和排查。初步明确问题发生的原因之后,有针对性地进行试验验证。该问题的研究有助于避免汽轮滑油泵在变工况时发生较大的转速波动,进而保障机组的安全稳定运行。

变转速下L_(1,1,2)范数与张量核范数联合约束的TRPCA滚动轴承故障特征提取方法

滚动轴承作为旋转机械设备的重要部件之一,其工作状态直接影响旋转设备的运行安全,因此其故障特征的有效提取对于保障机械设备正常运行具有重要的意义。实际应用中滚动轴承通常以变化的速度运行,并且单一传感器采集的轴承的非平稳信号往往被严重的背景噪声覆盖,使得故障特征的提取非常困难。为了解决这一问题,提出一种变转速下L_(1,1,2)范数与张量核范数联合约束的张量主成分分析(tensor robust principal component analysis,TRPCA)滚动轴承故障特征提取方法。首先,使用时频表示(time-frequency representation,TFR)作为正向切片构建张量,分别探讨滚动轴承时变故障特征在张量域中的管稀疏性和背景噪声在张量域中的低管秩性。进而使用L_(1,1,2)范数与张量核范数联合约束的TRPCA对故障特征张量进行提取,得到管稀疏的故障特征张量。最后将提取的故障特征张量在通道索引中进行融合,得到能够有效表征故障特征的时频表示。仿真和试验分析验证了该方法在轴承故障特征提取中的有效性。

Analysis Method and Principle of Dual-mode Electro-mechanical Variable Transmission Program

Automotive industry,as an important pillar of the national economy,has been rapidly developing in recent years.But proplems such as energy comsumption and environmental pollution are posed at the same time.Electro-mechanical variable transmission system is considered one of avilable workarounds.It is brought forward a kind of design methods of dual-mode electro-mechanical variable transmission system rotational speed characteristics and dual-mode drive diagrams.With the motor operating behavior of running in four quadrants and the speed characteristics of the simple internal and external meshing single planetary gear train,four kinds of dual-mode electro-mechanical transmission system scheme are designed.And the velocity,torque and power characteristics of one of the programs are analyzed.The magnitude of the electric split-flow power is an important factor which influences the system performance,so in the parameters matching design,it needs to reduce the power needs under the first mode of the motor.The motor,output rotational speed range and the position of the mode switching point have relationships with the characteristics design of the planetary gear set.The analysis method is to provide a reference for hybrid vehicles＇ design.As the involved rotational speed and torque relationships are the natural contact of every part of transmission system,a theory basis of system program and performance analysis is provided.

Hydro-mechanical Transmit Performance Analysis for a Continuously Variable Transmission

Based on an exact CAD model of hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission （HMCVT） gearbox which can transmit 180 horsepower, virtual prototype of the HMCVT was built. Revolution speed of shafts, gears and clutches of the HMCVT were calibrated by using results obtained by theoretical calculation and test methods. The needed power and torques of both mechanical power input shaft and hydropower input shaft were calculated by simulation. Hydraulic power distributing ratio and power flow of the system was also studied. The analysis results showed that cycle power was produced inevitably when the output shaft speed of HMCVT change smoothly during mechanical and hydraulic working state HM1 to HM4, and the instantaneous maximum cycle power was 39.5%. Then the overall transmission efficiency of HMCVT was studied, and the maximum overall efficiency of the system was about 87%. The results of the studies gave references to select suited engine and variable displacement pump for the HMCVT, and to develop rational speed control strategies for the HMCVT by changing displacement ratio of variable displacement pump.

考虑热诱导载荷和摩擦生热交互影响的高速角接触球轴承温度场分析

高速电主轴角接触球轴承内部的摩擦会使轴承温度升高,进而影响主轴的使用性能。为精确分析高速角接触球轴承的温度场,提出了一种考虑热诱导载荷和摩擦生热交互影响的轴承温度场分析方法。首先建立考虑差动滑动、自旋滑动、载荷以及润滑油黏性引起的摩擦的总摩擦生热量计算模型和热诱导载荷计算模型,然后分析两者之间的交互影响,最终基于有限元分析软件得到轴承稳态温度场,结果表明:稳态时轴承最高温度在球与内圈接触区域,球与外圈的接触区域温度较低;考虑热诱导载荷时差动滑动、自旋滑动以及载荷引起的摩擦生热量大于未考虑热诱导载荷,润滑油黏性引起的摩擦生热量无变化;考虑热诱导载荷时球与内圈的接触力及温升大于未考虑热诱导载荷。

MPA-MMD方法在变转速齿轮箱振动信号特征提取中的应用

变转速工况下齿轮箱振动信号的分量通常具有时频重叠和跨频带特征,分量直接分离非常困难。对此,引入一种新的多通道多分量分解(multichannel multipoint distribution, MMD)方法,并利用新型群体智能优化算法——海洋捕食者算法(marine predators algorithm, MPA)求解MMD方法中的关键优化问题,进而提出了基于MPA优化的MMD(MPA-MMD)方法。MPA-MMD方法将每一个分量表示为一组加权特征向量的线性组合,因为不依赖时间尺度特征,所以特别适合分解具有时频重叠或跨频带特征的复杂信号。通过设置具有分量重叠、跨频带和波动性特征的加噪仿真信号,将MPA-MMD与基于其他优化算法的MMD,以及多通道变分模态分解进行了对比分析,结果表明MPA-MMD在分解效果、收敛性和抑噪性方面的优势;在此基础上,针对变转速工况下齿轮箱振动信号具有分量重叠和跨频带的复杂特征,将MPA-MMD应用于变转速工况下齿轮箱振动信号的特征提取,具有针对性的试验信号分析结果表明,MPA-MMD可直接准确地获得受转速影响的故障分量。