Effect of Milling Parameters on DEM Modeling of a Planetary Ball Mill

The effects of the milling parameters involving shape of powder particles, rotation speed, and ball-to-powder diameter (BPDR) on DEM modeling in the planetary ball mill were investigated. BPDR was varied from 1 to 10. The results revealed that the size and shape of the powder particles do not give a significant change in simulation results when BPDR attains maximum value of 10. The increasing of BPDR leads to the increase of simulation time and size. Hence, the effect of change of the powder particle shape on the calculated data size is not significant. The results also revealed that the increasing rotation speed increases impact energy between powder particles.

TIN_DDM Buffer Surface Construction Algorithm Based on Rolling Ball Acceleration Optimization Model

In view of the TIN_DDM buffer surface existing in the construction and application of special data type,algorithm efficiency and precision are not matching;the paper applied the rolling ball model in the process of TIN_DDM buffer surface construction.Based on the precision limitation analysis of rolling ball model,the overall precision control method of rolling ball model has been established.Considering the efficiency requirement of TIN_DDM buffer surface construction,the influence principle of key sampling points and rolling ball radius to TIN_DDM buffer surface construction efficiency has been elaborated,and the rule of identifying key sampling points has also been designed.Afterwards,by erecting the numerical relationship between key sampling points and rolling ball radius,a TIN_DDM buffer surface construction algorithm based on rolling ball acceleration optimization model has been brought forward.The time complexity of the algorithm is O(n).The experiments show that the algorithm could realize the TIN_DDM buffer surface construction with high efficiency,and the algorithm precision is controlled with in 2σ.

Modelling of the High-Energy Ball Milling Process

In this paper, the milling parameters of high energy ball mill (Fritsch Pulverisette 7) like vial geometry, number and size of balls and speed of the mill were modelled and discussed. Simulations through discrete element method (DEM) provide correlation between the milling parameters. A mathematical model is used to improve and develop this process. The results show that the loss of powder mass can remarkably improve the performance of milling. The balls made of stainless-steel have a positive effect on the milling efficiency. The simulation shows that the high ball milling velocities can contribute to faster particle size reduction.

Three-dimensional Modeling for Predicting the Vibration Modes of Twin Ball Screw Driving Table

As a redundant drive mechanism, twin ball screw feed system has the advantage of high stiffness and little yaw vibration in the feeding process, while leads to increased difficulty with vibration characteristics analysis and structure optimization. Only low-dimensional structure and dynamics parameters are considered in the existing research, the complete and effective model for predicting the table＇s vibrations is lacked. A three-dimensional（3D） mechanical model of twin ball screw driving table is proposed. In order to predict the vibration modes of the table quantitatively, an analytical formulation following a comprehensive approach is developed, where the drive system is modeled as a lumped mass-spring system, and the Lagrangian method is used to obtain the table＇s independent and coupled axial, yaw, and pitch vibration modes. The frequency variation of each mode is studied for different heights of the center of gravity, nut positions and table masses by numerical simulations. Modal experiment is carried out on the Z-axis feed table of the horizontal machining center MCH63. The results show that for each mode, the error between the estimated and the measured frequencies is less than 13%. The independent and coupled vibration modes are in accordance with the experimental results, respectively The proposed work can serve a better understanding of the table＇s dynamics and be beneficial for optimizing the structure parameters of twin ball screw drive system in the design stage.

Selective ensemble modeling based on nonlinear frequency spectral feature extraction for predicting load parameter in ball mills

Strong mechanical vibration and acoustical signals of grinding process contain useful information related to load parameters in ball mills. It is a challenge to extract latent features and construct soft sensor model with high dimensional frequency spectra of these signals. This paper aims to develop a selective ensemble modeling approach based on nonlinear latent frequency spectral feature extraction for accurate measurement of material to ball volume ratio. Latent features are first extracted from different vibrations and acoustic spectral segments by kernel partial least squares. Algorithms of bootstrap and least squares support vector machines are employed to produce candidate sub-models using these latent features as inputs. Ensemble sub-models are selected based on genetic algorithm optimization toolbox. Partial least squares regression is used to combine these sub-models to eliminate collinearity among their prediction outputs. Results indicate that the proposed modeling approach has better prediction performance than previous ones.

Simulation of a Laboratory Scale Ball Mill via Discrete Element Method Modelling

Discrete Element Method (DEM) is a powerful tool for simulating different types of mills. It also used for computing different types of particles such as rocks, grains, and molecules. DEM has been widely used in the field of rock mechanics. In the present work, DEM approach is applied to model the milling media (powder particles and balls) inside a planetary ball mill and to estimate the distribution of particles of a dry powder during milling. In fact, the efficiency of the DEM strongly depends on the input parameters. The DEM simulation results indicated that DEM is a promising tool for the simulation of the dynamic particles motion and interactions within planetary ball mill. These results could be utilized to further develop the synthesis performance, anticipate the reaction, and reduce the wear in the dry milling reactions.

基于坐封受力模型的暂堵球封堵效果影响因素与参数优化

暂堵球在射孔孔眼及压裂裂缝中的坐封状态影响其封堵稳定性,暂堵球封堵效果决定暂堵转向压裂技术的成败。通过建立暂堵球坐封受力计算模型,研究了压裂液排量、密度、暂堵球及孔眼参数对暂堵球坐封受力状态及其封堵效率的影响,实验模拟了不同射孔参数、压裂排量及暂堵球/压裂液性能对封堵效果的影响。结果表明:暂堵球受拖拽力、脱离力及持球力随压裂液排量的增加而增大,暂堵球更易坐封;压裂液及暂堵球密度对暂堵球坐封封堵效率影响不大;暂堵球粒径大于孔眼直径时,暂堵球坐封封堵效率随粒径增加而增大,当暂堵球直径小于孔眼直径时,暂堵球不容易坐封;射孔孔眼数增加影响暂堵球坐封封堵效率。实验评价暂堵球最佳直径为9.0 mm,最佳泵送排量大于4.0 m^(3)/min时,有助于提高暂堵球坐封成功率,增强暂堵压裂设计的可靠性。

发动机燃油泵附件的管路动力学等效设计及实现

燃油泵附件的管路空间构型复杂,在振动环境试验中直接模拟难以实现。为满足试验要求,采用系统等效缩减/扩展过程(SEREP)方法对管路进行动力学等效设计,选取管路上特定结点为主自由度,并将原管路模型缩减至主自由度模型上,得到缩减质量和刚度矩阵;对子振型矩阵采用SVD分解,使得缩减质量和刚度矩阵进一步简化,得到低阶管路模型的新缩减质量和刚度矩阵参数;提出“质量球—梁弹簧”结构模型,分别用“质量球”和“梁弹簧”来映射缩减的质量和刚度矩阵,进而确定等效设计加工参数;通过实例验证等效设计方法的可行性。结果表明:等效管路与原管路的第一阶频率误差大多在10%以内,满足工程应用要求。

双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子加工刀轨规划及仿真

针对双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子加工方法中存在的加工效率和精度比较低等问题,提出了利用球头铣刀在数控铣床上加工双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子的方法。研究目标是:根据双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子方程,结合空间啮合原理,建立了双圆弧斜齿轮的加工坐标系,根据各坐标系之间的转换矩阵,建立了双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子的齿面方程,模拟使用球头铣刀进行加工过程,计算出加工刀具中心在平面和空间轨迹,同时给出判定球头铣刀不发生干涉的最大半径的方法。利用VERICUT软件建立虚拟制造环境并进行铣齿仿真加工,验证了双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子齿面数控加工方法的正确性及其可行性。

滚动球变换支持下的TIN-DDM地形特征线自动提取方法

针对传统规则格网数字高程模型地形特征线提取方法中存在阈值难以定量调控、连接方式无法自适应调整以及地形特征线类型不完整的问题,将滚动球变换模型应用于不规则三角网数字水深模型(triangulated irregular network digital depth model,TIN-DDM)地形特征线的自动提取,在构建临界滚动球半径关联的地形特征点定量识别判定准则基础上,引入地形形态边界点概念,采用逆向工程的建模思路,建立了以剖分单元为基础的地形特征线自动提取模型,结合地形类型判定准则的多尺度表达特性及顾及水深数值的地形特征优化模型,提出了可多尺度表达且类型完整的地形特征线自动提取方法。试验结果表明:相比于经典地表流水模拟方法,该方法可实现完整、连续且细分的TIN-DDM地形特征线自动提取及多尺度表达,且提取的地形特征线具有更高的地形重构精度。

基于子空间的I-nice聚类算法

高维数据的子空间聚类是无监督学习领域的热点研究问题,其难点在于寻找恰当的子空间以及其中的数据簇。大多数现有的子空间聚类算法均存在计算复杂度高和参数选择难的缺陷,这是因为在高维数据中子空间的组合数量很大,算法的执行时间非常长,且不同数据集和应用场景需要不同的参数设定。为此,提出了基于子空间的I-nice(简记为sub-I-nice)聚类算法用于识别高维数据中子空间内数据簇的个数。首先,该算法将原始数据维度随机划分成多个维度组,根据维度组生成子空间样本;接着,使用最新的I-niceMO算法对每个子空间数据进行聚类;最后,采用新设计的球模型对所有子空间的基聚类结果进行集成。在含有噪声的高维仿真数据集上对所提出的sub-I-nice算法进行了详细的性能验证,实验结果表明sub-I-nice算法相比其他3种代表性聚类算法有更好的准确性和鲁棒性,从而证实了其合理性和有效性。

基于自相关谱峭度图的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对轴承滚道微弱损伤时故障特征信号埋没于背景信号中,导致不能清晰地辨认出故障特征频率的问题,提出一种基于自相关谱峭度图的改进方法,该方法结合基尼系数冲击指标、小波包分解法、自相关法、包络谱法、峭度图法,并用仿真信号与试验信号对方法的可行性进行验证。结果表明,改进方法所得出的解调频带可以准确地识别轴承滚道故障特征,并能有效抑制背景噪声的影响,使故障特征频率更加清晰。

弹流润滑影响下的轴承耦合缺陷动力学建模研究

针对传统动力学模型未考虑弹流润滑的影响以及深沟球轴承多点缺陷理论参考较少的问题。基于非线性Hertz接触理论与时变位移激励函数,建立了弹流润滑影响下的具有耦合缺陷的深沟球轴承二自由度动力学模型。通过对比缺陷轴承实验信号与数值仿真信号的幅频信息,验证了动力学模型的准确性。并依据此模型分析了缺陷宽度、径向载荷、转速对油膜参数、典型时域特征参数的影响。分析表明:随着缺陷宽度、径向载荷的增大,有量纲指标峰值、均方根值与无量纲指标峭度因子、脉冲因子均呈现增大趋势;随着转速的增大,峰值、均方根值与峭度因子、脉冲因子呈现相反的趋势;随着径向载荷、转速的增大,油膜参数也呈现相反的趋势。

考虑圆度误差的角接触球轴承温升特性研究

以往有关于轴承温升特性的研究多注重轴承温升以及圆度误差对轴承振动的影响,其中圆度误差对轴承温升影响的文献较少,且研究对象多针对的是低速、轻载轴承的温升。为此,建立了考虑圆度误差、轴承预紧力、离心效应、热力耦合等影响的角接触球轴承热-力耦合模型,研究了轴承沟道圆度误差对轴承温升的影响规律。首先,以轴承拟动力学、弹流润滑理论、传热学理论和基尔霍夫能量守恒定律为基础,建立了考虑圆度误差、轴承预紧力、离心效应、热力耦合等影响的角接触球轴承热-力耦合模型;然后,利用模型分析了不同工况条件、圆度误差对轴承温升特性影响;最后,将模型计算结果与试验结果进行了比较,验证了角接触球轴承热-力耦合模型的合理性。研究结果表明:模型计算结果和实验结果相比,最大相对误差为5.37%;随着圆度误差阶次的增加,轴承温度呈现波动性变化,且随着转速的增加,波动趋势愈加显著;随着润滑油温度的升高,温度波动逐渐减小;当圆度误差的阶次等于球数n/2±2(n=1,2,3…)时,轴承外圈温度比不考虑圆度误差时要低,因此将圆度误差控制在特定阶次内能有效降低轴承温升,从而提高工作效率;轴承外圈温度的波动性与外圈圆度误差的幅值成正比,为轴承设计提供了重要参考;外圈温度与沟道圆度误差阶次之间呈周期性变化,并与钢球的个数形成映射关系,当圆度误差阶次等于球数的(2 n-1)/4倍(n=1,2,3…)时,轴承外圈温度达到最高;当圆度误差阶次等于球数的n/2倍(n=1,2,3…)时,轴承外圈温度最低,这一规律可为轴承的优化提供具体参考方向。

基于质点弹簧模型和骨架球模型的虚拟肾脏建模

针对软组织建模中的几何剖分、物理建模和数值解算方法选择等关键问题,在软组织的几何剖分中采用德劳内法,提出了质点-弹簧模型和骨架球模型相结合的方法,解决了单一质点-弹簧模型形变仿真效果不佳问题。通过对比各数值分析方法选择改进显示欧拉法完成对虚拟肾脏物理模型运动学方程的数值求解,并提出对于虚拟软组织模型运动形变区域的确定与限定方法,提升了虚拟手术系统的图像刷新率与力反馈刷新率。

推力调节球阀流量特性参数化建模

调节阀广泛应用于工业自动化领域,用于精确控制流体的流量、压力、温度等参数。应用于可重复使用液氧/甲烷发动机推力调节系统的推力调节阀,为浮动阀座矩形窗口球阀,通过控制进入燃气发生器的甲烷及液氧流量来调节涡轮泵的功率,从而实现推力调节。首先对调节阀的流量特性进行理论建模。通过参数化分析调节阀阀座和阀芯的流通特性,提出了一种理论模型来预测阀的流量系数。采用CFD仿真和实验测定方法验证理论模型,并对比理论值、仿真值和测量值。结果表明,理论模型能较好地预测中等开度下的流量系数,但在极小和极大开度下存在偏差。最后指出了进一步研究和改进的方向,以提高模型在极端开度下的准确性。

基于Archard磨损模型的二元颗粒球磨机衬板磨损分析

作为球磨机的主要易损部件,衬板在运行过程中会受到钢球的连续冲击和挤压摩擦导致磨损。基于Archard模型,针对球磨机内5 mm和10 m两种尺寸的介质,在无衬板、不同衬板形状、衬板高度条件下进行了等数量混合的模拟,旨在深入研究这些不同状态下颗粒的运动行为及其对衬板磨损的影响。通过这一研究,期望能够更深入地理解球磨机衬板的分层和磨损机理,进而优化衬板性能、提高磨机效率,并减少球磨机衬板的磨损。经过模拟仿真,得出以下结论:1)颗粒分层现象源于端盖效应和提升条对不同颗粒提升能力的差异。在无提升条时,小颗粒因轻而集中在筒体中心,大颗粒则因重而分布于外围。引入提升条后,小颗粒趋于在筒体两端聚集,形成新的轴向分布,而大颗粒分布相对稳定。2)矩形提升条相比梯形更易导致衬板磨损,但提升条高度增加时,筒体摩擦磨损减小。这模拟结果受限于Archard模型,因其未考虑冲击磨损的影响。

滚珠丝杠进给系统刚柔耦合动力学建模与时变动态特性分析

数控机床运行过程中,多轴滚珠丝杠进给系统的刚度和惯量会随着各轴位姿的变化而变化,致使其动态特性呈时变的特点。多轴滚珠丝杠进给系统时变动态特性的高保真建模与分析已成为数控机床轮廓误差精准预测的瓶颈难题之一。针对这一难题,提出基于拉格朗日方程与Ritz级数法的滚珠丝杠进给系统刚柔耦合动力学建模与分析方法。以某型号五轴加工中心的两轴滚珠丝杠进给系统为具体对象,重点考虑丝杠本体轴扭方向的连续弹性体变形影响,采用拉格朗日方程建立滚珠丝杠进给系统的刚柔耦合动力学模型,并采用Ritz级数法对方程求解,得到动力学模型的数值解。利用所建立的动力学模型分析进给轴位姿对两轴进给系统固有频率和模态振型的影响,发现各阶固有频率和模态振型随进给轴位姿的变化规律与对应阶次的主导轴有关。随着主导轴进给台由固定端移动至支撑端,对应阶次的固有频率逐渐减小,对应阶次的振型中丝杠本体的弹性振动幅值逐渐增大。此外,两轴进给系统的低阶模态振型主要由承载轴主导,高阶模态振型主要由附属于承载轴的子轴主导。最后,通过模态实验对所提方法进行应用验证,证明所建立动力学模型的准确性。研究结果对数控机床轮廓误差的精准预测具有重要参考价值。

浮球覆盖下水面能量平衡再建与蒸发模型研究

针对干旱区平原水库蒸发强烈导致水资源利用率低的问题,选用黑色高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)浮球作为干旱区平原水库节水材料。通过理论分析、建模与室外试验三者结合,对完整非冰冻期内浮球覆盖下水面蒸发、水体能量平衡组分变化分布的响应机理进行研究,并在此基础上建立相应的水面蒸发量计算模型。结果显示:相较于自由水面,73%的浮球覆盖率下的整体水面净辐射吸收率减小约12.6%,其月均蒸发所需潜热通量减少了61.8%,约为148.73 W/m^(2),水体的感热通量和蓄热通量也有较大的变化。通过对彭曼模型的能量项和空气动力项进行修正,建立的覆盖条件下的水面蒸发量计算模型具有较高的精度。

浅谈“球槽问题”在高中物理中的应用——由2023年高考湖南卷第15题引起的思考

力学综合问题历来为各省份物理高考的重难点,其中球槽问题作为一类典型模型,频频出现在多套试卷中,从此类问题经常涉及的4个角度进行分析探讨,总结归纳,旨在引起广大高三师生在备战高考过程之中些许思考,提升学生解决实际物理问题的能力,有助于形成物理学科核心素养.