Dietary bamboo leaf flavonoids improve quality and microstructure of broiler meat by changing untargeted metabolome

Background Dietary bamboo leaf flavonoids(BLFs)are rarely used in poultry production,and it is unknown whether they influence meat texture profile,perceived color,or microstructure.Results A total of 720 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were supplemented with a basal diet with 20 mg bacitracin/kg,50 mg BLFs/kg,or 250 mg BLFs/kg or without additions.Data showed that the dietary BLFs significantly(P<0.05)changed growth performance and the texture profile.In particular,BLFs increased birds’average daily gain and average daily feed intake,decreased the feed:gain ratio and mortality rate,improved elasticity of breast meat,enhanced the gumminess of breast and leg meat,and decreased the hardness of breast meat.Moreover,a significant(P<0.05)increase in redness(a*)and chroma(c*)of breast meat and c*and water-holding capacity of leg meat was found in BLF-supplemented broilers compared with control broilers.In addition,BLFs supplementation significantly decreased(P<0.05)theβ-sheet ratio and serum malondialdehyde and increased theβ-turn ratio of protein secondary structure,superoxide dismutase,and glutathione peroxidase of breast meat and total antioxidant capacity and catalase of serum.Based on the analysis of untargeted metabolome,BLFs treatment considerably altered 14 metabolites of the breast meat,including flavonoids,amino acids,and organic acids,as well as phenolic and aromatic compounds.Conclusions Dietary BLFs supplementation could play a beneficial role in improving meat quality and sensory color in the poultry industry by changing protein secondary structures and modulating metabolites.

Effects of Bamboo Charcoal-based Biochar on Soil Enzyme Activity and Microbial Community Structure

[Objectives]This study was conducted to reveal the effects of bamboo charcoal-based biochar(or bamboo charcoal for short)on soil enzyme activity and microbial community structure.[Methods]The field experiment was carried out at the Modern Agriculture Demonstration Base of Gaoping Village,Gaoping Town,Suichang County,Zhejiang Province.Bamboo charcoal was applied at four different levels:T_(0)(no bamboo charcoal),T_(1)(1125 kg/hm^(2)bamboo charcoal),T_(2)(2250 kg/hm^(2)bamboo charcoal)and T_(3)(3375 kg/hm^(2)bamboo charcoal).Soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities in different treatments were measured.[Results]The soil fungal,bacterial and actinomycete populations increased significantly in the soils surrounding capsicum roots.The bacterial population,fungal population and fungus/bacterium ratio peaked in Treatment T_(2),up to 7.32×10^(6)cfu/g,2.65×10^(4)cfu/g and 0.36×10^(-2),respectively.The effect of bamboo charcoal in promotingβ-glucoside,catalase,acid phosphatase and sucrase activities was T_(2)>T_(3)>T_(1)>T_(0).With bamboo charcoal increasing,the bacterium population,fungus population,fungus/bacterium ratio,β-glucoside,catalase,acid phosphatase and sucrase activities all increased at first and then decreased.T_(2)treatment showed the best effects in improving soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structure.[Conclusions]Bamboo charcoal significantly improves soil enzyme activity and increases soil microbial population,and thus has important positive effects on the soil ecosystem.

Review on Connections for Original Bamboo Structures

Bamboo is a green construction material in line with sustainable development strategies.The use of raw bamboo in architecture has existed since ancient times.In the long development years of original bamboo buildings,many areas in the world gradually formed unique bamboo buildings,which have become an important local cultural feature.For building structures,joints are the key to ensure structural load transfer.Because of hollow and thin-walled material property of bamboo,the connection in raw bamboo buildings has always been a major difficulty and problem in the application of bamboo,which seriously hinders the development of original bamboo structures.In order to promote the use of raw bamboo,two traditional connection methods in raw bamboo structures are described in this paper firstly,with the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods pointed out.Also,research progress on four categories of raw bamboo building joints is described namely,bolt joints,steel member joints,filler reinforced joints and other types of joints.This work can provide a reference for future research and engineering applications.

Axial compressive behavior of Moso Bamboo and its components with respect to fiber-reinforced composite structure

Bamboo is a unique fiber-reinforced bio-composite with fibers embedded into a parenchyma cell matrix.We conducted axial compression tests on bamboo blocks prepared from bottom to top,and from inner to outer portions of the culm.The apparent Young’s modulus and compressive strength of whole thickness bamboo blocks exhibited slight increases with increasing height along the culm,due to slight increases of fiber volume fraction(Vf)from 28.4 to 30.4%.Other blocks showed a significant increase in apparent Young’s modulus and strength from the inner to outer part of the culm wall,mainly owing to a sharp increase of Vf from 17.1 to 59.8%.With a decrease of fiber fraction volume there was a transition from relatively brittle behavior to very ductile behavior in bamboo blocks.Results indicated that stiffness and strength of bamboo was primarily due to fiber in compression,and ductility of bamboo was provided by the parenchyma cell matrix acting as a natural fiber-reinforced composite.

Preparation,Structures and Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Shoot Shell Nanofiber/Konjac Glucomannan Aerogels

With bamboo shoot shell nanofibers（BSN） and konjac glucomannan（KGM） as precursor materials, the BSN/KGM aerogels were prepared in different proportions by sol-gel method. The surface morphology, microstructure, characteristic functional groups and thermal properties of BSN/KGM aerogels were characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, infrared spectroscopy（IR）, X-ray diffraction（XRD） and thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）. The effect of BSN on the structure and properties of BSN/KGM aerogels was also studied. The results showed that the BSN/KGM aerogels possessed network porous structure with compact and homogeneous porosity, high specific surface area and low density. With the increase of BSN, the sheet structure of aerogels was converted into the 3D porous network structure, which contributes significantly higher thermal stability. In addition, the BSN/KGM aerogels showed excellent mechanical properties. The maximum relative compression rate was 62%, suggesting the addition of BSN can enhance the compression properties of the BSN/KGM aerogels.

Visualizing Complex Anatomical Structure in Bamboo Nodes Based on X-ray Microtomography

In recent years,bamboo has been widely used in a broad range of applications,a thorough understanding of the structural characteristics of bamboo nodes is essential for better processing and manufacturing of biomimetic materials.This study investigated the complex anatomical structure for the nodes of two bamboo species,Indocalamus latifolius(Keng)McClure and Shibataea chinensis Nakai,using a high-resolution X-ray microtomography(μCT).The results show that the vascular bundle system in the nodal region of I.latifolius and S.chinensis is a net-like structure composed of horizontal and axial vascular bundles.Furthermore,the fiber sheath surrounding metaxylem vessels tended to be shorter in the tangential direction.This structure of bamboo nodes facilitates the tangential and axial transport of moisture and nutrients.The anatomical structure of I.latifolius and S.chinensis nodes has obvious differences,especially in the arrangement of vascular bundles.Vascular bundle frequency was significantly higher in S.chinensis nodes than in I.latifolius nodes.These findings indicate thatμCT is a nondestructive three-dimensional imaging method that can used to examine the anatomical structure of bamboo nodes.

Characterization of Structure and Property of the Monocarboxyl Bamboo Pulp Fibers

The oxidized bamboo pulp fiber yarns were prepared by the HNO3?/H3PO4-NaNO2 oxidation system. The effects of the oxidation concentration and reaction time on the weight loss, the carboxyl content and the breaking strength of the bamboo pulp fiber yarns were studied and the aggregation structure was investigated by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray and scanning electron microscopy. The results revealed an increase in carboxyl content and a decrease in breaking strength of oxidized bamboo pulp fiber yarns with increasing concentration of oxidant and reaction time. The breaking strength of oxidized bamboo fiber yarns was damaged seriously once the reaction time was more than 120 min or the concentration of oxidant was greater than 1.0%. The crystallinity of bamboo pulp fibers increased slightly under low oxidation degree but decreased with higher oxidation degree.

Experimental and theoretical study on thermal and moisture characteristics of new-type bamboo structure wall

Thermal and moisture characteristics of the bamboo structure wall were tested in natural climate and three representative variation processes of heat and moisture： heating from solar radiation in summer at normal temperature and humidity, heating from solar radiation in summer at normal temperature and high humidity after rain, humidifying from brash in summer at high temperature and normal humidity. The results show that, in summer, the largest temperature difference between external and internal surface of the 28 mm-thick bamboo plywood wall is 11.73℃ （at 15：40） and the largest strain difference is 136 μm/m （at 18：50）, both in ambient and indoor conditioned environment. In heating process, lengthways of the wall surface are in contracting strain while transverse ways are in expanding strain at initial stage and in contracting strain during later period. When the high temperature wall is humidified by rain, the surface temperature drops, moisture content increases and the expanding strain is presented on the surface during the whole process. Temperature and moisture content are two important factors which affect thermal and moisture stress （TMS） of the bamboo structure wall. The TMS is not only related to temperature and moisture content, but also greatly affected by temperature gradient, moisture content gradient and rates of changing.

Evaluation on the Application of GLB Structures

Glued Laminated Bamboo (GLB) is one kind of composite material;the use of GLB in structural engineering can reduce the demand for wood, a possible solution to relieve the damage to natural forest. With the help of the design and construction experience of timber structures, a new type of building structure: bamboo structure is introduced. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the study of GLB and bamboo structure. Some important physical, mechanical, and chemical properties such as seismic performance, fire resistance, and energy consumption are discussed. In addition, the property of bamboo composites, the failure mode of GLB beam and columns are also analyzed. This paper also pointed out the problems faced by the development of bamboo structure, which can be a suggestion for subsequent research. In general, GLB is a green and environmentally-friendly structural material and the development of bamboo structure provides another choice to conform the concept of sustainable development.

Structural Properties and Potential Applications of Cellulose Nanofiber from Bamboo Shoot Shell

Bamboo shoot shell（BSS）,a by-product from bamboo shoot processing industries,is a natural resource of cellulose. In this study,high-pressure homogenization assisted with acidolysis treatment was employed to produce BSS cellulose nanofiber（CNF）,and the structure was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction（XRD）,Fourier-transform infrared（FT-IR） spectroscopy,atomic force microscopy（AFM）,high resolution transmission electron microscopy（HTTEM）,thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）,and ^13 C nuclear magnetic resonance（NMR）. Moreover,the structure and properties of CNF were compared with those of BSS insoluble dietary fiber（IDF）. The results showed that CNF was in the form of a grid-like micro fiber,and its particle size was obviously reduced,while the crystallinity,thermal stability and solubility were increased. The results indicated that high-pressure homogenization assisted with acidolysis treatment was an effective method to prepare the BSS CNF,which could be a promising biopolymer reinforced material.

Simulation of Tensile Behaviors of Bamboo-like Carbon Nanotubes Based on Molecular Structural Mechanics Approach Combining with Finite Element Analysis

A molecular structural mechanics approach combining with finite element analysis(MSM/FEA) was applied to study the microstructure and tensile behaviors of bamboo-like carbon nanotubes(BCNTs). The mathematical model of tensile behaviors of BCNTs was established based on molecular structural mechanics theory. The deformations of BCNTs, with different diameters and compartments set based on the experimental investigation on BCNT structures synthesized by chemical vapor depositon, under tensile load, were analyzed with ANSYS programmed. Results show that the BCNTs have good tensile properties, and those Young's modulus can reach 0.84 Tpa. Through the analysis, it can be found that the Young's modulus of BCNTs depends on the diameters and the length of compartment, which is in good agreement with our experimental tests for the tensile performances of individual BCNT.

Effects of Hydrothermal Environment on the Deformation of the Thin Bamboo Bundle Veneer Laminated Composites

To overcome warping in thin bamboo bundle veneer laminated composites(TBLC),their hydrothermal deformation characteristics were systematically investigated in this study.It was found that TBLCs accelerated the release of internal stress in the thickness direction in a hydrothermal environment,which increased their warpage.TBLCs showed increased warpage in the width and diagonal directions upon increasing the temperature.The warpage of Type E increased by 155.88%and 66.67%in the width and diagonal directions,respectively,when the temperature increased from 25
C to 100
C.The symmetrical TBLC with cross-lay-up and odd layers displayed better hydrothermal stability.We revealed that the deformation of the TBLCs could be regulated under the synergistic effect of water and temperature.These results provide a scientific basis for improving the uniformity of bamboo bundle composite materials and for developing thin bamboo bundle fiber composite materials with designable structures and controllable performance.

基于渐进结构优化的竹结构设计及静力试验研究

为推动竹结构的发展,展开基于拓扑优化的竹结构设计新方法开发及相应的静力对比试验研究。首先,探讨了运用渐进结构优化指导竹结构设计的系统性方法;然后结合工程实例,选用面向承压型结构和受拉型结构进化的两种优化可行域,分别开展双车道桥梁结构优化设计并完成静力对比试验。结果表明:基于优化设计的桥梁结构与Michell型桁架结构较吻合,同体积下结构刚度显著高于经验设计构件;在正常使用状态下,承压型的拓扑拱结构刚度约为受拉型的拓扑悬索结构的3倍,但承载力相较略低。可见,基于渐进结构优化的新设计方法,可以针对不同的承载力和刚度设计要求,构建合适的优化可行域以指导设计出不同的方案,为工程竹结构提供了一种可自动化分析计算的最优化设计方法。

“卞”字构形补议

“卞”“弁”均是晚出的字形。有学者将“卞”字的形体与战国楚文字中出现的“鞭”之古文“■”一类形体相联系,认为“卞”由这类字形的分化省简而来,也有学者认为“卞”为“弁”之俗体或省文。文章通过梳理相关字形,认为“卞”形出现于东汉前后,楚简中的“■”类字形与后世“卞”的字形并无关联,只是偶然造成的局部同形而已。而“弁”形的出现则要晚至约后赵时期,是隶书楷化的结果。隶、楷书中的“卞”与“弁”字,应均由早期隶书中的“■”形分化演变而来。

竹叶多糖的提取纯化、结构解析及生物活性研究进展

竹叶富含多种生物活性成分,如多糖、多酚及黄酮类物质等。竹叶多糖作为竹叶提取物中的重要生物活性成分,具有抗氧化、免疫调节、抗肿瘤和降血脂等功效。近年来,为提高纯度、提高产率和保留生物活性,竹叶多糖的提取和纯化技术有了许多创新。其次,对竹叶多糖的复杂结构,结构与生物活性的关系及生物活性的作用机制等方面的研究也逐渐加深。本文综述了竹叶多糖在提取纯化、结构解析和生物活性等方面的研究进展,并展望了未来的研究方向,旨在为深入研究竹叶多糖提供一个全面的认识,推动竹叶多糖的进一步开发和利用,为后续开展对竹叶多糖进行结构修饰等相关研究提供新思路,以增强生物活性,并为其在食品、医药和工业领域的应用提供科学依据,进而推动竹叶资源的充分利用。

竹节结构及力学性能研究现状

竹材优异的柔韧性有利于其塑性加工应用,但在竹材展平或塑性弯曲成型时常常出现开裂现象,尤其在竹节位置,严重影响成品质量。在现行的实验标准中未对竹节处加工进行特别规定,忽略了竹节结构的特殊性及其对竹材整体性能的影响。文章分析了竹节特殊的形态结构、力学性能及其对竹质板材及仿生材料的影响,对比了竹节与节间在结构及力学性能方面的差异,旨在探索更高效的竹材加工方式,提高竹质板材的成品率,为竹质板材的结构设计以及竹材塑性加工提供理论参考。分析显示,竹节与节间在形态结构及力学性能方面均有明显差异,竹节处交错的水平维管束和垂直维管束提高了竹材整体的横向抗拉强度、抗弯强度和抗压强度,增强了竹材纵向承载力和横向稳定性;但对于锯切后的竹条单元,则在一定程度上降低了其顺纹抗压、抗弯和抗拉强度。

Mechanical Behavior of Bamboo,and Its Biomimetic Composites and Structural Members:A Systematic Review

Bamboo is a typical biological material widely growing in nature with excellent physical and mechanical properties.It is lightweight with high strength and toughness.The naturally optimized bamboo structure,which has inspired global material scientists and engineers for decades,is significantly important for the bionic design of novel structural materials with ultra-light,ultra-strong,or ultra-tough and comprehensive properties.Typical literature on innovative composite materials and structural members inspired by bamboo are reviewed in this paper,and the research progress and prospects in this field are expounded in three parts.First,the structural characteristics of the bamboo wall layer along the thickness and height directions are described in terms of chemical composition,gradient structure,pore structure,and hollow structure with variable cross-section.Second,this paper summarizes the research progress on new composite materials and structural components by applying bamboo’s structural features from the perspective of sustainability,designability,and customization.Finally,given the limitations of current research,the biomimetic scientific research on bamboo’s structural characteristics is prospected from the interpretation of bamboo structure,new bamboo-like materials,and structural design optimization perspectives,providing a reference for future research on biomimetic aspects of biomass.

纳微化笋膳食纤维改善酸乳货架期乳清析出的作用机制

为明确纳微化笋膳食纤维(nanosized bamboo dietary fiber,NBDF)对凝固型酸乳货架期乳清析出的影响,采用多元复合纳微化改性对笋膳食纤维进行降解,研究不同粒径NBDF的乳润湿性,解析乳润湿性最优的NBDF对酸乳货架期乳清析出的抑制机制。结果表明:笋膳食纤维经超声-压热-酶解改性后形貌由块状转变为丝状,经高能机械球磨后微纤丝断裂形成纳米团簇状;NBDF的乳润湿性随粒径减小呈先升高后下降的趋势,其中粒径10~30μm的微纤丝与乳体系间润湿性最强;进一步研究发现,添加9 g/L NBDF(粒径10~30μm)可提高凝固型酸乳凝胶的振荡稳定性,且经28 d货架期后的凝固型酸乳乳清析出率为5.84%,仅为未添加NBDF组的57.87%,这与NBDF能有效提高乳体系的束缚水比例(提高41.4%)、改善酪蛋白凝胶网络结构,并提高其涂布性使发酵酸乳形成细小、均匀的乳清孔隙通道有关。

飞机上刹车杆仿竹轻量化结构及响应面法优化

起落架是飞机重要的部件之一,为降低结构重量和应力集中现象,结合3D打印技术的发展,在总质量不增加和外形尺寸不突破的前提下,将原十字结构改为空心圆柱结构,并参考竹结构,给出了两种起落架上刹车杆仿生结构,采用响应面法进行了进一步的参数寻优。仿真分析结果表明:采用仿竹结构后,两种仿竹结构质量分别降低了17%和14.98%,最大等效应力值分别降低了57.34%和57.90%。说明仿竹结构对降低最大等效应力具有非常好的作用。本优化方法对杆件轻量化设计具有实际意义,并可推广使用。

南京市箣竹属和刚竹属主要竹种叶片内部结构与三维构建

[目的]运用植物解剖和三维制图方法探究箣竹属和刚竹属主要竹种叶片内部结构差异,为建立和丰富完善竹叶结构观察方法进行重要补充,为竹子分类以及运用植物解剖形态研究达到物种分类的目的提供依据和参考。[方法]以南京地区箣竹属6个竹种和刚竹属46个竹种为材料,采用石蜡切片方法制作叶片3切面,通过光学显微镜成像系统对52个竹种叶片各切面解剖结构进行观察和数据测量,并利用Photoshop拼构52个竹种叶片三维结构。[结果]1)叶片角质层厚度、下表皮乳突数量是区分箣竹属和刚竹属的标志,刚竹属叶片厚度和角质层厚度显著大于箣竹属,且下表皮乳突数量明显多于箣竹属。2)泡状细胞通常2~6个为1组,泡状细胞形态和数量种间不固定,属间有明显差异,箣竹属每组泡状细胞呈扇形(钝角)排列,刚竹属每组泡状细胞呈直角或锐角排列。3)各维管系统由主脉以及平行侧脉、二级平行侧脉和小横脉组成。箣竹属维管束两侧梭形细胞空隙发达,刚竹属维管束两侧梭形细胞以及空隙普遍不发达不连续。4)在平行侧脉之间,箣竹属叶肉细胞多为3~4层,刚竹属叶肉细胞则在4~6层之间,刚竹属叶肉细胞较箣竹属叶肉细胞紧密。[结论]刚竹属叶片厚度和角质层厚度较箣竹属大,刚竹属指状臂细胞和梅花状细胞较箣竹属密集,刚竹属细胞间空隙较莿竹属小,刚竹属下表皮乳突数量明显多于箣竹属,刚竹属的抗寒性可能强于箣竹属。