Mechanical Properties and Stress Strain Relationship Models for Bamboo Scrimber

In order to investigate the basic mechanical properties and stress strain relationship model for bamboo scrimber manufactured based on a new technique,a large quantities of experiments have been carried out.Based on the analysis of the test results,the following conclusions can be drawn.Two main typical failure modes were classified for bamboo scrimber specimens both under tension parallel to grain and tension perpendicular to grain.Brittle failure happened for all tensile tests.The slope values for the elastic stages have bigger discreteness compared with those for the specimens under tensile parallel to grain.The failure modes for bamboo scrimber specimens under compression parallel to grain could be divided into four.Only one main failure mode happened both for the bending specimens and the shear specimens.With the COV values of 28.64 and 25.72 respectively,the values for the strength and elastic modulus under tensile perpendicular to grain have the largest discreteness for bamboo scrimber.From the point of CHV values,the relationship among the mechanical parameters for bamboo scrimber were proposed based on the test results.Compared with other green building materials,bamboo scrimber manufactured based on a new technique has better mechanical performance and could be used in construction area.Three stress strain relationship models which are four-linear model,quadratic function model,and cubic function model were proposed for bamboo scrimber specimens manufactured based on a new technique.The latter two models gives better prediction for stress strain relationship in elastic plastic stage.

Tensile Properties and Prediction Model of Recombinant Bamboo at Different Temperatures

The destruction of recombinant bamboo depends on many factors,and the complex ambient temperature is an important factor affecting its basic mechanical properties.To investigate the failure mechanism and stress–strain relationship of recombinant bamboo at different temperatures,eighteen tensile specimens of recombinant bamboo were tested.The results showed that with increasing ambient temperature,the typical failure modes of recombinant bamboo were flush fracture,toothed failure,and serrated failure.The ultimate tensile strength,ultimate strain and elastic modulus of recombinant bamboo decreased with increasing temperature,and the ultimate tensile stress decreased from 154.07 to 96.55 MPa,a decrease of 37.33%,and the ultimate strain decreased from 0.011 to 0.008,a decrease of 26.57%.Based on the Ramberg-Osgood model and the pseudo‒elastic design method,a predictive model was established for the tensile stress–strain relationship of recombinant bamboo considering the temperature level.The model can accurately evaluate the tensile stress–strain relationship of recombinant bamboo under different temperature conditions.

A Review of Basic Mechanical Properties of Bamboo Scrimber Based on Small-Scale Specimens

This review summarizes the existing knowledge about the mechanical properties of bamboo scrimber(BS)in literature.According to literature reviews,the strength of BS under different load modes is affected by a series of factors,such as the type of original bamboo,growth position,resin content,treatment method and density.Therefore,different production processes can be adopted according to different requirements,and bamboo scrimbers can also be classified accordingly.In addition,this review summarizes the changes in different factors considered by scholars in the research on the mechanical properties of BS,so that readers can have an overall understanding of the existing research and make more innovative and valuable research on this basis.This review provides and discusses the conclusive observations,the current research gaps and future research directions on the mechanical properties of BS.

Experimental Study on the Axial Compression Performance of Bamboo Scrimber Columns Embedded with Steel Reinforcing Bars

In this paper,a new type of bamboo scrimber column embedded with steel bars(rebars)was proposed,and the compression performance was improved by pre-embedding rebars during the preparation of the columns.The effects of the slenderness ratio and the reinforcement ratio on the axial compression performance of reinforced bamboo scrimber columns were studied by axial compression tests on 28 specimens.The results showed that the increase in the slenderness ratio had a significant negative effect on the axial compression performance of the columns.When the slenderness ratio increased from 19.63 to 51.96,the failure mode changed from strength failure to buckling failure,and the maximum bearing capacity decreased by 43.03%.The axial compression performance of the reinforced bamboo scrimber columns did not significantly improve at a slenderness ratio of 19.63,but the opposite was true at slenderness ratios of 36.95 and 51.96.When the reinforcement ratio increased from 0%to 4.52%,the bearing capacity of those with a slenderness ratio of 51.96 increased by up to 16.99%,and the stiffness and ductility were also improved.Finally,based on existing specifications,two modification parameters,the overall elastic modulus Ec and the combined strength fcc,were introduced to establish a calculation method for the bearing capacity of the reinforced bamboo scrimber columns.The calculation results were compared with the test results,and the results showed that the proposed calculation models can more accurately predict the bearing capacity.

Compression Behaviors of Parallel Bamboo Strand Lumber Under Static Loading

In order to investigate the influence of length and compression directions upon behaviour of parallel bamboo strand lumber(PBSL)specimens,240 axial compression tests have been performed.With three similar one different typical failure modes,the mechanical performance for PBSL specimens under compression parallel to grain and perpendicular to grain are different as a whole.From the point of the characteristic values,the compression strength parallel to grain is 2.1 times of the compression strength perpendicular to grain.The elastic modulus for compression parallel to grain is 3.64 times of the compression strength perpendicular to grain.While the compression ratios along two compression directions are equal to each other.The bigger Poisson ratios for one typical side surface is 3.93 times of that for another typical side surface for PBSL specimens under compression perpendicular to grain,and the bigger value is equal to that for PBSL specimens under compression parallel to grain.Length can influence the mechanical properties of the PBSL specimens.The size 50 mm×50 mm×100 mm should be good choice for the standard or code to measure the compression strength.PBSL materials have better ductility under compression parallel to grain than that under compression perpendicular to grain.Stress-strain relationship models were proposed for PBSL specimens under compression parallel to grain and perpendicular to grain,respectively.These proposed models gave a good agreement with the test results.

Experimental and Modelling Studies of Biomass Pyrolysis

The analysis on the feedstock pyrolysis characteristic and the impacts of process parameters on pyrolysis outcomes can assist in the designing,operating and optimizing pyrolysis processes.This work aims to utilize both experimental and modelling approaches to perform the analysis on three biomass feedstocks—wood sawdust,bamboo shred and Jatropha Curcas seed cake residue,and to provide insights for the design and operation of pyrolysis processes.For the experimental part,the study investigated the effect of heating rate,final pyrolysis temperature and sample size on pyrolysis using common thermal analysis techniques.For the modelling part,a transient mathematical model that integrates the feedstock characteristic from the experimental study was used to simulate the pyrolysis progress of selected biomass feedstock particles for reactor scenarios.The model composes of several sub-models that describe pyrolysis kinetic and heat flow,particle heat transfer,particle shrinking and reactor operation.With better understanding of the effects of process conditions and feedstock characteristics on pyrolysis through both experimental and modelling studies,this work discusses on the considerations of and interrelation between feedstock size,pyrolysis energy usage,processing time and product quality for the design and operation of pyrolysis processes.

Experimental Study on the Creep Behavior of Recombinant Bamboo

The creep behavior of bamboo due to the complicated influences of environment and stress will lead to a sustained increase in deformation,which serious effects the service performance of structures.To investigate the creep behavior of recombinant bamboo,twenty-four recombinant bamboo specimens were tested under lasting compressive and tensile loads at different load levels.The typical failure modes of recombinant bamboo under a lasting load at a high load level were buckling failure and brittle fracturing due to creep compressive creep and tensile creep development,respectively.At a high load level,the creep deformation of recombinant bamboo initially develops unsteadily and increases rapidly until failure;at a low load level,creep deformation rapidly develops in the early stage and stabilizes in the middle and late stages.The load level has notable effects on the overall creep deformation and the proportion of creep deformation.The residual deformation of creep will generally increase and the recovery of creep will decrease with increasing load level.Based on the Burgers model,predictive models that can take the load levels into account were proposed to evaluate the compressive and tensile creep behaviors of recombinant bamboo.The proposed models can be used to accurately evaluate the strain-time behavior of recombinant bamboo.

Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Relationship of the High-Durable Parallel Strand Bamboo

Engineered bamboo has recently received lots of attention of civil engineers and professional researchers due to its better mechanical performance than that of softwood timber.Parallel strand bamboo is one important part of engineered bamboo for its excellent durable performance compared to the laminated veneer bamboo.The required curing temperature in hot-pressing process is usually higher than 120°C to reduce the content of nutri-tional ingredients and hemy cellulose,and to avoid the decay from the environment and insects.Nonetheless,the appearance of engineered bamboo gets darker with the increase of temperature during the hot-pressing process.In order to minimize the color deepening while maintaining the durability,a high-durable parallel strand bamboo(HPSB)with relative high hot-pressing temperature(140°C)was produced and tested.The present study inves-tigates the mechanical performance through tension,compression,shear and bending tests.The experimental behavior of the specimens was identified,including the failure mode and load-displacement relationship.It was demonstrated that the HPSB material had better mechanical performance parallel to grain,making it as a considerable structural material.The average elastic modulus parallel to grain was 14.1 GPa,and the tensile and compressive strengths were 120.7 MPa and 121.0 MPa,respectively.The tension perpendicular to grain should be avoided in the practical application due to the lower strength and elastic modulus.Two stress-strain relationships of tension and compression parallel to grain,including three-linear and quadratic function models,were proposed and compared with the experimental results.The three-linear model was then applied to the finite element model.The finite element analysis using ANSYS software was conducted to validate the feasibility of the constitutive relationship.The quadratic function model showed better agreement with the experimental results,but the three-linear relationship was also precise enough to analyze the bending tests of HPSB material,whereas being less accurate to describe the elastic-plastic compression behavior.

Modeling of the height–diameter relationship using an allometric equation model:a case study of stands of Phyllostachys edulis

Understanding the relationship between tree height （H） and diameter at breast height （D） is vital to forest design, monitoring and biomass estimation. We developed an allometric equation model and tested its applicability for unevenly aged stands of moso bamboo forest at a regional scale. Field data were collected for 21 plots. Based on these data, we identified two strong power relationships： a corre- lation between the mean bamboo height （Hm） and the upper mean H （Hu）, and a correlation between the mean D （Din） and the upper mean D （Du）. Simulation results derived from the aUometric equation model were in good agreement with observed culms derived from the field data for the 21 stands, with a root-mean-square error and relative root-mean-square error of 1.40 m and 13.41%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the allometric equation model had a strong predictive power in the unevenly aged stands at a regional scale. In addition, the estimated average height-diameter （H-D） model for South Anhui Province was used to predict H for the same type of bamboo in Hunan Province based on the measured D, and the results were highly similar. The allometric equation model has multiple uses at the regional scale, including the evaluation of the variation in the H- D relationship among regions. The model describes the average H-D relationship without considering the effects caused by variation in site conditions, tree density and other factors.

Experimental and Theoretical Study on Bonding Properties between Steel Bar and Bamboo Scrimber

To further verify the feasibility of newly designed reinforced bamboo scrimber composite(RBSC)beams used in building construction,the bonding properties between steel bar and bamboo scrimber were investigated by anti-pulling tests.Results indicated that the anti-pulling mechanical properties were significantly correlated to the diameter,thread form and buried depth of steel bar,forming density of bamboo scrimber as well as the heat treatment of bamboo bundle.There were two failure modes for anti-pulling tests:the tensile fracture and pulling out of steel bar.Both the ultimate load and average shear strength of anti-pulling specimen could be increased greatly with the ribbed bar,high forming density of bamboo scrimber and un-heated bamboo bundle.Furthermore,a theoretical calculation model of the bonding interface between steel bar and bamboo scrimber was developed.Based on the theoretical calculation model,the change laws of normal stress of bamboo scrimber,and shear stress of glue layer along the buried depth of steel bar were revealed.This study is beneficial for the safety application of RBSC beams in building construction.

Retrieving chlorophyll content and equivalent water thickness of Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys pubescens) forests under Pantana phyllostachysae Chao-induced stress from Sentinel-2A/B images in a multiple LUTs-based PROSAIL framework

Biochemical components of Moso bamboo(Phyllostachys pubescens)are critical to physiological and ecological processes and play an important role in the material and energy cycles of the ecosystem.The coupled PROSPECT with SAIL(PROSAIL)radiative transfer model is widely used for vegetation biochemical component content inversion.However,the presence of leaf-eating pests,such as Pantana phyllostachysae Chao(PPC),weakens the performance of the model for estimating biochemical components of Moso bamboo and thus must be considered.Therefore,this study considered pest-induced stress signals associated with Sentinel-2A/B images and field data and established multiple sets of biochemical canopy reflectance look-up tables(LUTs)based on the PROSAIL framework by setting different parameter ranges according to infestation levels.Quantitative inversions of leaf area index(LAI),leaf chlorophyll content(LCC),and leaf equivalent water thickness(LEWT)were derived.The scale conversions from LCC to canopy chlorophyll content(CCC)and LEWT to canopy equivalent water thickness(CEWT)were calculated.The results showed that LAI,CCC,and CEWT were inversely related with PPC-induced stress.When applying multiple LUTs,the p-values were<0.01;the R2 values for LAI,CCC,and CEWT were 0.71,0.68,and 0.65 with root mean square error(RMSE)(normalized RMSE,NRMSE)values of 0.38(0.16),17.56μg cm-2(0.20),and 0.02 cm(0.51),respectively.Compared to the values obtained for the traditional PROSAIL model,for October,R2 values increased by 0.05 and 0.10 and NRMSE decreased by 0.09 and 0.02 for CCC and CEWT,respectively and RMSE decreased by 0.35μg cm-2 for CCC.The feasibility of the inverse strategy for integrating pest-induced stress factors into the PROSAIL model,while establishing multiple LUTs under different pest-induced damage levels,was successfully demonstrated and can potentially enhance future vegetation parameter inversion and monitoring of bamboo forest health and ecosystems.

Mechanical Properties of Moso Bamboo Connections with External Clamp Steel Plates

The Moso bamboo,a renewable green building material used in various new green buildings,have received exten-sive attention with the promotion of the concept of green buildings.To explore the mechanical properties of Moso bamboo connections with external clamp steel plates,the 16 specimens were designed by changing the bolt diameters and the end distances of the bolt holes.Their static tension tests were conducted to investigate bearing capacities and failure modes of different connection configurations.Based on test results,three failure modes of these connections were obtained,including the shear failure of bolt shank,bearing failure of bolt hole and punch-ing shear failure of the Moso bamboo.The influence of bolt diameters and end distances of bolt holes on bearing capacities of the connections was quantitatively analyzed.Based on a simplified mechanical model,the analytical models were deduced for the bolt shear failure and the bearing failure of bolt holes.The results showed that the predictive values are in substantial agreement with the experimental results.Finally,the design and manufacturing suggestions are recommended for this Moso bamboo connections.

基于KANO模型与TRIZ理论的竹质椅类家具创新设计

竹板材家具作为竹家具工业化生产的一个新的方向,可有效缓解我国木材短缺的现状,有利于充分利用我国丰富的竹林资源,但目前竹家具的设计、研究和生产仍存在许多不足。为了给竹家具的创新设计寻找一种新的现代化设计方法,本研究将KANO模型与TRIZ理论相结合,以竹质椅类家具为例,对竹家具设计展开研究。经过文献查阅调研后进行KANO问卷的设计,对KANO问卷结果进行分析后得出外观现代简洁、可调节2个魅力型需求指标。通过问卷所得的两项设计需求以及竹材自身性质的分析,进行了竹质椅类家具方案的初步设计。将问卷所得需求转化为3项技术矛盾,利用TRIZ矛盾矩阵寻找相应的发明原理并筛选出适用的设计方法进行分析,得出设计改进策略,代入初步设计方案中进一步优化,得出最终的竹质椅类家具方案。本研究通过完整的竹质椅类家具创新方案设计流程,验证了所建立的竹家具创新设计方法的科学性及实用性,为竹家具的设计、加工、生产等提供了更加标准高效的解决思路,从而为竹家具的设计制造提供参考。

“后乡村”语境下成都竹艺村的空间生产研究——基于三重乡村空间模型的视角

政府引导城市资本发展乡村旅游已成为实现乡村振兴的重要路径,然而外力介入常导致“后乡村”场域内乡村主体的式微,探究“后乡村”社区的空间演变机制对可持续旅游发展具有参考意义。文章套用空间生产理论,借助多元利益主体分析,建立基于三重乡村空间模型的整体性研究框架。以成都竹艺村为案例,运用深度访谈和参与式观察等质性方法,分析“后乡村”多维空间的生产过程和机制。结果表明:1)竹艺村旅游发展通过租赁经营模式和社区治理模式的转换融合实现内外部驱动力量的优势叠加;2)租赁经营模式下乡村表征成为三重空间中的主导,作为权力主体的外部企业通过制度建构引导空间生产、实现旅游构想;3)社区治理模式明确了社区作为日常生活主体在乡村经济发展中的地位,保障了村民和村集体在空间生产中的话语权;4)“后乡村”社区的空间生产主要由乡村振兴政策的地方响应、资本通过下乡实现再循环、现代性流动下的主体行动和消费需求变迁下的视觉营销4种动力驱使。文章进一步拓展了三重乡村空间模型的本土化实证研究,有助于引导大都市郊区乡村旅游社区的健康发展,达到促进乡村经济发展和优化社会生态的双重目的。

湘西竹编经纬间隔法色彩创新设计参数模型研究

传统湘西竹编中,垂直经纬挑压斜纹是最基础、最常见的纹样,其色彩结构规律有序。针对斜纹竹编经纬3种间隔形式的挑压逻辑,建立二阶进制图像、颜色信息的提取和色彩间隔结构单元,以及斜纹竹编编织图案的数字表达模型、斜纹竹编应力矩阵和色彩间隔矩阵的数学模型。色彩经纬带间隔矩阵模型是由Grasshopper软件实现的参数化计算机模型样品,通过计算机仿真模型证明:色彩经纬间隔法可以有效进行竹编的色彩创新设计,达到竹产品的快速开发、获取产品有色竹条备材数据的目的。

湘西竹编家具创新设计研究与实践

目的基于保护湘西竹编技艺的视角,应对传统湘西竹编面临的发展困境,实现非遗技艺元素在现代产品中的传承与创新。方法通过用户调研,对湘西竹编文化中体现的重要元素进行采集、提取,应用模因论对竹编文化的模因进行分解、重构,形成湘西竹编文化模因的基本元素,采用模糊KANO模型分析用户对湘西竹编文化模因设计元素的满意程度,筛选出满意度高的强势模因。对弱势模因加以创新运用,实现传统文化在家具设计中的原真性和有效性。结论文化创新是促进竹编家具发展的动力,通过对湘西竹编模因的分析与设计实践,在实现家具自身实用性的同时,促进竹编文化的传播,并基于地域性传统技艺与家具的结合,为竹编家具设计提供参考和借鉴。

毛竹向杉木林扩张不同阶段叶面积指数地面高光谱遥感模型研究

毛竹向杉木林扩张会引发“林退竹进”、林权纠纷等生态与经济问题。利用遥感有效反演毛竹演替过程对于科学管控森林资源意义重大。为了揭示地面高光谱在毛竹扩张不同阶段叶面积指数(LAI)反演的有效性,以毛竹在杉木林中扩张为研究对象,沿毛竹扩张方向设置四类杉竹比例样方,模拟扩张Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ阶段,根据原始光谱及开方、对数、倒数、一阶微分、二阶微分等10种光谱变换数据与不同扩张阶段LAI相关性选取特征波段,构建归一化植被指数(NDVI)、黄光波段指数(YI)等7个LAI显著相关植被指数,分别建立光谱信息与植被指数的五类单因素回归模型,基于植被指数利用神经网络、决策森林回归、贝叶斯线性回归和线性回归四种机器学习方法构建多因素回归模型,探讨毛竹向杉木林不同扩张阶段LAI高光谱反演模型适用性。结果表明:原始光谱的一阶微分、二阶微分、对数一阶微分和倒数一阶微分四类微分变换能够丰富光谱信息,更好表征毛竹向杉木林的扩张过程;植被指数中,YI与毛竹LAI相关系数最大,表现出毛竹扩张过程的高敏感性,NDVI反演效果最佳,但基于传统植被指数建模的总体反演效果不佳;基于微分变换光谱的二次多项式和幂指数回归模型在各扩张阶段表现更佳,神经网络算法在LAI反演方面优于其他机器学习算法,总体来看,基于光谱变换的传统回归算法优于机器学习建模方法。扩张第Ⅲ阶段基于对数倒数一阶微分变换光谱构建的模型(y=5.2914e^(183.76x))拟合效果最佳,建模集和验证集R^(2)分别为0.735和0.742,RMSE分别为0.733和0.468,nRMSE分别为14.0%和9.9%,建议毛竹扩张管控选在竹林各半的混交林中。系统开展毛竹不同扩张阶段LAI高光谱反演模型的创新分析,将为科学营林造林管理奠定基础。

圆竹组合内嵌钢管新型节点力学性能研究

针对圆竹组合内嵌钢管节点存在稳定性差、竹材孔易劈裂等问题,在钢管与竹壁之间填充聚氨酯材料,通过试验分析和数值模拟,探讨聚氨酯填充组合内嵌钢管连接节点的受力情况及破坏形式,并对节点承载能力影响因素进行分析。结果表明:聚氨酯填充可以提高圆竹组合内嵌钢管新型节点的承载力,改善螺栓孔周围竹材应力状态;根据竹结构及螺栓应力应变曲线,考虑安全性以及经济性影响因素,当圆竹直径90 mm时,螺栓直径为12 mm、钢管直径为54 mm、上端部与螺栓孔距离200 mm为该节点合理参数。研究成果可为大型竹结构建造提供参考。

中国竹藤类产品贸易流量与潜力研究——基于贸易引力模型检验

基于贸易引力模型,选取2012—2021年这10年间的跨国面板数据,探讨中国对20个竹藤类产品主要贸易伙伴国的双边贸易影响因素。在此基础上对2021年中国与竹藤类产品主要贸易伙伴国的理论贸易额进行测算,通过实际贸易额与理论贸易额的比值,将20个样本国家的竹藤类产品贸易潜力划分为三类。结果显示:双边国家的经济规模总量越大,加入APEC等对竹藤类产品贸易具有显著正向作用;两国间的绝对距离、人均森林面积差额的绝对值等对竹藤类产品贸易则具有负向作用。在20个样本国家中,潜力再造型国家有7个、潜力开拓型国家有7个、潜力巨大型国家有6个。

密度与含水率双因素作用下重组竹顺纹弹性模量的预测与分析

本研究选取3组不同密度(1.10、1.20、1.30 g/cm^(3))和5组不同含水率(4%,8%,12%,16%,20%)的重组竹试件进行顺纹抗拉、抗压试验,分析不同密度和含水率作用下重组竹顺纹抗拉、抗压弹性模量的变化规律。结果发现,重组竹顺纹抗拉、抗压弹性模量随密度的增大而增大,随含水率的升高而减小并趋于平衡;通过试验研究和数据拟合提出重组竹顺纹抗拉、抗压弹性模量的双参数耦合模型,线性组合模型和ASTM组合模型均能较好地预测重组竹顺纹抗拉、抗压弹性模量随密度和含水率变化后的理论值,顺纹抗拉弹性模量的实测值与线性组合模型和ASTM组合模型预测值之间最大误差为5.28%和8.20%;顺纹抗压弹性模量的实测值与线性组合模型和ASTM组合模型预测值之间最大误差为8.91%和8.67%,因线性组合模型计算更为简便,建议在实际应用中优先选用。