Evaluation of Land-Use Efficiency Based on Regional Scale——A Case Study in Zhanjiang,Guangdong Province

Evaluating land use efficiency is critical to the revision of general land use planning. An assessment indicator system for regional land use efficiency was established in this paper from the aspects of society,economy,ecology and environment. The weight of each indicator was defined by an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the entropy method (EM). Then,a case study in Zhanjiang was carried out to analyze the regional land use efficiency from 1996 to 2004 and its development by using the method of multifactor composite evaluation and an analytical model of the de-gree of coordination. The results indicate that land use efficiency with respect to society and the economy improved,whereas the ecological and environmental efficiencies were found to decrease. The degree of coordination in Zhanjiang is still at the status of basic coordination. Finally,measures for enhancing the ecological and environmental establish-ment are suggested in order to improve the regulations of land use structure and patterns,establish ecological forests for the public good and green corridors and prevent the soil erosion.

The Effect of Lignification Process on the Bioconversion Efficiency in Moso Bamboo

Recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass is closely related to the presence of lignin in secondary cell walls,which has a negative effect on enzyme digestibility,biomass-to-biofuels conversion,and chemical pulping.The lignification process and structural heterogeneity of the cell wall for various parts of moso bamboo were investigated.There were slight differences among three different column parts of moso bamboo in terms of chemical compositions,including cellulose,hemicelluloses,and lignin.However,the detailed analysis of the fractionated lignin indicated that the acid-soluble lignin was first biosynthesized,and the largest molecular weight value was detected from the bottom part of the moso bamboo,as well as the highest syringyl-to-guaiacyl ratio.Although the main b-O-4 aryl ethers and resinol structures were clearly present in all lignin samples examined by NMR analysis,the relatively small lignin biomacromolecule in the top part of the moso bamboo lead to poor thermal stability.For the bioconversion process,no significant difference was found among all the moso bamboo samples,and the relatively higher hydrolysis efficiency was largely dependent on the low crystallinity of cellulose rather than the degree of lignin biosynthesis.

基于竹资源高效利用的浙江安吉竹产业发展建议

竹产业是浙江省安吉县的传统优势产业,事关民生实事、生态保护、绿色发展,对加快实现共同富裕具有重要意义。随着“双碳”目标和“以竹代塑”倡议的提出,安吉竹产业发展迎来新的机遇,加速产业绿色转型升级,推动竹产业全面振兴是加快实现共同富裕的重要路径。在调研安吉县笋竹资源利用现状的基础上,针对竹产业发展面临的传统产品市场预期下降、产业链不完善、经营理念创新不足、毛竹综合利用率较低等困境,文章提出了竹产业振兴发展的建议,即优化产业结构、强化科技兴企思维、集聚产业要素、创新订单林业机制,以期为其他地区探索绿色共富新路径提供安吉经验。

毛竹林下竹荪仿野生栽培关键因素对其出菇影响研究

为探明毛竹林下竹荪仿野生栽培的关键因素,为竹林下套种竹荪提供理论基础,该研究采用L9(3~4)正交试验设计研究影响竹荪产量的关键因素,试验设置4个因素:种植时间、菌株、种植方式、基质厚度,每个因素设置3个水平。试验结果表明:4个因素对竹荪的产量和生物学效率均有显著(P<0.05)影响,对菇期均无显著(P>0.05)影响;种植时间显著(P<0.05)影响了发菇用时。浙江地区毛竹林下种植竹荪的最佳栽培模式为3月底在竹蔸周围挖环形种植沟或沿等高线水平状开沟,沟宽30 cm、深10 cm,放置20 cm厚的竹屑基质,使用研究组选育出来的D89菌株进行栽培。

竹编工艺产业化关键技术创新与应用

在传统编织产品受到现代化工业产品冲击的当下,只有加强技术创新才能为传统竹编产品注入新的时代活力,使之符合现代人们的消费需求和审美需求,进而实现“生活品艺术化,艺术品生活化”。基于传统竹编存在的生产效率低、生产成本高、篾条存在缺陷等问题,创新研发了平面竹编软化拉伸成型技术。该技术的应用大幅度提高了竹编制品的生产效率,减少了人工成本和制作周期,提高了竹编制品的制作精度和稳定性,为竹编制品的标准化生产奠定了基础,同时也拓展了竹编制品的应用领域,有力促进了传统竹编产业的技术升级和产业结构调整。

蓄势新质生产力 推动竹资源高效培育研究

竹资源高质量供给是竹产业健康发展的基础,通过竹林培育技术创新实现资源培育的新生产力质态,恰逢其时。文中从优良竹种质资源选育、竹资源精准培育、竹林空间高效利用、竹林采伐模式创新、竹林生态系统修复等方面总结了我国竹林培育研究的主要进展,分析了我国竹资源培育存在优良竹种质缺乏、定向培育技术滞后、竹资源适应性管理技术缺乏、立地质量评价方法不完善、竹资源智能感知研究滞后等制约我国竹资源高效培育的问题,提出了借助现代化手段,加快重要竹种质资源评价与优良种质筛选;建立我国竹林立地质量评价体系,完成产区区划;围绕“以竹代塑”产品需求,开展竹资源定向培育技术研究;开展竹林适应性管理技术研究,提升竹林生态系统功能;开展竹资源智能感知技术研究,实现资源快速监测预评估等竹资源高效培育发展建议,以期为竹林培育创新提供参考。

Elastic Buckling of Bionic Cylindrical Shells Based on Bamboo

High load-bearing efficiency is one of the advantages of biological structures after the evolution of billions of years. Biomimicking from nature may offer the potential for lightweight design. In the viewpoint ofrnechanics properties, the culm of bamboo comprises of two types of cells and the number of the vascular bundles takes a gradient of distribution. A three-point bending test was carried out to measure the elastic modulus. Results show that the elastic modulus of bamboo decreases gradually from the periphery towards the centre. Based on the structural characteristics of bamboo, a bionic cylindrical structure was designed to mimic the gradient distribution of vascular bundles and parenchyma cells. The buckling resistance of the bionic structure was compared with that of a traditional shell of equal mass under axial pressure by finite element simulations. Results show that the load-bearing capacity of bionic shell is increased by 124.8%. The buckling mode of bionic structure is global buckling while that of the conventional shell is local buckling.

Spatial relationship of high-speed transportation construction and land-use efficiency and its mechanism:Case study of Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration

Land-use efficiency is low for the urban agglomeration of China. High-speed transportation construction has been an important factor driving land use change. It is critically important to explore the spatial relationship between the high-speed transportation superiority degree and land-use efficiency. We built a model to evaluate the benefits of convenient high-speed transportation using the relative density of highways and the distance from high-speed rail stations and airports as a metric. We used 42 counties of the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration as an example. Land-use efficiency was calculated by a DEA model with capital, labor, economic benefits and environmental benefits as input and output factors. We examined the spatial relationships between high-speed transport superiority degree and land-use efficiency and obtained the following results. First, there are significant spatial differences in the relationships between the high-speed transportation superiority degree and land-use efficiency. Taking the two major cities of Jinan and Qingdao as the hubs, the core surrounding counties show significant spatial relationship between land-use efficiency and the high-speed transportation superiority degree. Spatial correlation declines as the distance from the hubs increases. Land-use efficiency is less than high-speed transportation convenience in areas along the transportation trunks that are distant from the hub cities. Correlation is low in areas that are away from both hub cities and transportation trunk routes. Second, high-speed transportation has a positive relationship with land-use efficiency due to the mechanism of element agglomeration exogenous growth. Third, high-speed transportation facilitates the flow of goods, services and technologies between core cities and peripheral cities as space spillover(the hub effect). This alters the spatial pattern of regional land-use efficiency. Finally, the short-board effect caused by decreased high-speed transport construction can be balanced by highway construction and the proper node layouts of high-speed rail stations and airports, resulting in a well-balanced spatial pattern of land-use efficiency.

Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Analysis of Linkage Disequilibrium in Different Bamboo Species Using the Candidate Gene Approach

Bamboos are one of the most beautiful and useful plants on Earth.The genetic background and population structure of bamboos are well known,which helps accelerate the process of artificial domestication of bamboo.Partial sequences of six genes involved in nitrogen use efficiency in 32 different bamboo species were analyzed for occurrence of single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs).The nucleotide diversityθw and total nucleotide polymorphismsπT of the sequenced DNA regions was 0.05137 and 0.03332,respectively.Bothπnonsyn/πsyn and Ka/Ks values were<1.The nucleotide sequences of these six genes were inferred to be relatively conserved,and the haplotype diversity was relatively high.The results of evolutionary neutrality tests showed that the six genes were in line with neutral evolution,and that the NRT2.1 and AMT2.1 gene sequences may have experienced negative selection.An inter-SNP recombination event at the NRT2.1 gene in the all pooled sample,of all 32 bamboo species was the lowest at 0.0645,whereas the AMT gene recombination events were all>0.1.Estimation and analysis of linkage disequilibrium of five genes revealed that with the increase in nucleotide sequence length,the degree of SNP linkage disequilibrium decreased rapidly.We inferred the population genetic structure of 32 bamboo species based on the SNP loci of six genes with frequencies>18%.32 bamboo species were divided into five categories,which indicated that the combined population of all bamboo species had obvious multivariate characteristics and was heterogeneous;red(Group 1)and green(Group 2)were the main groups.

粤北林区毛竹林培育现状调查研究——以南雄市为例

该文立足于当前粤北林区实际情况,对林区的毛竹林种植现状进行了深入的调查与研究,从解决林农种植效益低下的问题和提高林区林农的经济收入的角度出发,调查总结了目前当地林农在毛竹林的栽培、抚育等经营管理方面存在的问题,并针对性地提出了改善措施,有利于帮助当地林农解决遇到的种植技术难题,从而实现林农的增产增收,脱贫致富。

竹资源高效利用新途径——竹基三角形结构件

研究探索了利用竹资源批量生产竹基三角形结构件,经连接与固定后,营建各种空间结构类型的新方法;研究开发出布纤维基混凝土新技术,为竹木结构的固定和防虫、防腐、防水防潮及阻燃加固处理提供新思路。竹基三角形结构件及其相关技术能整合多种结构材料的性能优势,产品性价比高,结构自身质量轻,其生产成本通常不到同类产品的1/10,市场竞争优势突出,可广泛应用于园林、环保、森林康养和生态工程等多个领域,市场容量大。研究成果可为竹资源高效利用提供新途径。

竹粉对白星花金龟转化白酒糟效率的影响研究

试验旨在探索和优化白酒糟的昆虫生物转化效率,试验一采用2*4因子设计以探究不同配比白酒糟物料对白星花金龟和黄粉虫生长的影响,试验二在试验一基础上选择体重相近、健康无病的三龄期白星花金龟,随机分为5组,对照组为100%白酒糟,试验组分别用25%、50%、75%、100%竹粉替换对照组的白酒糟,15 d后测定白星花金龟体重增长、死亡率、消化率和转化率。结果发现:(a)饲喂四种不同配比白酒糟物料后白星花金龟组平均日死亡数均显著低于黄粉虫组(P<0.05),每日体长增长显著高于黄粉虫组(P<0.05)。(b)试验二中白星花金龟处理组其死亡率与添加竹粉的含量呈反比,试验组中酒糟含量与虫体增重率呈正比;用50%竹粉替代白酒糟时白星花金龟的转化率和粗灰分消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述,白星花金龟处理白酒糟能力优于黄粉虫;用50%竹粉替代白酒糟时白星花金龟生物转化力最优,体重增长率为59.25%,死亡率为3.75%,转化率为66.50%。

制浆项目建设的若干思考

近几年来,随着国家禁止进口废纸政策的实施,加之禁塑限塑减塑的部分措施落地,国内利用多种植物纤维原料制浆项目的开发建设迎来了高潮。国内制浆项目设计和建设过程中也相应暴露出一些问题,有些项目实际运行状况与原设计建设的工艺路线差异很大,无法实现项目建设前既定的目标。结合自己的持续学习与工作实践经验,总结分析国内制浆项目建设过程中存在的问题,提出切实可行的建议,共同促进国内制浆行业更好地发展。

不同施肥对雷竹林土壤肥力及肥料利用率的影响

于2009年,在浙江省临安市的雷竹林中进行田间试验,以比较对照(不施肥)、常规施肥、缓释肥、竹笋专用肥和微生物肥对雷竹林土壤肥力质量、养分利用率和竹笋产量的影响。结果表明,雷竹林因施肥引起的土壤速效氮磷钾含量的过量积累和土壤酸化的程度按以下次序递减:常规施肥>专用复合肥≈缓释肥>微生物肥。常规施肥的肥料农学利用率最低,氮、磷和钾农学利用率分别为鲜笋4.7 kg kg-1、23.6kg kg-1和14.2 kg kg-1。与常规施肥处理相比,专用复合肥和缓释肥2个处理的氮、磷、钾农学利用率分别提高40.4%～53.2%、50.8%～90.7%和35.5%～39.5%,而微生物肥处理则分别提高38.9倍、67.8%和2.0倍。与对照相比,常规施肥处理的竹笋产量和经济效益分别提高了29.6%和14.3%,而专用复合肥、缓释肥、微生物肥3个处理的竹笋产量和经济效益分别提高了27.5%～29.0%和14.6%～17.8%。

我国竹材工业的发展展望

分析了竹材工业利用的现状，认为竹材利用率和利用效率低，加工效率不高，应用面窄是竹材加工利用的主要问题；提出了合理开发利用竹材资源必须进一步转变观念，解决竹材低毒长效防护、竹薄片贴面等关键技术，研制开发新型竹高效加工设备，研究丛生竹等资源的工业利用方法，开发竹产品的新用途等等。

利用竹球作为曝气生物滤池填料处理高浓度含氮海水的实验研究

载体填料是影响生物滤池效率的重要因素之一。采用以竹球为填料的曝气生物滤池方法处理高浓度含氮养殖废水(利用人工配制的高浓度含氮海水)。结果表明,在滤速为0.5￣2.5m·h^(-1)、温度为18￣28℃,气水比为1∶1的条件下,生物滤池对氨氮的去除率在70%以上,出水水质完全符合海水养殖水质要求,在此条件下生物滤池最佳水力停留时间为1h;在滤速为1m·h^(-1)、气水比1∶1的工况下,生物滤池的最佳填料高度为60cm。竹球作为曝气生物滤池填料处理高浓度含氮海水具有较好的生产应用价值。

速生树种尾巨桉和竹柳幼苗耗水特性和水分利用效率

速生树种尾巨桉和竹柳因其水分消耗和利用问题引起了一些争议,因而受到了广泛的关注,由于尚缺乏科学的观测数据,而其中许多指责或支持也尚无定论,因此必须深入研究此2种树种耗水性能和水分利用效率,以期科学评价其水分消耗和利用性能。采用盆栽苗木称重法和Li-6400光合系统测定方法分别测定尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×Eucalyptus grandis)和竹柳(Salix sp.)苗木在不同土壤水分条件下耗水量、耗水速率和苗木不同生长期叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE),研究表明:(1)正常水分条件下,尾巨桉和竹柳日总耗水量和最大耗水速率分别为(182.05±12.74)g/d、(100.48±10.95)g/d和(66.31±9.91)g·m-2·h-1、(89.50±13.54)g·m-2·h-1,土壤水分条件下降时,2种苗木耗水量和耗水速率均呈显著下降趋势,严重干旱胁迫时尾巨桉降幅更大。(2)正常水分条件和轻度水分胁迫下2种苗木耗水速率日变化趋势均为明显"单峰"曲线,且峰值均出现在12:00—14:00,中度干旱胁迫时则其变化趋势呈"双峰"曲线,峰值分别在10:00—12:00和14:00—16:00出现,严重干旱胁迫时日变化规律不明显。(3)正常水分条件和轻度水分胁迫下2种苗木耗水速率与环境温度显著正相关,与相对湿度显著负相关,随着干旱胁迫的发展,环境因子对耗水速率的影响有所减弱。(4)叶片水平来看,与尾巨桉相比,竹柳具有高光合、低蒸腾、高水分利用效率的特点,2种苗木由生长初期进入生长旺期时,净光合速率和蒸腾速率均发生相同幅度增加,而水分利用效率基本保持不变。(5)从单株耗水量和耗水速率以及叶片水分利用效率综合来看,竹柳属节水性能较好速生树种,而尾巨桉虽然存在叶片水平高蒸腾和低水分利用效率的情况,但从单株苗木水平上来讲,其耗水速率甚至低于竹柳,特别在土壤水分严重亏缺情况下其白天平均耗水速率仅为(4.02±0.60)g·m-2·h-1,也表现出了一定的抗旱节水能力。

毛竹春笋冬出试验

为使毛竹春笋期提前至春节前后,对试验林地分别用稻草、竹叶、砻糠、杂草等材料进行不同的覆盖处理。结果表明,不同的覆盖处理对毛竹林提高土壤温度、提早出笋时间、延长笋期和经济效益均有明显效果,其中以"稻草10 cm+竹叶10 cm+砻糠20 cm"覆盖模式效果最佳,平均提高土壤温度(20 cm土深)10℃,始笋期提早57 d,笋期延长31 d,竹笋产量增长率为240.27%,产值增加1 445.83%,投入产出比可达1:3.82。

毛竹林钾肥效应与平衡施肥研究

为了探讨施肥对毛竹出笋的影响问题,从而为毛竹笋材两用林的集约经营提供理论依据,以生态系统养分平衡理论为指导,采用随机区组设计,设施肥处理N1P1K1(K1)、N1P1K2(K2),垦复处理(CK)共3个处理,8个试验样地,就不同施肥处理对永丰毛竹林的肥效问题进行了试验研究。结果表明:不同施肥处理对提高出笋率、出笋数、成竹率均有显著的效果,其肥效从大到小依次为K1>K2>CK(垦复);K1施肥处理对增加笋径、促进竹笋生长的效果比K2处理和垦复处理(CK)好;施肥对增加鲜笋产量的效果也是十分明显的。方差分析结果显示,K1处理与垦复处理(CK)的增产效果间的差异达到了极显著性水平,其与K2处理相比,也达到了显著性差异水平,K2处理的增产率为垦复处理(CK)的2倍,但其对总出笋量的增产效果并不显著。

缺苞箭竹气体交换对CO2浓度及光照强度的响应

为了了解缺苞箭竹的气体交换对短期CO2浓度升高的响应，用Li-6400光合测定系统测定了缺苞箭竹叶净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）和叶面饱和水汽压亏缺（Vpdl）随光照强度的变化。结果表明：缺苞箭竹Pn、Gs和Tr随光强增强先增大并维持在一定水平然后又呈现下降趋势，水分利用效率（WUE）随光照强度增强先增大然后维持在一个较高水平，Vpdl呈现先减小后增大的规律；Pn和WUE随CO2浓度升高先增大然后减小，Gs和Tr随CO2浓度升高先减小后增大，Vpdl以随CO2浓度升高而增大。随CO2浓度升高光饱和光合速率提高20％-61％，气孔导度降低36％-57％，蒸腾速率降低30％-53％，水分利用效率提高120％-215％，饱和水汽压亏缺提高4％～11％。