Seasonal Dynamics of Energy Return Through Litterfall of A Mixed Forest of Chinese Fir and T. odorum

Based on the measurement of monthly litterfall and their gross calor ic values, the seasonal dynamics of energy return through litterfall were determ ined in a pure and a mixed T. odorum (Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun) forests with Ch inese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) in Sanming, Fujian Provinc e. Annual ene rgy return through litterfall was estimated as 12.648×10 6J·m -2 for the mixed fo rest, being 4 2% higher than that of the pure forest, and a large proportion of the energy return comprised leaf litter. The conversion efficiency of solar rad i ation energy into litterfall was 0 56% for mixed forest and 0 54% for pure for es t, respectively. The monthly energy flux in litterfall of Chinese fir showed a t hree-apex curve, peaked in March, August and December, respectively, which was s imilar to that in various fractions of leaf, twig, flower and fruit litter. The consistency in monthly patterns among different litter fractions of Chinese fir was attributed to their solid connections all the while. The monthly energy flux in litterfall of T. odorum culminated in January, May and August, the same was true for its leaf and twig litter. However, energy flux in flower litter only oc curred during March to May and that in fruit litter appeared in January and Marc h. The monthly dynamics of energy flux through litterfall of the two forests wer e both determined by their respective litterfall pattern of Chinese fir. Seasona l energy flux in litterfall for both mixed and pure forests followed the sequenc e of spring>winter>summer>autumn, but fluctuations in the former were less disti nct than those in the latter.

Effect of Mixed Forests of Chinese Fir and Tsoong's Tree on Soil Properties

An investigation and on 13 year old (1984～1996) Chinese fir and Tsoong's tree mixed forests in Jianou City, Fujian Province, China was carried out to compare the influences of different interplanting types of individual tree tree, row row, row strip (three rows) and pure Chinese fir stands on soil properties. Compared with the pure stands of Chinese fir, the mixed stands exerted a positive effect on soil fertility, with increases in soil organic matter, total N, available P and available K. Moreover, improvements were also observed in soil enzymatic activities, aggregate structure, structure stability, status of soil porosity, soil aeration and penetrability in mixed stands. The row row interplanted stands had the best effect on tree growth and soil properties among these mixed forests. In the southern subtropical region, the spreading of the row row mixing model of the two tree species would be helpful to preventing the soil from fertility deterioration caused by successive plantation of Chinese fir.

Effect of Slash Burning on Nutrient Removal and Soil Fertility in Chinese Fir and Evergreen Broadleaved Forests of Mid-Subtropical China

A Chinese fir forest (Cunninghamia lanceolata, CF) and an evergreen broadleaved forest (EB) located inFujian Province, southeastern China, were examined following slash burning to compare nutrient capital andtopsoil properties with pre-burn levels. After fire, nutrient (N, P and K) removal from burning residues wasestimated at 302.5 kg ha-1 in the CF and 644.8 kg ha-1 in the EB. Fire reduced the topsoil capitals of totalN and P by about 20% and 10%, respectively, in both forests, while K capital was increased in the topsoils ofboth forests following fire. Total site nutrient loss through surface erosion was 28.4 kg (N) ha-1, 8.4 kg (P)ha-1 and 328.7 kg (K) ha-1 in the CF. In the EB, the losses of total N, P and K were 58.5, 10.5 and 396.3kg ha-1, respectively. Improvement of soil structure and increase in mineralization of nutrients associatedwith increased microbe number and enzyme activities and elevated soil respiration occurred 5 days after fire.However, organic matter and available nutrient contents and most of other soil parameters declined one yearafter fire on the burned CF and EB topsoils. These results suggest that short-term site productivity canbe stimulated immediately, but reduced subsequently by soil and water losses, especially in South China,where high-intensity precipitation, steep slopes and fragile soil can be expected. Therefore, the silviculturalmeasurements should be developed in plantation management.

Soil C and N Pools in Chinese Fir and Evergreen Broadleaf Forests and their Changes with Slash Burning in Mid-Subtropical China

Soil organic carbon （C） and total nitrogen （N） pools of a Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook.） （CF） forest, and an evergreen broadleaf （EB） forest located in mid-subtropical, southeastern China, were compared before clearcutting, with the effect of slash burning on organic C and total N in the top 10 cm of soil before and after burning also being evaluated. Prior to clearcutting CF forest had significantly lower （P 〈0.05） organic C and total N in the soil （0-100 cm） compared to EB forest with approximately 60% of the C and N at the two forest sites stored at the 0 to 40 cm soil. In post-burn samples of the 0-10 cm depth at 5 days, 1 year, and 5 years for CF and EB forests, significantly lower levels （P 〈0.05） of organic C and total N than those in the pre-burn samples were observed. Compared to the pre-burn levels, at post-burn year 5, surface soil organic C storage was only 85% in CF forest and 72% in EB forest, while total N storage was 77% for CF forest and 73% for EB forest. Slash burning caused marked long-term changes in surface soil C and N in the two forest types.

Effect of temperature on soil respiration in a Chinese fir forest

Soil samples collected from the surface soil （0-10 cm） in an 88-year-old Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata） forest in Nanping Fujian, China were incubated for 90 days at the temperatures of 15℃, 25℃ and 35℃ in laboratory. The soil CO2 evolution rates were measured at the incubation time of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 days. The results showed that CO2 evolution rates of soil samples varied significantly with incubation time and temperature during the incubation period. Mean CO2 evolution rate and cumulative amount of CO2 evolution from soil were highest at 35℃, followed by those at 25℃, and 15℃. Substantial differences in CO2 evolution rate were found in Q10 values calculated for the 2nd and 90th day of incubation. The Q10 value for the average CO2 evolution rate was 2.0 at the temperature range of 15-25℃, but it decreased to 1.2 at 25 35℃. Soil CO2 evolution rates decreased with the incubation time. The cumulative mineralized C at the end of incubation period （on the 90th day） was less than 10% of the initial C amounts prior to incubation.

Comparative study on active soil organic matter in Chinese fir plantation and native broad-leaved forest in subtropical China

Active soil organic matter (ASOM) has a main effect on biochemical cycles of soil nutrient elements such as N, P and S, and the quality and quantity of ASOM reflect soil primary productivity. The changes of ASOM fractions and soil nutrients in the first rotation site and the second rotation site of Chinese fir plantation and the native broad-leaved forest were investigated and analyzed by soil sampling at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forestry Ecology (at latitude 26°48′N and longitude 109°30′E under a subtropical climate conditions), Chinese Academy of Sciences in March, 2004. The results showed that values of ASOM fractions for the Chinese fir plantations were lower than those for the broad-leaved forest. The contents of easily oxidisable carbon (EOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) for the first rotation of Chinese fir plantation were 35.9%, 13.7%, 87.8% and 50.9% higher than those for the second rotation of Chinese fir plantation, and were 15.8%, 47.3%, 38.1% and 30.2% separately lower than those for the broad-leaved forest. For the three investigated forest sites, the contents of MBC and WSOC had a larger decrease, followed by WSC, and the change of EOC was least. Moreover, soil physico-chemistry properties such as soil nutrients in Chinese fir plantation were lower than those in broad-leaved forest. It suggested that soil fertility declined after Chinese fir plantation replaced native broad-leaved forest through continuous artificial plantation.

Estimation of Evapotranspiration from Faber Fir Forest Ecosystem in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau of China Using SHAW Model

Understanding the hydrological processes of forest ecosystems in Tibetan Plateau is crucial for protecting water resources and the environment, especially considering that evapotranspiration is the most dominant hydrologic process in most forest systems. SHAW, as a physically based, hydrological model, provides a useful tool for understanding and analyzing evapotranspiration processes. Using the measured data of a faber fir forest ecosystem in eastern Tibetan Plateau, this paper assessed the model performance in simulating evapotranspiration and variability and transferability of the model parameters. Comparison of the simulated results by SHAW to the measured data showed that SHAW performed satisfactorily. Based on analyzing the simulated results by the calibrated and validated SHAW, some ET characteristics of faber fir forest ecosys-tem in the eastern Tibetan Plateau were found: 1) Daily plant transpiration is low, and daily ET mainly comes from surface evaporation including canopy, litter and soil evaporation. Peak ET rate was approxi-mately 4mm/day, occurring around late July. 2) Solar radiation is the most important factor accounting for daily ET variation, while air temperature is the secondary, wind speed and air relative humidity are minor and soil water storage is the least important among all the related factors. 3) The ratio of annual ET to pre-cipitation for the faber fir forest ecosystem in eastern Tibetan Plateau is low (18%) compared with the other forest ecosystems owing to high-elevation, high atmospheric humidity and low annual temperature.

THE COMBUSTIBILITY OF CHINESE FIR AND MACCLURE MICHELIA MIXED FOREST

Based on the theory of forest burning link, the combustibility of the 6-year-old Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) and macclure michelia (Michelia macclurei) mixed forest was determined in Youxi County, Fujian Province from 1988 to 1989. The results show that the daily mean moisture in the forest, moisture content of litter and the water reserves of the stand in mixed forest are 3%, 7.6% and 46.8% higher than that in pure stand respectively, the inflammables quantity and energy ratios of the stand biomass and total potential energy in mixed stand are 8.5% and 3.69% lower than that in pure stand respectively. Mixed forest can decrease the combustibility of stand.

Forest Response to the US 1990 Clean Air Act: The Southern Spruce-Fir Ecosystem

The history of the Black Mountains in North Carolina and the southern Spruce-Fir ecosystem has been fraught with widespread forest decline since the mid 1960’s. Balsam Woolly Adelgid attacks and acidic deposition were two of the most recognized causes of decline. Uncertainty arose about the future of these forests, and projections were made regarding the endangerment or extinction of the endemic Fraser fir ([Pursh] Poiret). This study analyzed data sets from a permanent plot network in the Black Mountains dating 1985, 2002, and 2012. Indications that the Fraser fir population is stabilizing from a “boom-bust” cycle of population growth and has entered the stem exclusion stage of forest stand development are evident. Fir live stem density increased more than 250% from 1985 to 2002, and then declined 40% by 2012 at the highest elevations in the forest. Overall, fir appeared to be more impacted on western facing slopes than eastern ones. The population of red spruce experienced a steady decrease in live stem counts, but an increase in live basal area through all years, and at all elevation classes (1675 m, 1830 m, and 1980 m), indicating a normal progression through stand development. Red spruce was also most negatively impacted on western facing slopes. Live stem density was significantly higher (P 0.001) than eastern plots, but live basal area was similar between the two aspects. Atmospheric deposition concentrations of the four main acidic molecules at Mt. Mitchell all peaked in 1998, but decreased by 2012. These reductions, occurring shortly after tightened regulations in the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act may have potential implications for increased forest resilience.

毛竹扩张对幕阜山区森林土壤碳氮磷含量及生态化学计量特征的影响

以幕阜山区同一片毛竹林向两侧杉木林和阔叶林扩张形成的连续生态界面为研究对象,分析不同林型土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、硝态氮(NO_(3)^(−)−N)、铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)−N)含量及其生态化学计量比,探讨毛竹不同扩张模式对森林土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)的影响。结果表明:在2种扩张模式下,随土壤层次的增加,除NO_(3)^(−)−N呈不规律变化外,SOC、TN、TP、NH_(4)^(+)−N含量均呈逐渐降低趋势。在毛竹向杉木林扩张过程中,杉木林、竹杉混交林、毛竹林同一土层SOC、TN、TP含量均无显著差异;在毛竹向阔叶林扩张过程中,毛竹林0~10 cm土层SOC和TN含量较阔叶林和竹阔混交林分别降低了27.71%、30.45%和36.67%、31.11%,而在10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层则无显著差异;毛竹扩张对杉木林和阔叶林各土层TP含量无显著影响;毛竹向杉木林扩张增加了0~10 cm和20~30 cm土层NH_(4)^(+)−N含量,毛竹向阔叶林扩张增加了10~20 cm土层NH_(4)^(+)−N含量及20~30 cm土层NO_(3)^(−)−N含量;毛竹向杉木林扩张对土壤C/N、C/P、N/P无显著影响,毛竹向阔叶林扩张导致0~10 cm土层N/P明显降低、10~20 cm土层C/N显著增加。综上,毛竹向杉木林扩张对土壤SOC、TN、TP影响不显著,但提升了表层和深层土壤NH_(4)^(+)−N含量,毛竹向阔叶林扩张造成表层土壤SOC、TN含量显著降低,并导致中层土壤NH_(4)^(+)−N含量和深层土壤NO_(3)^(−)−N含量明显增加。

川西冷杉林下地表苔藓固氮速率及林窗的影响

苔藓与蓝细菌的共生固氮作用为许多生态系统贡献了高达50%氮输入,是“新增”氮素的重要来源。然而,苔藓与蓝细菌共生固氮速率如何受林窗等生态系统动态影响仍然未知。本文研究了四川西部典型藓类冷杉林地表苔藓与蓝细菌的固氮速率在生长季内的动态变化,及其在林窗和林冠覆盖两种生境下的差异,并评估了苔藓含水量、气温和光照条件等因素对固氮速率的驱动作用。研究结果发现,锦丝藓(Actinothuidium hookeri)和塔藓(Hylocomium splendens)生长季平均固氮速率分别为77.49和129.69 nmol·(g·d)^(−1)。地表苔藓固氮速率在生长季不同月份的变化极大,固氮速率高峰出现在生长季早期的5月、7月、8月,基本与植物生长高峰期相符;6月苔藓含水量较低,导致苔藓几乎没有固氮活性;生长季末期的10月苔藓固氮速率较低,不及7月的1/7。相比于林冠覆盖生境,林窗提高了地表气温、光照和苔藓含水量,但从整个生长季来看,林窗对苔藓固氮速率仅表现出微弱的促进作用。综上,苔藓与蓝细菌共生体固氮速率和林窗的影响效应可以为深入认识生态系统氮循环提供依据。

气候因子对云冷杉针叶混交林主要针叶树种径向生长的贡献率分析

【目的】为分析气候变化对针叶树种径向生长的影响,揭示针叶混交林对气候变化的响应规律,在全球气候变暖的背景下,对森林生态系统的适应性经营提供理论支撑。【方法】以金沟岭林场云冷杉针叶混交林中的3个针叶树种为研究对象,建立3个针叶树种的树轮宽度标准化年表,分析3个树种的树轮宽度与气候因子之间的相关关系,明确该地区显著限制其径向生长的气候因子,并用层次分割法量化气候因子对各树种树轮宽度变化的贡献率。【结果】在95%的置信区间下,与气候因子相关分析显示:红松和臭冷杉的径向生长同时受气温和降水的影响,与生长季初期气温正相关;鱼鳞云杉的树轮宽度主要受气温影响,与秋冬季节气温负相关,与降水量的整体相关性较低。3个树种均受到上一年气候因子的影响,有一定的“滞后效应”。滑动相关分析表明,本研究3个主要针叶树种与气候因子的响应关系存在差异,主要表现为负相关性呈增强趋势。3月平均气温对红松的贡献率最高,为34.56%,4月最低气温对臭冷杉的贡献率最高,为22.29%,对鱼鳞云杉的贡献率为60.89%。【结论】层次分割分析法能够有效量化气候因子对各树种树轮生长的贡献率,分析结果可为制定该地区应对未来气候变化的经营管理措施提供理论参考。

Composition and properties of soil humus in a mixed forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Tsoongiodendron odorum

This study was conducted in Xinkou Experimental Forestry Farm of Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Sanming, Fujian Province in January 1999. Taking pure stand of Chinese fir as control, the authors measured and studied the content of organic carbon, content of humic acid (HA), ratio of HA to fulvic acid (FA), and the characteristics of infrared light spectrum and visible light spectrum of soil humus in the mixed forest of Chinese fir and Tsoong?tree. Compared to humus composition in the pure stand of Chinese fir, the content of soil organic C, HA content, and the E4 value of HA for different layers of soil, except for the ratio of HA to FA, showed a significant increase in the mixed forest, while the ratios of E4 to E6 had a little decrease. The infrared light spectrum of humic acid had an absorptive peak at 1650 cm-1. It is concluded that the levels of humification and aromaticity of soil humus are higher in the mixed forest, which is favorable for the improvement of soil structure and nutrient supply, thus improving the soil fertility to a certain degree.

武夷山杉木林丛枝菌根真菌沿海拔的变化特征及其影响因素

丛枝菌根共生体是丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF)与宿主植物之间形成的互惠共生形式。共生体中的碳、氮、磷交换和代谢影响着宿主植物和共生真菌之间的营养平衡和资源重新分配,对陆地生态系统植物体的生长发育具有重要作用。本研究以武夷山3个海拔(1400 m,800 m,200 m)杉木人工林为研究对象,分析了不同海拔杉木林根际土壤、杉木特征指标之间的总体差异,以及海拔梯度中主导AMF变化的环境影响因素。结果表明:土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳含量均随海拔的升高而显著增加;不同海拔杉木林中,AMF特征指标除侵染率不变外,孢子、球囊霉素和菌丝密度均随海拔呈上升趋势。综合主成分分析第一和第二主成分各因子贡献值表明,土壤有机碳、温度、含水率、可溶性有机碳、总氮以及微生物生物量碳是影响AMF变化的重要因素;冗余分析结果进一步表明,可溶性有机碳对AMF影响最大,说明海拔梯度上易利用底物可能是影响杉木AMF特征变化的关键因子。研究结果对于了解和预测AMF如何调控亚热带杉木林生态系统功能及其对气候变化的响应具有重要意义。

杉木林下植物多样性对不同间伐年限的响应

探究间伐对杉木林下植物多样性的动态影响,可为杉木林可持续经营和生态效益评价提供依据。以浙西南杉木林为对象,采用空间代替时间的方法,对间伐1、3、8 a后和未间伐(0 a)的林下植物种类、重要值及多样性进行全面调查与分析。结果表明:间伐0、1、3、8 a后杉木林下植物种类分别有37、48、59、66种,其中不同间伐年限杉木林下共有的植物35种。随着间伐年限的延长,杉木林下植物种类增加速度表现为“先快后慢”的趋势,与0 a相比,间伐1、3、8 a后林下灌木、草本和藤本植物种类分别增加了38.5%~100.0%、27.8%~72.2%、16.7%~66.7%。杉木林下排名前3的灌木、草本和藤本植物的优势种重要值之和随着间伐年限的增加总体呈现降低趋势。未间伐杉木林下没有阳性植物生长,间伐后种类增加到12~13种;中性植物种类随着间伐年限的延长而增加,与0 a相比,间伐3、8 a后分别增加了50.0%和85.0%。杉木林下植物的多样性指数随着间伐年限的延长而增大,灌木、草本植物的优势度指数Simpson、多样性指Shannon-Wiener和丰富度指数Margalef在不同间伐年限间的差异达显著水平(P<0.05),藤本植物的Simpson、Shannon-Wiener和Margalef表现为间伐3、8 a后显著高于0 a(P<0.05),植物的均匀度指数Pielou在不同间伐年限间没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。

间伐对杉木林枯落物和土壤水源涵养能力的动态变化分析

探讨不同间伐年限对杉木林枯落物层和土壤层持水能力的影响,为评估杉木林水源涵养功能对间伐的响应提供科学依据。以浙西南景宁县间伐1年、间伐3年、间伐8年和未间伐的杉木林为对象,采集枯落物与土壤样品,分析测定枯落物含水率、持水能力、土壤容重、非毛孔隙度并计算相关指标。结果表明:杉木林枯落物现存量在不同间伐年限间的差异并不显著(P>0.05);枯落物持水量、持水速率与浸水时间的关系分别符合对数函数和幂函数;间伐8年的杉木林枯落物层的最大持水率、最大拦蓄率和有效拦蓄率均显著高于未间伐林分(P<0.05);间伐3年、间伐8年的杉木林枯落物最大持水量和有效拦蓄量均显著高于未间伐林分;间伐8年杉木林地0~10 cm土层土壤容重显著降低(P<0.05),非毛管孔隙度显著增大,非毛管持水量显著增加了22.4%(P<0.05),而对10~30 cm土层土壤储水性能相关指标的影响不显著(P>0.05)。综上,杉木林枯落物层和土壤层的水源涵养功能随着间伐年限的延长而增强。

Dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of fine roots in a mixed forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Tsoongiodendron odorum

From September 1999 to July 2000, N and P concentrations of fine roots were measured with the method of sequential soil core at bimonthly intervals in a mixed forest of Tsoong's tree (Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun) and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) in Sanming, Fujian. The results showed that N, P concentration of Chinese fir and Tsoong's tree in fine roots were negatively related to root diameter size. The concentrations of N and P in living roots and dead roots were compared. The order of N concentration in fine roots in different samples was Tsoong's tree>undergrowth>Chinese fir, while that of P was undergrowth>Tsoong's tree>Chinese fir. For Chinese fir, the seasonal change of N, P concentrations in fine roots with various diameter classes showed a single-apex curve with a maximum in September. For Tsoong's tree, maximized concentration of N in fine roots appeared in July or September and maximized P concentration in May.

基于机载激光雷达技术的山区针叶林单木分割方法研究

以杉木为研究对象,利用无人机激光雷达点云数据,结合地面实测样地数据,探索创新现有的森林资源调查模式,提升森林资源外业调查效率,更新资源调查数据,保证数据的现势性。考虑到研究区为山地林区,地面起伏较大,选取了一种基于改进加密三角网滤波算法进行滤波和分类,并对比分析了分水岭、点云分割、层堆叠种子点三种不同的单木分割方法,完成了研究区单木位置、树高、冠幅等林木参数的提取研究,优化了激光雷达林木参数反演的技术流程。从30个样地中抽取10个样地,对比样木实测值与单木分割的估测值,结果表明:层堆叠种子点算法分割效果最优,F评分在64.61%~85.29%之间;点云分割算法居中,F评分在56.00%~80.60%之间;分水岭算法分割效果最差,F评分在45.57%~69.45%之间。同一种方法中,不同样地分割效果也存在差异,这可能与样地地形、树木结构形态等因素有关;样地中林木分布存在树木遮挡或树木分布结构不规则时,一定程度会降低单木分割精度。因此,根据不同林分情况,建立适用性较强的无人机激光雷达森林参数反演模型是未来努力的方向。

天然混交林林分发育阶段划分方法的比较

【目的】以长白山云冷杉针叶混交林为例,比较林分不同发育阶段划分的方法,确定最适宜长白山云冷杉针叶混交林发育阶段划分的方法,以便有针对性地制定不同发育阶段的森林经营策略,为天然林发育阶段的科学划分提供方法依据。【方法】以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场天然云冷杉针叶混交林为研究对象,共收集2589个样地样本,采用种间联结−最优分割法(A)、林相特征判别法(B)、TWINSPAN双向指示物种分析法(C)、MRT多元回归树法(D)和基于TWINSPAN的判别分析法(E)5种方法,对云冷杉针叶混交林发育阶段进行划分。通过多重比较检验,验证不同发育阶段间是否存在显著差异,并使用吻合系数来评估不同方法划分结果间的一致性。最后,从树种组成和林分特征(包括样地的平均胸径、平均树高、公顷蓄积量、公顷株数、公顷生物量、公顷断面积、针阔比、物种多样性和径级大小多样性9个指标)方面,对5种方法的划分结果进行比较分析。【结果】多重比较的结果显示,用于描述林分特征的9个指标在不同发育阶段间基本存在显著差异,这表示结果较为可靠。方法D和方法E的吻合系数较高,表示这两种方法的划分结果较为一致;而方法B与其他方法的吻合性均较低。从林分的发育趋势来看,5种方法的划分结果大致相同。随着林分的逐渐发育,林分特征指标普遍增大,多样性指标降低,树种组成趋于简单。主要区别体现在公顷株数和树种组成指标,并且在不同方法的划分结果中,各个阶段之间指标的差异程度和每个阶段的样本量也有所不同。方法E的划分结果更符合林分的生长发育规律。具体来说,第1阶段云冷杉针叶混交林形成期,林分迅速生长;第2阶段林木间竞争加强期,个体显著分化;第3阶段林分发展为近自然林状态,即达到森林经营的目标状态。【结论】基于TWINSPAN的判别分析法能更好地划分林分的发育阶段,并将长白山云冷杉针叶混交林的发育过程划分为建群阶段—竞争阶段—近自然林阶段,为森林的科学经营提供了重要理论依据。

杉木林下不同生长年限灵芝栽培土壤微生物群落变化特征

为研究不同生长年限灵芝对杉木林下土壤微生物群落结构及其多样性的变化,并初步探索土壤因子与真菌、细菌群落的相关性,通过Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对杉木林下栽培1年(S1)、2年(S2)、3年(S3)、4年(S4)的灵芝栽培土壤进行了扩增子测序,分析了杉木林下不同生长年限灵芝栽培土壤中微生物群落的变化特征。结果表明,在门水平上,细菌主要优势菌群为变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门,其中变形菌门和酸杆菌门的优势表现较为显著;真菌优势菌群主要为子囊菌门、担子菌门、被孢霉门、罗兹菌门和一些未定种类,其中4组样品中子囊菌门占主导地位,相对丰度占比最高。在属水平上,细菌黄色杆菌属、norank_f__norank_o__Elsterales属相对丰度在4组样品中占比均较高,且4年相对丰度占比无显著差异;在真菌属水平上发现,每个年份的主要优势菌群均不同,S1组的主要优势菌群为木霉属,S2组的主要优势菌群为纹枯状革菌属,S3组的主要优势菌群为unclassified_k__Fungi属,S4组的主要优势菌群为unclassified_p_Basidiomycota属。土壤全碳、全磷、漆酶是影响杉木林下不同生长年限灵芝栽培土壤微生物群落结构和土壤微生物多样性的关键因子。