An introductory review on the common brown leafhopper(Orosius orientalis):A new soybean pest

Soybean pests are one of the major factors limiting yield improvement.With the expansion of area and changes in cropping patterns,a number of new pests have been identified in the main soybean production areas of China.The common brown leafhopper,Orosius orientalis,is a new pest associated with soybean stay-green virus that has been discovered on cultivated soybean crop in the Yellow-Huai-hai region of China in recent years.The polyphagous insect has a wide feeding range and infests a variety of important grain and cash crops.This paper presents the basic information,geographical distribution,hosts,damage characteristics,plant virus transmission,occurrence patterns,and prevention and control measures O.orientalis.This review also provides insights into integrated prevention and control of the genus Orosius as an insect vector.

Selection of High-efficient Safe Pesticides for Controlling Tea Lesser Leafhopper(Empoasca vitis)

[Objective] This study was conducted to select a batch of new high-effi- cient low-toxicity high-selectivity pesticides for the application in tea gardens. [Method] This experiment was designed with 12 treatments including clear water as the CK, in randomized block arrangement, with 4 replications, and each plot had an area of 30 m2. The pesticides were sprayed in the high occurrence period of larvae of tea lesser leafhopper when tea shoots grew vigorously. [Result] In the 11 pesti- cides, 100 g/L bifenthrin EC , 70% imidacloprid WDG and 150 g/L indoxacarb EC were the best pesticides with efficacies above 90%; and in the bio-pesticides, 0.5% azadirachtin SC showed an efficacy over 87.97%. [Conclusions] Among the tested pesticides, 100 g/L bifenthrin EC , 70% imidacloprid WDG and 150 g/L indoxacarb EC could effectively control tea lesser leafhopper during the outbreak of tea lesser leafhopper, and when the occurrence degree of tea lesser leafhopper is below the medium level, environment-friendly 0.5% azadirachtin SC, 0.5% veratrine SC, 0.3% matrine SC and 4.0×10^10 spores/g Beauveria bassiana OD could be selected.

Exploiting push-pull strategy to combat the tea green leafhopper based on volatiles of Lavandula angustifolia and Flemingia macrophylla

Thirteen volatile compounds were identified from Flemingia macrophylla plants. Eight major components significantly attracted the tea green leafhoppers, Empoasca flavescens F. Based on their relative abundances, following synthetic blends were made for field experiments: 1) eight-component-attractant blend included Z-3-hexen-1-ol, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, Z-ocimene, Me SA, Z-3-hexenyl butyrate, dodecane, hexadecane and nonanal at 10, 10, 1, 11, 2, 6, 2 and 4 mg mL^-1 in n-hexane, respectively;2) four-component-attractant blend #1 contained hexadecane, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, Z-3-hexen-1-ol and nonanal at 2, 10, 10 and 4 mg mL^-1 in n-hexane, respectively;3) four-component-attractant blend #2 contained hexadecane, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, Z-3-hexen-1-ol and Me SA at 2, 10, 10 and 11 mg mL^-1 in n-hexane, respectively. Thymol and 1-methoxy-4-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-benzene, identified from Lavandula angustifolia aeration samples, significantly repelled the leafhopper as strong repellents when tested alone or in combination at 10 mg mL^-1. For field bioassays, each attractant lure was attached to a bud green sticky board hung from a bamboo stick at above tea plant level for catching the leafhoppers, whereas the repellent dispenser was tied to a tea branch inside tea clump for pushing the leafhoppers away from tea clumps. The results showed that the eight-component-attractant blend caught similar numbers of the leafhopper as did the four-component-attractant blend #1 at about 53–79 leafhoppers/trap/day, which were significantly higher than those on the hexane-control bud green sticky boards. Average leafhopper catches from un-baited sticky boards were about 51–73 leafhoppers/trap/day when pushed by the repellents placed inside tea plants, with the two-component-repellent blend being more effective than their single components. When the two-component-repellent blend was further tested with the three attractant blends in a push-pull fashion, average trap catches ranged from 62 to 92 leafhoppers/trap/day. Control efficacy on the leafhoppers within the push-pull zones increased progressively from day 1(43%) to day 5(73%). This push-pull approach might have a great potential as a green control strategy for combating the tea green leafhoppers.

Field Efficacy Trial of Trapping Tea Green Leafhopper with Pheromone Insect-attracting Board

[Objective]The paper was to study the control effect of pheromone insect-attracting board on tea green leafhopper（Empoasca vitis Gothe）in fields. [Method]Pheromone insect-attracting board and ordinary insect-attracting board were used to trap tea green leafhopper in fields,and control efficacies were studied.[Result]The daily trapping effect of pheromone insect-attracting board on tea green leafhopper was 19.0 insect/grid,while that of ordinary insect-attracting board was 13.8 insect/grid.The highest control effect of pheromone insect-attracting board and ordinary insect-attracting board were 71.6% and 63. 6%,respectively.The distribution of tea green leafhopper in two types of boards showed the following regularities：more in upper edge and less in lower edge of boards,more on both sides and less in the middle of boards.The mean values of control effects of two insect-attracting boards were significantly different（t =5.66

Characterization of Resistance to the Green Rice Leafhopper (<i>Nephotettix cincticeps</i>Uhler) in a Core Collection of Landraces in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>L.)

The green rice leafhopper (GRH;Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler) is one of the most devastating insect pests of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in temperate regions in Asia. Using the rice germplasms with biotic stress resistance is the most effective and environmentally-friendly way to control the insect pests in the paddy. Sixty accessions from a core set of worldwide collection of rice were characterized for resistance to the GRH by antibiosis test both at the seedling and at the booting stages. The positive correlations of average nymph mortality (ANM) were observed between at the seedling stage and at the booting stage on 3 days after infestation (DAI) (r = 0.684**), 5DAI (r = 0.680**), and 7DAI (r = 0.652**), respectively. This result will give us the opportunity to screen resistance to the GRH with the cost-efficient way using rice seedlings in a growth chamber. To classify the 60 accessions evaluated, the ANM of the GRH of each accession was compared to the respective ANM of resistant and susceptible controls with the least significant difference (LSD) value. Based on the statistical difference or similarity of the ANMs to the resistant and the susceptible controls, we proposed the four groups of resistance to the GRH, (I) high level of resistance, (II) considerable level of resistance, (III) moderate level of resistance, and (IV) susceptibility. At the seedling stage, a total of 26 accessions were highly resistant in addition to other 6 for considerable level of resistance and other 10 for moderate level of resistance. At the booting stage, on the other hand, a total of 18 accessions were highly resistant in addition to other 3 for considerable level of resistance and other 5 for moderate level of resistance. A total of 42 accessions with high to moderate level of resistance were distributed across 16 countries in Asia in addition to each one for Madagascar and USA. The classification of landraces based on the present protocol for screening resistance to the insect provided fundamental information for genetics and breeding on resistance to the GRH in rice.

Comparative Toxicity of Selected Insecticides to Phytoplasma Transmitted Leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata （Melichar）

Leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata is represented the main insect as a pathogen for phytoplasma disease occurring by insect-transmitted plant viruses in date palm orchards. Therefore, it is important to investigate the potential effect of some insecticides against such insect. The adults of leafhopper C. bipunctata were collected from date palm orchards in Alhasa, Eastern province, Saudi Arabia. Three insecticides from different classes--beta-cyfluthrin （pyrethroids）, imidacloprid （neonicotinoids） and abamectin （natural compounds）--have been evaluated in vivo against adults C. bipunctata. This stage was exposed to residual film of various concentrations of each insecticide on transparent plastic cups using a Potter precision laboratory spray tower. Bioassay test showed that both beta-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid caused 100% mortality by 500 ppm at 24 h after treatment, whereas abamectin gave the same mortality by 50 ppm at the same time. Toxicity values revealed that abameetin was the most potent insecticide compared with beta-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid, where the lethal concentrations LC50 and LC95 were 24.58 ppm and 116.73 ppm at 3 h after treatment, respectively. Therefore, abamectin can be a possible candidate to be applied on date palm or ground grass by the Ministry of Agriculture after successful field experiments.

棉叶蝉种群动态及影响因素研究

为了探寻棉叶蝉种群数量田间动态变化规律及影响因素,为科学制定防治策略提供决策依据,于不同年份调查了不用药棉田的棉叶蝉数量及其消长规律,对比了常规用药棉田与不用药棉田的棉叶蝉种群动态差异,初步探索了抗虫棉和邻作作物对棉叶蝉种群的影响。结果表明,南昌和九江地区12月仍观测到棉株上有棉叶蝉的活动;2022年棉叶蝉虫口峰值明显高于2021年和2020年,且高峰期时间跨度较大,可能与当年7月-10月的旱情相关;不用药棉田年度间棉叶蝉种群变化趋势并无明显区别;常规用药棉田较不用药棉田棉叶蝉高峰期的时间推迟,但种群数量峰值无明显差异;抗虫棉与非抗虫棉上棉叶蝉个体数量变化动态基本一致,但抗虫棉上棉叶蝉的虫口峰值明显大于非抗虫棉;与玉米邻种的棉田棉叶蝉虫口峰值与对照处理无明显差异,但其峰值出现时间较其他栽培模式推迟;与玲珑菊和贡菊邻种的棉田棉叶蝉虫口峰值数量明显大于其他处理;与甜瓜和番茄邻种的棉田棉叶蝉虫口峰值明显低于其他处理。综上所述,棉叶蝉在赣北有越冬的可能;棉叶蝉的大发生可能与旱情相关;棉田用药可能仅推迟高峰期;抗虫棉有加重棉叶蝉发生的趋势;玲珑菊和贡菊与棉花邻作会加大棉叶蝉对棉田的为害;甜瓜和番茄与棉花邻作可能具有生态控虫的潜力。

Leafhopper salivary carboxylesterase suppresses JA-Ile synthesis to facilitate initial arbovirus transmission in rice phloem

Plant jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine(JA-Ile)is a major defense signal against insect feeding,but whether or how insect salivary effectors suppress JA-Ile synthesis and thus facilitate viral transmission in the plant phloem remains elusive.Insect carboxylesterases(CarEs)are the third major family of detoxification enzymes.Here,we identify a new leafhopper CarE,CarE10,that is specifically expressed in salivary glands and is secreted into the rice phloem as a saliva component.Leafhopper CarE10 directly binds to rice jasmonate resistant 1(JAR1)and promotes its degradation by the proteasome system.Moreover,the direct association of CarE10 with JAR1 clearly impairs JAR1 enzyme activity for conversion of JA to JA-Ile in an in vitro JAIle synthesis system.A devastating rice reovirus activates and promotes the co-secretion of virions and CarE10 via virus-induced vesicles into the saliva-storing salivary cavities of the leafhopper vector and ultimately into the rice phloem to establish initial infection.Furthermore,a virus-mediated increase in CarE10 secretion or overexpression of CarE10 in transgenic rice plants causes reduced levels of JAR1 and thus suppresses JA-Ile synthesis,promoting host attractiveness to insect vectors and facilitating initial viral transmission.Our findings provide insight into how the insect salivary protein CarE10 suppresses host JA-Ile synthesis to promote initial virus transmission in the rice phloem.

大田美人茶的原料要求和加工技术

大田美人茶以适制茶树品种的一芽一叶至一芽二三叶为原料,其中以茶小绿叶蝉为害2~3级的鲜叶为上乘。大田美人茶的加工技术是在台湾省东方美人茶加工技术基础上的创新,且更强调做青和低温干燥技术,加工流程包括萎凋、凉青、做青、发酵、杀青、回润、揉捻、干燥、精制等一系列工序。文章总结了生产大田美人茶的原料要求和加工技术,以为提升其加工技术提供参考。

陕西关中枣区枣疯病介体昆虫种类鉴定及种群消长动态分析

为预防和控制陕西关中枣区枣疯病,明确枣疯病潜在的介体昆虫种类,确定主要叶蝉的种群消长动态,于陕西省大荔县3块枣疯病发病严重的枣园,利用黄板诱捕法,从2022年4—10月对枣园的潜在介体昆虫进行调查和鉴定,并基于16SrDNA基因对昆虫枣疯病植原体携带率进行分析。发现潜在介体昆虫11种,包括多彩斑翅叶蝉、片突菱纹叶蝉、凹缘菱纹叶蝉、一点木叶蝉、小绿叶蝉、条沙叶蝉、茶扁叶蝉、异色对纹叶蝉、褐三刺角蝉、灰飞虱和绿盲蝽。不同昆虫的种群消长动态表明,多彩斑翅叶蝉、片突菱纹叶蝉和凹缘菱纹叶蝉为枣园的优势种,相对丰度分别为58.38%、15.68%和10.32%。叶蝉成虫的数量呈先上升后下降的趋势,多彩斑翅叶蝉有4个数量高峰,片突菱纹叶蝉和凹缘菱纹叶蝉均有2个数量高峰。枣疯病植原体PCR检测结果表明,片突菱纹叶蝉、凹缘菱纹叶蝉和灰飞虱样本中枣疯病植原体携带率分别为13.33%、12.67%和10.00%,其他昆虫中未检测出枣疯病植原体。本研究首次在灰飞虱体内检测到枣疯病植原体,表明灰飞虱可能为潜在的枣疯病介体昆虫。对介体昆虫的监测与防治有利于控制枣疯病的流行与蔓延,研究旨在为以阻断枣疯病传播链为目的的介体昆虫防治提供参考。

茶树抗小绿叶蝉基因CsTIFY的SSR分子标记开发与利用

茶小绿叶蝉是茶园重要虫害之一,严重影响茶叶的产量和品质。前期研究表明茶树TIFY转录因子家族在茶小绿叶蝉侵害过程中发挥重要作用。本研究对6个CsTIFY基因进行SSR位点检索并设计了132条引物,通过毛细管电泳筛选了5条多态性明显、条带清晰的SSR条带。结合24份茶树种质资源的茶小绿叶蝉抗性表型,发现SSR分子标记的分型成功率从58.3%(CsTIFY2-7)到83.3%(CsTIFY4-33)。本研究结果可以为茶树抗小绿叶蝉的早期鉴定及分子遗传育种提供理论基础。

几种杀虫剂对葡萄斑叶蝉的防效

葡萄斑叶蝉是新疆葡萄生产上的重要害虫,田间药效试验表明:25%阿克泰水分散粒剂4000～8000倍和10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂1500～3000倍,对葡萄斑叶蝉防效高,持效期长,药后7d防效在90%以上,药后21d防效仍在80%以上。48%乐斯本乳油2000～4000倍对葡萄斑叶蝉具有很好的速效性,但持效期短,药后21d防效为47.8%～56.30%。2.5%功夫水乳剂3000～6000倍对葡萄斑叶蝉的防效不高,药后21d防效为40.4%～60.0%。

茶小绿叶蝉优势种的归属

通过观察浙江、福建、安徽、湖北、湖南、贵州、广东、海南等省茶园的茶小绿叶蝉标本 ,得出结论 :这些茶区的茶小绿叶蝉优势种均为假眼小绿叶蝉 ,归属小绿叶蝉属Empoasca ,学名为Empoasca (Empoasca)vitis (G the)。

周边不同生境条件对茶园蜘蛛群落及叶蝉种群时空结构的影响

为利用天敌实施害虫生态控制,田间调查了周边不同生境条件对茶园蜘蛛及叶蝉种群结构的影响。结果表明:小乔木生境茶园(Ⅰ)和相思树生境茶园(Ⅲ)影响下茶园蜘蛛及叶蝉聚集程度较强,茶园Ⅰ叶蝉聚集数最多,为692头,但与其他生境茶园间差异不显著(P>0.05);茶园Ⅲ蜘蛛聚集数量最多,为1155头,并与稻田生境茶园(Ⅱ)、生活区生境茶园(Ⅳ)的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05);从蜘蛛功能群聚集情况来看,结网型蜘蛛相对较少,为295头;游猎型蜘蛛最多,为2957头;其中,茶园Ⅰ与茶园Ⅲ蜘蛛多样性指数和丰富度数值较大,对叶蝉的跟随效应明显,并与Ⅱ、Ⅳ茶园有显著差异(P<0.05)。多元数据分析结果显示,茶园Ⅰ和茶园Ⅲ均能够明显提高蜘蛛群落聚集的时空分布水平;蜘蛛群落的聚集密度时空分布大小表现为:茶园Ⅰ>茶园Ⅲ>茶园Ⅳ>茶园Ⅱ。由此可知周边生境结构植物丰富和相对稳定的茶园能通过和谐的生态过程影响蜘蛛和叶蝉的时空格局,提高蜘蛛对害虫叶蝉的自然控制能力。

显著调控假眼小绿叶蝉行为的迷迭香挥发物鉴定

茶园生态系中生长着众多草本和木本植物,迷迭香就是其中常见的木本杂草。以其幼嫩部分为味源、茶园重要害虫假眼小绿叶蝉为试虫,用Y形管嗅觉仪做行为测定,以洁净空气为CK,发现随着味源剂量增加,其引诱的假眼小绿叶蝉数增至一个数值再减少,二者呈抛物线关系。从迷迭香挥发物中鉴定出46种化合物,包含醇类9种、酮类4种、酯类4种、酸类1种、烯烃类18种、烷烃类7种、醚类1种、醛类1种和酚类1种。醇类含量最大,占总量52.20%;单组分中桉树脑、左旋α-蒎烯和马鞭草烯酮的含量最大,分别占总量的42.54%、10.37%和6.82%。使用迷迭香挥发物中含量较大的25种组分为味源,每味源配制几种剂量,以正己烷为CK,用Y形管嗅觉仪进行行为测定,发现10-2g/mL樟脑、10-4g/mL石竹烯、10-6g/mL和10-8g/mLα-水芹烯、10-4g/mL和10-10g/mLα-松油醇、10-10g/mL和10-8g/mL桉树脑显著引诱假眼小绿叶蝉;而10-10g/mLβ-蒎烯显著排斥假眼小绿叶蝉。经分析认为:茶园中除了茶树之外,还有其它植物挥发物引诱假眼小绿叶蝉,可为筛选茶园中诱虫植物提供参考。

茶园间作绿肥对假眼小绿叶蝉及其天敌缨小蜂的影响

在福建隽永天香茶业公司茶洋有机茶基地研究了茶园间作不同绿肥对假眼小绿叶蝉及其天敌缨小蜂的影响。结果表明,不同间作处理茶园假眼小绿叶蝉虫口数量差异显著(F=3.15,P<0.05),缨小蜂虫口数量差异极显著(F=4.22,P<0.01)。间作铺地木蓝+罗顿豆茶园,假眼小绿叶蝉虫口数量最高1035头,间作铺地木蓝+猪屎豆茶园,假眼小绿叶蝉的虫口数量最低378头;间作白三叶草+圆叶决明茶园,叶蝉天敌缨小蜂的虫口数量最高263头,缨小蜂虫口数量比空白对照提高了61.98%,茶园间作绿肥显著提高了天敌缨小蜂的种群数量。不同间作处理茶园假眼小绿叶蝉与天敌缨小蜂均呈显著的正相关。间作白三叶草+圆叶决明,茶园平均益害比最高为0.56,对照茶园最低为0.18。

Bt水稻对飞虱和叶蝉及其卵寄生蜂扩散规律的影响

研究了Bt水稻两个纯合品系TT9-3和TT9-4在田间对飞虱、叶蝉及其卵寄生蜂扩散规律的影响。结果表明:在Bt稻区与对照(IR72)区间相互扩散的飞虱有白背飞虱(Sogatellafurcifea)、褐飞虱(Nilaparvatalugens);叶蝉有黑尾叶蝉(Nephotetixcincticeps)、白翅叶蝉(Erythroneurasubrufa)和电光叶蝉(Deltpcephalusdorsalis);其中以白背飞虱和黑尾叶蝉为主。扩散数量叶蝉多于飞虱;扩散方向以Bt稻区向对照区扩散为主,其中TT9-3与IR72、TT9-4与IR72间白背飞虱与黑尾叶蝉的扩散量差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。在Bt稻区与对照区间相互扩散的飞虱和叶蝉的卵寄生蜂有稻虱缨小蜂(Anagrusspp.)和叶蝉柄翅小蜂(Lynaenonlongicrus),数量上后者多于前者,扩散方向也以Bt稻区向对照区扩散为主。

7种农药对茶园假眼小绿叶蝉和捕食性蜘蛛的影响研究

假眼小绿叶蝉(Empoasca vitis Gothe)是茶园的主要害虫之一,茶园的捕食性蜘蛛(Araneae)是其最主要的天敌。为找到既可有效控制假眼小绿叶蝉又对捕食性蜘蛛影响较小的农药,采用田间药效试验的方法,研究了7种杀虫剂对茶园假眼小绿叶蝉和捕食性蜘蛛的影响。结果表明,对假眼小绿叶蝉防效由高到低依次为虫螨腈(Chlorfenapyr)、丁烯氟虫腈(Butene-fipronil)、噻虫嗪(Thiamethoxam)、吡蚜酮(Pymetrozine)、噻嗪酮(Buprofezin)、氧苦·内酯(Oxymatrine·lactone)和联苯菊酯(Bifenthrin);对蜘蛛的杀伤率由低到高依次为噻嗪酮、吡蚜酮、噻虫嗪、丁烯氟虫腈、氧苦·内酯、联苯菊酯和虫螨腈。其中噻嗪酮、吡蚜酮、噻虫嗪和丁烯氟虫腈对假眼小绿叶蝉的防效较高,药后7 d的防效均高于74.0%,而对蜘蛛的影响较小,药后10 d的杀伤率均低于24.9%。因此,噻嗪酮、吡蚜酮、噻虫嗪和丁烯氟虫腈4种农药适合在生态茶园中使用。

假眼小绿叶蝉对不同颜色偏嗜性的研究

作者进行了茶树害虫假眼小绿叶蝉对不同颜色偏嗜性的室内和田间试验。结果表明 :假眼小绿叶蝉最偏嗜黄色。室内试验中 ,琥珀黄诱集的虫数最多 ,且与湖水蓝和宝石绿间的虫数差异不显著 ,与翠绿、雪白和橘橙间的虫数差异显著 (p <0 0 5 )。琥珀黄、油菜花黄和麦杆黄三种不同黄色间诱集的虫数无差异 ,它们与翠绿、靛青和海青间的虫数达差异显著性水平 (p <0 0 5 )。茶园试验中 ,琥珀黄诱集的虫数最多 ,与宝石绿间的虫数差异不显著 ,而与湖水蓝间虫数差异达显著水平 (p <0 0 5 )。室内外试验的结果基本一致 ,即假眼小绿叶蝉偏嗜黄绿色。