Prevalence and Spatial Distribution of Badnavirus in the Banana (Musa spp) Major Growing Areas in Burkina Faso

Banana streak virus (BSV) and Sugarcane bacilliform virus (SCBV) are two badnaviruses commonly found in all banana growing areas of the world. It is a threat to the production and improvement of Musa germplasm. In Burkina Faso, the presence of badnaviruses was reported in banana producing regions. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of BSV and SCBV in banana production areas of Burkina Faso. A survey followed by a symptomatologic study was conducted in banana plantations in 27 localities of the nine main banana producing regions from July to October 2018 and September to December 2020. In all, 251 leaf samples were collected and analysed for BSV and SCBV infection by Indirect Antigen Coated Plate Assay-ELISA followed by amplification of the RT/RNase H region using Polymerase chain reaction with Badna FP/RP and SCBV F/R primers, respectively. A variety of symptoms were observed on almost all plant organs which were revealed due to BSV by symptomatologic study. The results of serological and molecular diagnosis revealed a high overall prevalence of BSV in 80.48% of the samples tested. BSV was distributed in seven survey regions out of nine with prevalence ranging from 10% to 100% in North, Centre, Centre West, Hauts Bassins, Cascades, Centre East and Boucle of Mouhoun regions. Very low prevalence was recorded for SCBV in Cascades and East Centre region with 4.35 and 12.5%, respectively. Species detection using specific primers to each species revealed three main species: Banana streak Obino l’ewaï virus (BSOLV), Goldfinger virus (BSGFV) and Imové virus (BSIMV) in the samples tested, respectively in the proportions of 23%, 8% and 0.8%. Co-infection between BSV species was also detected.

Improvement of Selected Morphological, Physiological, and Biochemical Parameters of Banana (Musa acuminata L.) Using Potassium Silicate under Drought Stress Condition Grown in vitro

Drought stress has become more common in recent years as a result of climate change impacts on the production of banana crops and other fruit trees.The growth and productivity of Musa spp are severely impacted by the gradual degradation of water resources and the erratic distribution pattern of annual precipitation amount.The aim of the work includes increased drought tolerance in light of water scarcity in the world as a result of the bananas’being gluttonous for water needs.This investigation was carried out from 2019 to 2020 to study the effect of potassium silicate on morphological growth and biochemical parameters of Musa acuminata L under drought stress by PEG.As a result,drought stress reduced the morphological characteristics such as shoots number,shoot length,roots number,and survival percentage and biochemical characteristics such as chlorophyll a,b,carotenoids,stomatal status,and RWC.While proline content increased in the leaf of M.acuminata L.Media complemented with K2SiO3(2 to 6 mM)either individually or in combination with PEG led to an improvement in all morphological and biochemical characteristics.The activities of CAT,POD,and PPO enzymes increased significantly compared to control.Furthermore,the lowest PPO,CAT,and POD activity were achieved.Additionally,K2SiO3 treatments under drought stress successfully enhanced the leaf stomatal behavior.Our results suggest that K2SiO3 can help to maintain plant integrity in the tested cultivar under drought stress.

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Ma-14-3-3d Encoding a Homologue 14-3-3 Protein from Banana

[Objective] The aim of the study is to clone and analyze the gene encoding 14-3-3 protein from banana. [Method] Combined with PCR amplification, RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) technique was employed to clone 14-3-3 gene from banana; then the amplified sequence was sequenced and homologically analyzed. [Result] A new cDNA homologous with 14-3-3 protein genes were obtained by RT-PCR and RACE ( rapid amplification of cDNA ends ) approaches. The full length of this cDNA was 866 bp encoding 197 amino acids. Alignment of deduced amino acid sequence with those from other plants revealed that the cDNA shared high homology with 14-3-3 protein genes from other plants, and was designated as Musa acuminata 14-3-3 gene (Ma-14-3-3d). Phylogenetic analysis reveals that Ma-14-3-3d has closer genetic relationship with those from monocotyledon species than those from other species. [Conclusion] Ma-14-3-3d belongs to the same lineage of 14-3-3 from monocotyledon.

Participation of H_2O_2 in Enhancement of Cold Chilling by Salicylic Acid in Banana Seedlings

The possible physiological mechanism of enhancement of cold tolerance by salicylic acid (SA) in banana seedlings ( Musa acuminata cv. Williams 8188) was explored. Measurements of leakage electrolyte after 2 d of recovery at 30/22 ℃ (day/night) following 3 d of cold stress at 7 ℃ showed that pretreatment with hydroponic solution containing SA 0.3-0.9 mmol/L as foliar spray under normal growth conditions (30/22 ℃) could significantly enhance cold tolerance of banana plants. The highest enhancing effect of SA occurred at 0.5 mmol/L and it showed the lowest leakage rate of electrolyte or smaller leaf wilting area after 2 d of recovery at normal temperature from 3 d of 7 ℃ or 5 ℃ cold stress. Higher concentrations (≥2.5 mmol/L) of SA, however, caused more electrolyte leakage, indicating that they aggravated chilling damage. Enhanced cold tolerance by SA could be related to H 2O 2 metabolism. Compared with water_treated seedlings (control), SA 0.5 mmol/L treatment inhibited activities of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), increased peroxidase (POX) activity, but did not affect the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) under normal growth conditions, and these changes might lead to an accumulation of H 2O 2, whereas SA pretreatment enhanced the activities of CAT and APX, and reduced the increase in productions of H 2O 2 and thiobarbituric acid_reaction substances (TBARS) during subsequent 7 ℃ cold stress and recovery periods. Exogenous H 2O 2 treatments (1.5 -2.5 mmol/L) also increased cold tolerance of banana seedlings. Furthermore, pretreatment of banana seedlings with dimethylthiourea (a trap for H 2O 2) significantly inhibited cold tolerance induced by SA. These results suggested that endogenous H 2O 2 may be required for SA_enhanced cold tolerance. The significance of the interaction of SA, H 2O 2 and H 2O 2_metabolizing enzymes during cold stress has been discussed.

Isolation and Expression Analysis of MaPRMT1 Gene in Banana

[Objective] The aim of experiment was to lay molecular foundation for studying maturity mechanism of banana after harvest. [Method] The combined method of suppressing subtractive hybridization and cDNA micro-array were used to obtain cDNA segment of one PRMT gene in banana and the whole cDNA sequence of the gene was cloned.The bioinformatics analysis was operated on it,in addition, the expression profile analysis was conducted in different organs and different mature periods of banana.[Result] The whole length of cDNA in MaPRMT1 was 1 158 bp and possessed a complete open reading frame,which could encode 385 amino acids.It had high homology with PRMT in plant,containing one Methyltransf_1 domain.The MaPRMT1 gene was expressed in root,stem,leaf and fruit of banana and the expression levels in stem and leaf were relatively high.As the increase of days after harvest,the expression level declined gradually,however it reached maximum when ethylene release was biggest,then it declined.[Conclusion] MaPRMT1 belonged to the first kind of arginine methyltransferase and it was expressed differently in different organs and fruits at different mature periods.

A new isochroman-4-one derivative from the peel of Musa sapientum L.and its total synthesis

A new isochroman-4-one, 7,8-dihydroxy-3-methylisochroman-4-one was isolated from water soluble fraction of Musa sapientum L. Its structure was determined by spectroscopic evidences and its total synthesis has also been reported. The compound showed potent antihypertensive activity.

Protection of ultrastructure in chilling-stressed banana leaves by salicylic acid

Objective： Chilling tolerance of salicylic acid （SA） in banana seedlings （Musa acuminata cv., Williams 8818） was investigated by changes in ultrastructure in this study. Methods： Light and electron microscope observation. Results： Pretreatment with 0.5 mmol/L SA under normal growth conditions （30/22 ℃） by foliar spray and root irrigation resulted in many changes in ultrastructure of banana cells, such as cells separation from palisade parenchymas, the appearance of crevices in cell walls, the swelling of grana and stromal thylakoids, and a reduction in the number of starch granules. These results implied that SA treatment at 30/22 ℃ could be a type of stress. During 3 d of exposure to 7 ℃ chilling stress under low light, however, cell ultrastructure of SA-pretreated banana seedlings showed less deterioration than those of control seedlings （distilled water-pretreated）. Conclusion： SA could provide some protection for cell structure of chilling-stressed banana seedling.

Formulation and evaluation of semisolid jelly produced by Musa acuminata Colla(AAA Group) peels

Objective:To study the jelly formulation produced by Musa acuminata Colla(AAA Group) peels and evaluate its antioxidant properties which are related to the product quality.Methods:The formulations of peel jelly were established under two-level full factorial designs within two blocks and one center point.Regarding response optimizer,the amount of sugar and citric acid was obtained;hence,the peel jellies were produced.The evaluation of antioxidant properties was conducted by using total phenolic content(TPC)assay and 1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical assay.Results:The TPC of peel powder varied from 91.8 to 602.26 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g dry weight,and 5%-7% peel jellies had phenolic content ranging from 29.38 to 48.31 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g dry weight.The results of DPPH test indicated that at 10 mg/mL,the peel powder showed 89% DPPH inhibition,while 7% peel jelly prominently exhibited 84% DPPH inhibition.The correlation between DPPH IC50 value and TPC of peel powder as well as peel jelly was quite reasonably high with correlation coefficient ranging from 0.843 7 to 0.995.Conclusions:TPC can be used as an indicator in assessing the antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables.The present investigation reveals that TPC is mainly responsible for DPPH free radical scavenging capacity.

Taxonomic history and identity of Musa dasycarpa,M.velutina and M.assamica (Musaceae) in Southeast Asia

Since the initial description, the name Musa dasycarpa Kurz (1867) has been unclear to most botanists. It has usually been synonymized with M. velutina H. Wendl. & Drude (1875). However, although the original diagnosis was very short, 'fruits hairy', it is adequate. Thus, according to Vienna Codes, M. dasycarpa Kurz has priority over M. velutina H. Wendl. & Drude. The aim of this study is to settle the true identity and to update the description of M. dasycarpa Kurz. For that purpose the names M. dasycarpa and M. velutina are typified. In addi-tion, critical notes regarding M. assamica Bull. are given; it is neotypified here, and considered as conspecific with M. sanguinea Hook. f.

Can Changes in Soil Properties in Organic Banana Production Suppress Fusarium Wilt?

Organic agriculture promotes disease suppression through healthy soils by increasing biological activity and diversity through the application of organic fertilizers and increasing organic inputs. Fusarium wilt of bananas (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Fcubense) (Foc), also known as Panama disease, has been a devastating disease throughout the world. So far, no fungicides or cultural measures have been found that control Foc sufficiently. The aim of this research was to assess whether organic-based farming systems were more resilient than inorganic farming systems to soil borne diseases, in particular Fusarium wilts. A survey was conducted comparing five organic and five conventional banana plantations at paired sites in north Queensland, Australia. Soil samples were collected and analysed for chemical, physical and biological soil health indicators. Disease development of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomatoes and Foc in bananas were studied in pot trials to pursue clues for identifying Fusarium suppressive soil traits. Organic soils from the survey showed higher microbial activity and lower disease symptom expression (both with tomatoes and bananas) than conventional soils. In the survey, nematode diversity and soil sulphate content were recurring indicators in all experiments showing close correlations to pathogen growth, disease expression and plant health. Organic soils were lower in plant-parasitic nematodes and sulphate sulphur levels and higher in nematode diversity, labile soil C and microbial indicators. Soil conduciveness or suppression of Foc appeared to be largely governed by competition for carbon. Measurement of soil microbial enzyme activity, nematode community structure and diversity and possibly sulphate sulphur seem to provide a relatively reliable indicator for general disease suppression. Differences between organic and conventional agriculture cannot be related to single management practices, but may be linked to synergies among system components.

Galactagogue effects of Musa x paradisiaca flower extract on lactating rats

Objective:To investigate the potential of Musa x paradisiaca(M.x paradisiaca)flower extracts in promoting milk production of lactating rats and its effects on growth of the suckling pups. Methods:Galactagogue activity was evaluated in terms of quantity of milk produced from the rats treated with petroleum ether,ethanol or water extracts of the flower.Lactating rats(n=5) of Spraque Dawley with six pups each were administered with the extracts in the amount of 500 mg/kg body weight,while the control rats were given an equivalent amount of distilled water.The rats were daily administered via oral feeding starting from Day 5 until Day 14 and the performance of milk production was measured along the experimental period by weight-suckle-weight method. Results were statistically analyzed using SPSS by means of ANOVA at 0.05 and was expressed as their mean±standard deviation.The rates of pups’ growth were measured as the weight gain along the experimental period.Results:The rats treated with aqueous extract produced higher milk than control and ethanol groups.Aqueous extract was identified to increase milk production by 25%,while petroleum ether extract by 18%.The mean of yields produced by the rats during suckling period for aqueous,petroleum ether,ethanol and control were 4.62±2.45,4.37±1.93,3.65±1.89 and 3.69±1.79,respectively.Growth rates of pups for the rats treated with control,aqueous, ethanol extract and petroleum ether were(1.85±0.49),(1.78±0.56),(1.65±0.46)and(1.56±0.42) g/pup, respectively.Conclusions:The present study reveals the potential of M.x paradisiaca flower to enhance milk production of nursing mothers which could be exploited for commercialization of the isolated extract.

BanSatDB, a whole-genome-based database of putative and experimentally validated microsatellite markers of three Musa species

The genus Musa is one of three genera in the family Musaceae, which includes bananas and plantains, which are monocotyledonous plants. Bananas have valuable nutritional content of vitamin C, B6, minerals, and dietary fiber and are a rich food energy source, given that carbohydrates account for 22%–32% of fruit weight. Molecular markers are valuable for crop improvement and population genetics studies. The availability of whole-genome sequence and in silico approaches has revolutionized bulk marker discovery. We describe an online web genomic resource, BanSatDB(http://webtom.cabgrid.res.in/bansatdb/) having the highest number(>341,000) of putative STR markers from Musa genera so far, represented by three species: M. acuminata(110,000), M. balbisiana(107,000), and M. itinerans(124,000)from 11 chromosomes of each species. BanSatDB has also been populated with 580 validated STR markers from the published literature. It is based on a three-tier architecture using MySQL, PHP and Apache. The markers can be retrieved by use of multiple search parameters including chromosome number(s), microsatellite types(simple or compound),repeat nucleotides(1–6), copy number, microsatellite length, pattern of repeat motif, and chromosome location. These markers can be used for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability(DUS) tests of variety identification and for marker assisted selection(MAS) in variety improvement and management. These STRs have also proved to be helpful in classification of Musa germplasm to distinguish individual accessions and in the development of a standardized procedure for genotyping. These markers can also be used in gene discovery and QTL mapping. The database represents a source of markers for developing and implementing new approaches for molecular breeding, which are required to enhance banana productivity.

Assessing New Banana Genotypes for Relevant Traits: Implication for Variety Selection

Understanding the performance of new crop genotypes for traits of relevance is important in selecting potential cultivars to satisfy end-users. The objective of this study was to determine the performance of new banana genotypes for bunch mass (BMS) and BMS-related traits, resistance to black Sigatoka and sensory attributes. Eight cooking banana genotypes consisting of six new hybrid genotypes selected from advanced breeding trials and two control cultivars were evaluated in a randomized complete block design for three crop cycles at three locations in Uganda. Genotype, location, crop cycle and their interaction effects were significantly different for most traits assessed. The overall top two genotypes (“9058K-2” and “8099K-16”) combining high BMS, resistance to black Sigatoka and acceptable sensory attributes were identified. These genotypes are suggested as potential commercial cultivars for release to farmers in Uganda and/or other East African countries with similar environmental conditions to those where the genotypes were tested. It should be noted that high BMS/yield and resistance to diseases are not the only factors to consider when selecting banana genotypes that meet end-user needs. A combination of high BMS/yield, acceptable sensory attributes and resistance to diseases essentially influence the selection process of banana cultivars.

Paternity Testing of Selected Abaca （Musa textilis L. Nee） Hybrids Using Morphometric Markers

Investigation into the paternity of four abaca （Musa textilis L, Nee） hybrids was done to ascertain the mode of transmission of selected morpho-agronomic traits and to detect possible heterosis. In situ morphological characterization was undertaken using twenty five qualitative and six quantitative characters. Results revealed that a great majority of the qualitative traits were shared by both parents and their hybrids. For the rest, the qualitative traits were inherited from one or the other parent though some variant phenotypes （i.e. chimerism） were also noted in the hybrids. Cases ofheterosis were also observed and this could be exploited to increase fiber yield in the hybrids. Though inconclusive due to factors such as the heterogenous nature of abaca plants in the field and the susceptibility of morphological traits to environmental fluctuations, this study has provided baseline information on abaca hybridity that can be verified using more robust technologies as molecular markers.

应用AFLP进行香牙蕉品种(系)的鉴别与分类

采用AFLP技术，对35个香牙蕉品种（系）进行了鉴别与分类。从AFLP试剂盒所提供的64对引物组织中选取两对引物组合EcoR I ACC+Mse I CAT和EcoR IACC+Mse I CAG对35份香牙蕉材料进行了AFLP分析，共得到扩增位点107个，其中多态性位点84个，多态性位点比例达到78.5%，对35个品种的区分率达到100％。各品种（系）多态性带数存在差别，多态性带数量多为海南红蕉（56条），多态性比例最高为0.6667，可见其杂合程度较高；多态性带最少的为大丰1－1号（33条），其多态性比例为0.3929。各品种（系）相互之间的相似系数介于0.71-1.00，表明香牙蕉品种（系）之间遗传关系相对较近，依相似系数0.88的水平，可以将供试的35个香牙蕉品种（单株）分为6个品种群，鉴别了3个引自不同国家的品种。几内亚、苹果以及阳江矮实际上为同一个香牙蕉品种，该研究结果基于AFLP分子标记，能从分子水平上反映香牙蕉地方品种之间的亲缘关系，可以作为香牙蕉品种（系）分类的依据。

闽江流域野生蕉(Musa itinerans)遗传多样性和遗传结构的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术对福建省闽江流域10个野生蕉自然居群的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行分析,结果显示:12条ISSR引物共检测出117个条带,105个多态性条带,多态性百分率为89.7%;野生蕉Nei遗传多样性指数为0.244,Shannon's信息指数为0.381,其中三明野生蕉遗传多样性水平最高,且不同自然居群间遗传多样性指数之间具有显著性差异;总遗传变异系数为0.589,基因流为0.349,居群间的遗传分化程度高于居群内;基于遗传距离的聚类结果与模型聚类结果均聚为3大类,分别为沙溪支流的三明野生蕉类群、闽江上游及附近支流的南平野生蕉类群和闽江下游的福州野生蕉类群。研究认为,闽江流域野生蕉资源丰富的遗传多样性主要来源于自然居群间生境异质化所引起的高频率遗传变异,且三明野生蕉类群的遗传多样性和遗传分化程度最高,可能是福建野生蕉的起源中心,也是野生蕉资源开发和利用的最主要群落。此外,水流是闽江流域野生蕉遗传迁移最关键的自然主导因素。

影响体胚发生途径香蕉(Musa spp.,AAB Group)植株再生的因素

香蕉品种‘Agbagaba’和‘Orishele’的胚性细胞悬浮系(ECS)在液体培养基中分别预培养1和2周后,将其接种在RD1和M3培养基上,于光照或黑暗条件下进行体胚的再生。从沉积细胞体积(SCV) 为1 mL(1 mL SCV)的ECS获得的再生体胚数量因预培养时间、再生培养基的种类及培养条件的不同而异。植株的再生率及从1 mL SCV的ECS获得的再生植株数量也受上述体胚再生条件的间接影响。

福州野生蕉(Musa spp.,AA Group)的发现及其分类学地位的初步确定

本文首次报道了福建省福州野生蕉(Musa spp.,‘AB’Group)的发现、分布、基本生物学特性;同时,根据Simmonds和Shepherd的分类方法,确认福州野生蕉属于AA类群,并初步分析了福州野生蕉的利用价值。

香蕉果实成熟软化时果皮和果肉中α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶活性的变化(英文)

阿拉伯糖是果实软化过程中变化最明显的细胞壁糖残基之一,α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶是导致细胞壁多糖中阿拉伯糖残基降解的主要糖苷酶。为阐明该酶在香蕉果实成熟软化中的作用,实验对香蕉贮藏过程中果皮和果肉中该酶活性以及果实硬度、呼吸强度和乙烯释放量的变化进行了研究。结果表明:α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶在果实初期的变化很小,到果实硬度开始急剧下降时达到最大,增加量达10倍以上,且果肉中的酶活性大于果皮中;乙烯吸收剂处理延缓了香蕉果实呼吸和乙烯高峰的出现时间,降低了果实硬度、果皮和果肉中α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶活性变化的速度和幅度。以上结果表明α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶起诱导香蕉果实成熟的作用,在果实的软化中起着十分重要的作用,且其活性受乙烯的调节。

福州旗山野生蕉(Musa spp.,AB Group)试管苗Mn-SOD基因克隆及生物信息学分析

以旗山野生蕉(Musa spp.,AB group)试管苗幼嫩叶片为材料,利用RT-PCR结合RACE技术克隆获得野生蕉试管苗Mn-SOD基因c DNA序列。结果表明:旗山野生蕉Mn-SOD的c DNA全长序列共831 bp,其中5′UTR为137 bp,3′UTR为151 bp,3′端含有17个poly(A)尾。开放阅读框(ORF)共有543个碱基组成,编码181个氨基酸。蛋白理化性质预测结果显示:Mn-SOD蛋白分子量为20 108.8 u,等电点7.92,属于碱性蛋白。