Influence of ginger and banana starches on the mechanical and disintegration properties of chloroquine phosphate tablets

Objective:The influence of two experimental starches - ginger starch obtained from Zingiber officinale and banana starch from Musa sapientum - on the mechanical and disintegration properties of chloroquine tablets have been studied in comparison with the influence of official corn starch.Methods:Chloroquine tablets were formulated using various concentarions of the starches as binding agent.The mechanical properties of the tablets were assessed in terms of crushing strength and friability and the crushing strength-friability ratio(CSFR) while drug release properties were evaluated based on disintegration and the time of tablets.Results:The ranking for crushing strength and CSFR was corn】banana】ginger starch while the ranking was reverse for friability.The disintegration time increased with packing fraction and starch concentration in the rank order of formulations containing corn】banana】ginger starch.The CSFR/DT values increased with concentration of starch binder indicating an improved balance between binding and disintegrant properties of the starches.Statistical analysis showed that there were significant(P【0.001) difference in the CSFR/DT for tablets containing the various starch binders.Conclusion:The mechanical and disintegration properties of the experimental starches compared favorably with those of corn starch and ginger starch could be more useful when faster tablet disintegration is desired.

Chemical, Starch Digestibility and Sensory Characteristics of Durum Wheat/Unripe Whole Banana Flour Blends for Spaghetti Formulation

Excess weight and obesity are serious public health problems, which should be addressed through encouraging the consumption of foods with high amount of low digestible carbohydrates. The objective of this study was to put together spaghetti that blends unripe banana whole flour (UBWF) and durum wheat of different levels and to evaluate their chemical composition, starch digestibility and sensory characteristics. Spaghetti with 15%, 30%, and 45% of UBWF and a control spaghetti (100% durum wheat flour) were put together. The protein content decreased (10.42% to 7.74%) as the UBWF level was increased in the composite, while the amount of ash (0.87% to 1.54%) and total starch (70.24% to 73.71%) increased. Spaghetti with 15% and 45% of UBWF had similar available starch content. The addition of UBWF increased the resistant starch content from 1.98% to 10.91%, and consequently the indigestible starch fraction (14.00% to 27.29%). Spaghetti with 30% of UBWF had good consumer acceptability and was ranked higher than the control sample.

Acetylation of Starch Extracted from Rejected Fruits of <i>Musa ×paradisiaca L.</i>to Obtain a Pharmaceutical Disintegrant

There are many natural sources to obtain pharmaceutical grade starch, one of which is banana (Musa × paradisiaca L.);nevertheless, the use of native starch has certain disadvantages compared to modified starches, whose disintegrating properties are better. In this study, starch extracted from rejected fruits of Musa × paradisiaca L., was modified by acetylation, under the following optimized experimental conditions: 130 mL acetic anhydride, 3 mL sodium hydroxide 50% p/v for each 15 grams of native starch, at 123℃ during 3 hours. The reaction resulted in a modified green banana starch with twice as much swelling capacity compared to unmodified (native) starch;acetylation was verified by infrared spectroscopy and degree of substitution of acetyl groups by back titration. The dissolution profiles of Ibuprofen tablets made with banana modified starch and commercial disintegrant, have no differences according with their similarity factor, f2. It is concluded that it is feasible to use green banana starch modified through acetylation as a pharmaceutical disintegrant.

Effects of high CO_2 treatment on green-ripening and peel senescence in banana and plantain fruits

Banana fruit（Musa,AAA group,cv.Brazil） peel fails to fully degreen but the pulp ripens normally at temperatures above24°C.This abnormal ripening,known as green-ripening,does not occur in plantains（Musa,ABB group,cv.Dajiao）.Based on the fact that un-completely yellowing was also observed for bananas in poorly ventilated atmospheres,in the present study,the effect of high CO2 with regular O2（21%） on banana ripening was investigated along with that on plantains at20℃.The results showed that high CO2 conferred different effects on the color changing of bananas and plantains.After6 d ripening in 20%CO2,plantains fully yellowed,while bananas retained high chlorophyll content and stayed green.In contrast to the differentiated color changing patterns,the patterns of the softening,starch degradation and soluble sugar accumulation in the pulp of 20%CO2 treated bananas and plantains displayed similarly as the patterns in the fruits ripening in regular air,indicating that the pulp ripening was not inhibited by 20%CO2,and the abnormal ripening of bananas in 20%CO2 can be considered as green ripening.Similar expression levels of chlorophyll degradation related genes,SGR,NYC and PaO,were detected in the peel of the control and treated fruits,indicating that the repressed degreening in 20%CO2treated bananas was not due to the down-regulation of the chlorophyll degradation related genes.Compared to the effect on plantains,20%CO2 treatment delayed the decline in the chlorophyll florescence（F√F_m values and in the mRNA levels of a gene coding small subunit of Rubisco（SSU）,and postponed the disruption of the ultrastructure of chloroplast in the peel tissue of bananas,indicating that the senescence of the green cells in the exocarp layer was delayed by 20%CO2,to more extent in bananas than in plantains.High CO2 reduced the ethylene production and the expression of the related biosynthesis gene,ACS,but elevated the respiration rates in both cultivars.The up-regulation of the expression of anaerobic respiration pathway genes,ADH and PDC,might be responsible for the subtle effect of high CO2 on the pulp ripening.Taken together,the atmosphere of high CO2 and regular O2,delayed the senescence of the green cells in the exocarp layer of the banana peel,but conferred no obvious inhibition on the pulp ripening,leading to a distinct green-ripening that was different from the phenomenon induced by high temperatures.

臭氧预处理与月桂酸复合改性对香蕉淀粉结构和性质的影响

为探究臭氧预处理与脂质复合改性对淀粉结构和性质的影响,以青香蕉淀粉为原料,通过臭氧预处理和月桂酸复合改性制备臭氧预处理香蕉淀粉-月桂酸复合物,并分析复合改性对香蕉淀粉理化性质和消化性的影响。结果表明,与天然香蕉淀粉相比,臭氧预处理香蕉淀粉与月桂酸的复合指数提高了12.67%,复合改性所形成的复合物水溶性、溶胀力和析水率显著提高,糊化温度由104.24~135.23℃提高至155.60~161.68℃,抗性淀粉质量分数提高6.71%,但碘结合力降低。扫描电镜和原子力显微镜结果显示,月桂酸结合在淀粉粒表面与淀粉形成复合物,提高了淀粉粒表面高度。傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线衍射结果表明,香蕉淀粉与月桂酸通过氢键和疏水效应形成了非“V”型包合物和“V”型包合物。接触角和热重分析结果表明,复合物的疏水性和热稳定性增强。因此,通过臭氧预处理与月桂酸复合改性能够改善香蕉淀粉的水溶性、溶胀力和热稳定性,并进一步提高淀粉的抗消化性。本研究结果将有助于拓展淀粉在食品领域的应用前景。

香蕉抗性淀粉保健酸奶的研制

研究以香蕉抗性淀粉为功能因子的搅拌型保健酸奶的加工工艺。考察香蕉粉添加量对产品品质的影响,以及贮藏过程中酸奶品质的变化。结果表明:香蕉粉最佳添加量3%;香蕉香精最佳加入量0.05‰;优化所得的酸奶发酵工艺参数组合为发酵温度40℃、接种量4%、发酵时间4.0h;在4℃条件下可以贮藏7d。所研制的香蕉抗性淀粉保健酸奶,营养价值丰富、抗性淀粉保留率高,为开发优良物性和高膳食纤维的保健型酸奶提供理论依据。

香蕉果实生长发育过程主要营养物质变化规律

以‘巴西’、‘威廉斯(8818)’、‘矮化威廉斯(8818-1)’3个香蕉品种的果实为试验材料,进行果实发育过程中糖、淀粉、单宁以及Vc含量的分析。结果表明,香蕉不同品种果实生长趋势及糖、淀粉、单宁和Vc的变化趋势基本一致,同一品种糖与淀粉的变化趋势正好相反。香蕉果实在整个发育过程中,以积累淀粉为主,糖含量保持较低水平(1.5%左右);后熟期,淀粉转化为糖。香蕉果实发育过程中单宁和Vc含量均呈下降趋势。

香蕉抗性淀粉提取工艺优化研究

青香蕉富含抗性淀粉(RS,resistant starch),具有膳食纤维所不能及的保健功能和加工特性,深入研究对香蕉深加工和抗性淀粉开发具有指导意义。本文就香蕉浆在酶、作用环境(pH、温度)和时间等因素作用下,分离提取获取抗性淀粉的效果研究。在单因素实验的基础上,采用正交设计优化酶解条件。结果表明,五因素对RS纯度影响大小依次为酶作用pH>Amylase酶用量>反应温度>果浆酶用量>作用时间,最佳的酶解条件为果浆酶和Amylabe酶用量0.15%,pH 5.0,40℃,作用时间为1 h,该作用条件下验证所得的RS纯度达到99.75%。

青香蕉全粉与淀粉理化性质及消化特性研究

以威廉斯B6香蕉为原料制备香蕉粉和香蕉淀粉,对香蕉粉与香蕉淀粉的理化性质和消化特性进行研究。结果表明:青香蕉全粉具有较高的淀粉含量,占其干基的80.38%,香蕉淀粉颗粒多为扁平状,形状不规则,为C型结晶结构。与淀粉相比,香蕉全粉具有更高的峰值黏度和糊化温度,全粉的稠度系数显著高于香蕉淀粉,流体指数更低,假塑性更强。消化特性测定结果表明威廉斯B6香蕉全粉中,抗性淀粉含量达到70.96%,全粉中的其它成分有助于提高其淀粉的抗消化性。

三种香蕉淀粉颗粒性质的研究

淀粉是香蕉的主要成分之一,其结构性质不仅是反映香蕉特性,也是淀粉科研究的内容之一,更直接关系到香蕉的开发利用。本文研究了三种香蕉淀粉的大小、表面结构、偏光十字、X-射线衍射图谱和晶体结构等,为香蕉食品的研究开发提供理论依据。

几种测定香蕉抗性淀粉含量方法的比较

抗性淀粉具有膳食纤维所不能及的生理功能和加工特性,是近年来变性淀粉和功能食品研究的热点,其定量分析方法目前仍没有统一的标准。文中选用了3种比较有代表性的抗性淀粉(RS)测定方法:TSA法、Berry法和Goni法,对青香蕉、生马铃薯和玉米淀粉3种原料中的RS和总淀粉含量的测定进行了比较。结果表明:Goni法模拟了人体胃肠道的生理条件,具有重复性好,操作简单等明显优势而更适合于富含抗性淀粉颗粒的青香蕉原料中RS含量的测定,用该法测得的RS含量为80.12%,其中RS2占96.63%。

香蕉抗性淀粉的制备及理化特性研究

抗性淀粉类似膳食纤维,不能在小肠消化吸收和提供葡萄糖,可直接进入大肠被生理性细菌发酵,产生多种短链脂肪酸和气体,具有多种生理功能。我国香蕉资源丰富,但缺乏香蕉高附加值产品的开发。本文以青香蕉为原料制备抗性淀粉,并对香蕉抗性淀粉的测定方法以及理化特性进行研究。结果表明:Goni法更适合于香蕉抗性淀粉的测定,经过高压糊化和酶处理,香蕉抗性淀粉的含量可以达到10.88%;紫外-可见光谱分析显示,香蕉抗性淀粉是由直链淀粉和支链淀粉组成的混合物;香蕉抗性淀粉颗粒的轮纹结构比较细,轮纹数量较多,大小为7.0～60μm左右;香蕉抗性淀粉溶解度低,透明度、持水性较好。本文为香蕉深加工食品的研究开发提供理论依据,具有广阔的开发和应用前景。

香蕉采后果肉硬度与淀粉代谢变化

为了弄清楚香蕉采后果实硬度与淀粉代谢的变化规律及相关性,以‘巴西’蕉(Musa sp.‘Brazil’)果肉为试材,对香蕉采后果实淀粉代谢与果肉硬度变化进行分析。结果表明,贮藏过程中,果肉硬度逐渐下降,总淀粉含量呈下降趋势,总淀粉酶活性呈上升趋势,α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性呈先增后减的单峰型变化;相关性分析发现,香蕉采后果肉硬度下降与总淀粉含量变化呈极显著正相关,与总淀粉酶活性变化呈极显著负相关,与α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性变化相关性不显著。香蕉采后果肉硬度下降可能主要涉及到总淀粉含量的下降和总淀粉酶活性的上升。

喷雾干燥工艺对香蕉抗性淀粉保留率的影响

该文就喷雾干燥中香蕉浆液浓度、进料速度、进风温度3个工艺参数对香蕉抗性淀粉保留率的影响进行研究,采用二次回归正交旋转组合和响应面优化喷雾干燥条件,建立香蕉抗性淀粉保留率随香蕉浆液浓度、进料速度、进风温度变化的标准回归模型,分析三者对香蕉抗性淀粉保留率的影响规律。结果显示:进风温度对香蕉抗性淀粉的保留率影响最大,其次是进料速度,而香蕉浆液浓度影响最小;当香蕉浆液浓度为10.66%、进料速度为14.70mL/min、进风温度为156.88℃时,香蕉抗性淀粉的保留率最高,为93.80%,产品品质良好。

3个香蕉品种的果实淀粉形状与含量及风味物质比较

采用扫描电子显微镜对巴西蕉、宝岛蕉、红香蕉3个品种（AAA基因型）的淀粉颗粒形状及大小进行观察，并测定果实中总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉及风味物质的含量，以揭示不同品种间香蕉果实品质差异的内在机理。结果显示：（1）巴西蕉、宝岛蕉、红香蕉淀粉颗粒的形状分别为不规则三角形、圆形、棒形，大小分别为8．20～35．70μm、6．90～29．80μm、5．47～23．80μm。（2）巴西蕉、宝岛蕉、红香蕉总淀粉含量分别为（66．93±2．48）％、（90．38±2．46）％、（48．91±2．49）％；直链淀粉含量分别为（20．48±1．09）％、（21．48±1．08）％、（14．67±1．10）％；支链淀粉含量分别为（46．45±1．85）％、（68．90±1．25）％、（34．24±1．45）％；且3个品种总淀粉、支链淀粉及直链淀粉含量差异均达到显著水平。（3）巴西蕉、宝岛蕉、红香蕉Vc含量分别为（15．54±1．10）、（17．63±1．14）、（16．76±1．03）mg／100gFM；可溶性固形物含量分别为（15．50±0．22）％、（15．67±0．30）％和（16．17±0．30）％；糖／酸比分别为2．75：1、2．74：1、3．15：1；差异显著性分析发现，3个品种Vc及可溶性固形物含量差异分别达到极显著、显著水平；巴西蕉和宝岛蕉糖／酸比差异不显著。研究认为，同～基因型（AAA）不同品种香蕉果实的淀粉形状、大小、总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉以及Vc和可溶性固形物含量均存在明显差异，为解释不同品种间香蕉果实品质差异提供了理论依据。

三种改性方法对青香蕉淀粉物化性质的影响

为了探求一种既尽可能保留青香蕉淀粉的天然特性,又能改善其加工特性的改性方法,对比了复合酶法、乳酸发酵法和挤压膨化法对青香蕉淀粉特性的影响。结果表明:三种改性方法中,复合酶法能够显著提高抗性淀粉的质量分数;通过比较三种改性淀粉的理化特性,复合酶法和乳酸发酵法使结晶度由18.13%分别增加到20.19%和22.06%,而挤压膨化法使结晶度大幅下降至2.16%。复合酶法淀粉的分子解聚程度低,能较好保持原淀粉的颗粒形态,且有助于提高淀粉糊的热稳定性、冷稳定性和凝沉性。而乳酸发酵法和挤压膨化法使热稳定性降低,凝沉性减弱,但能够提高冷稳定性;加工特性研究表明,复合酶法对香蕉原淀粉的色泽影响较小,有助于改善淀粉糊的透明度,提高香蕉淀粉的感官品质。挤压膨化改性淀粉在透明度、溶解度和吸水性方面均有所改善。而乳酸发酵改性对冻融稳定性的影响较小。综上而言,复合酶法是较理想的改性方法。

不同干燥工艺对香蕉抗性淀粉的影响

本研究以绿色香蕉为原料,以香蕉抗性淀粉保留率、碘吸收曲线、颗粒形貌以及抗性淀粉的结晶结构、吸水指数、水溶性指数、L值为衡量指标,系统分析和比较了各干燥技术(热风干燥、挤压干燥、真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥)对绿色香蕉功能因子——抗性淀粉的保留效果以及产品品质和特性的影响。结果表明:真空冷冻干燥、低温热风干燥(50℃)和喷雾干燥对香蕉抗性淀粉及其颗粒结构的保留效果以及产品品质均优于100℃热风干燥,而挤压干燥对香蕉抗性淀粉及颗粒结构的破坏效果最明显,产品色泽也最深。

香蕉粉干预对糖尿病大鼠肠道菌群调节作用研究

观察香蕉粉干预对糖尿病大鼠肠道菌群的影响。将SD大鼠分为:正常对照组(NCG)、糖尿病对照组(DCG)、低剂量组(LDG)、中剂量组(MDG)和高剂量组(HDG),干预4周后检测5种常见肠道菌群的分布。结果表明:干预后高剂量组(263.50±8.71g)和中剂量组(258.25±11.89 g)的体重显著低于糖尿病对照组(278.75±5.06 g);各干预组的排便量(182.57±12.80 g、188.00±17.09g、163.00±8.75 g)显著高于糖尿病对照组(146.57±20.44 g);香蕉粉可显著增加双歧杆菌、拟杆菌、乳酸杆菌的菌落数,显著减少肠球菌菌落数,各干预组的B/E值(1.17±0.15、1.24±0.08、1.21±0.11)显著高于糖尿病对照组(1.13±0.07);各干预组的短链脂肪酸含量(188.50±46.90 mmol/L、118.60±32.41 mmol/L、61.42±10.80mmol/L)显著高于糖尿病对照组(32.46±8.34 mmol/L),同时pH值显著降低。香蕉粉有控制糖尿病大鼠体重增加和促进排便的作用,明显改善肠道菌群结构,并增加其酵解产物,降低肠道pH值,从而发挥其对机体的健康作用。

香蕉粉毒理学安全评价及减肥功效研究

通过急性经口毒性实验研究了小鼠灌胃香蕉粉后所产生的毒性反应和死亡情况,并以卫生部保健食品减肥功能学评价程序与检验方法为依据,以SPF级雄性SD大鼠为研究对象,采用大鼠肥胖模型法,研究了香蕉粉的减肥功效。结果表明:给药后连续观察14d,小鼠活动正常、皮毛光亮,无异常分泌物,体重正常增长,无一小鼠死亡。全部存活小鼠大体解剖,肉眼观察未发现组织脏器体积、颜色、质地等出现改变;香蕉粉可使高脂饲料引起的营养性肥胖模型大鼠的体重明显减轻,并能显著降低大鼠Lee’s指数和脂肪指数,降低血清总胆固醇(TC)、血清甘油三酯(TG)以及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量(p<0.05),而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)明显升高。因此,香蕉粉对营养型肥胖大鼠有显著的减肥作用。

香蕉抗性淀粉、单宁的含量及酶解单宁的研究

研究香蕉抗性淀粉含量和单宁含量与香蕉成熟度的关系,再通过单因素试验和正交试验方法,优化单宁酶酶解去除单宁的工艺参数,以提取出纯度更高的香蕉抗性淀粉。研究结果表明:随着成熟度的增加,香蕉果肉的硬度越小,抗性淀粉含量越少,单宁含量也越少。单宁酶酶解4个因素对单宁脱除效果的影响大小依次为:单宁酶用量>酶解温度>酶解时间>酶作用p H。最佳酶解条件为单宁酶用量0.12%,p H 6.5,50℃,酶解时间为100 min,该条件下单宁脱除率达56.70%。