Enhancing Access to Bank Credit for Small-Scale Farmers in Kisumu and Kiambu Districts, Kenya Through Public-Private Partnership Initiative

In Kenya, small-scale fanning has immense potential in poverty reduction. The growth of farming activities requires sustainable access to affordable credit to boost and sustain production. This study is initiated to investigate factors influencing access to bank credit by small-scale farmers in Kisumu and Kiambu Districts, Kenya. It is necessitated by lack of a comprehensive study documenting the effectiveness of the partnership initiative in improving access to credit for small-scale farmers. The study seeks to address the following concerns： what factors influence access to bank credit by small-scale farmers under the initiative？ Are small-scale farmers in various parts of the country accessing bank credit equally？ Through which sources do farmers get to know about credit products provided through the initiative？ Primary data was collected from 144 farmers in Kiambu and 127 farmers in Kisumu, sampled using systematic random procedure. The cross-sectional survey design was applied to guide the research process. Quantitative analysis generated cross-tabulations with chi-square and binary logistic regression. The study found that out of 144 credit applicants in Kiambu about 56.3% were successful, while in Kisumu only 37.8% were successful. Access to bank credit was significantly associated with farmers＇ gender, education level, income level, farm size, and farming experience. Besides, women were 1.3 times less likely to access bank credit than men. In terms of regional variation, a Kiambu farmer was 2.7 times more likely to obtain bank credit than a Kisumu farmer. The initiative is an innovative approach for enhancing access to bank credit; however, its potential has not been fully exploited. The study recommends the need： to inform farmers about credit products to clear misconceptions and myths associated with bank credit; develop innovative financing packages for small-scale farmers that are also gender-sensitive; and to initiate a training program targeting farmers with appropriate information.

Bank Credit and Agricultural Output in Bangladesh: An Econometric Analysis

In this study,the authors tried to identify the relationship between bank credit and agricultural output in Bangladesh.Simultaneously impact assessment of bank credit on agricultural output is also investigated.Different econometric techniques are used to determine the nature of the relationship between bank credit and agricultural output and the impact of bank credit.A total of 40 years(1981-2020)of annual time series data were collected from the Annual Reports of the Bangladesh Bank and World Bank’s world development indicators.Stationarity and cointegration tests were performed initially and then analyzed with Vector Error Correction Model,confirming a long-run relationship between bank credit and agricultural output.Additionally,univariate and multivariate OLS models are performed to identify the magnitude of bank credit’s impact on agricultural output.Both models revealed that bank credit positively and significantly affects agricultural production in Bangladesh.Based on these findings,the authors recommend additional fund allocation to the agricultural production system by the banks in Bangladesh.

Does big data tax administration expand bank credit loans?

The application of big data technology to global tax management is becoming increasingly widespread.China has been implementing increasingly mature technologies for tax governance using big data systems in recent years.By collecting data through web scraping on the earliest implementation times of big data tax administration in various provinces of China,we explore the relationship between big data tax administration and corporate bank credit in emerging markets.Our results show that big data tax administration enhances firms’ability to obtain bank loans.Mechanism tests indicate that big data tax administration improves the quality of corporate information disclosure,facilitating access to bank credit loans.We find that big data tax administration improves the corporate financing environment,enhancing the efficiency of resource allocation in the credit market.

Bank Credit, Firm Entry and Exit, and Economic Fluctuations in China

This study explores how a worsening bank credit quality affects firms＇ entry and exit decisions （i.e., changes in the extensive margin）, and how the extensive margin variation amplifies the transmission of financial and technological shocks to the real economy. Using a vector autoregression （VAR） model, our empirical evidence indicates that deteriorating Chinese bank credit conditions have a significant negative influence on net firm entry to the market. To explore the potential mechanism behind the stylized fact, we establish a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium （DSGE） model featuring fixed production costs, loss-related bank credit quality shocks and an endogenous balance sheet constraint which restricts the aggregate credit supply by the level of the banks＇ net worth. Model simulations indicate that the interaction of financial constraints and the extensive margin variation amplifies the impact of bank credit shocks on the real economy. When banks experience loss-related financial shocks, bank credit tightens, which increases firms＇ external financing costs. When the firms＇ expected income is not sufficient to cover the fixed production cost, some firms exit from or stop entering the market. As a result, the economy displays a severe recession and a slow recovery.

Application of the Credit Metrics in the Credit Risk Management of Commercial Banks

Credit risk is one of the main risks the commercial banks faces all over the world,especially in the risk structure of the banks of China.In order to control credit risk more scientifically,we shall connect the qualitative analysis and the quantitative analysis.Put forward by J.P.Morgan Credit Metrics model is the application of the VaR in the field of credit risk,showing great advantage in quantitative bonds and credit risk of loan.This paper studies the Credit Metrics model and analyzes the hypothesis and framework of this model,attempting to explore the application of the model in China in order to promote the realization of the risk quantification of the commercial banks of China.

Certification and Conversion Mode of Learning Achievement Based on Credit Bank under the Background of Higher Vocational Enrollment Expansion

Credit bank system is a very important management mode in current higher vocational education,and it is also an important means for the Ministry of Education to promote China's modern education reform.This paper combines the specific background of higher vocational enrollment expansion,expounds the practical significance of the credit bank system in the training of the expanded enrollment talents,and explores the methods and rules of the authentication and transformation of the learning achievement of the expanded enrollment students under the system.In order to achieve convergence of different types of learning results,smooth talent growth channel,a useful exploration is carried out.

Issues concerning Development of Consumer Credit Business in China's Agricultural Bank

This article introduces the status quo of consumer credit business in China's agricultural bank,indicating that the scale of China's consumer credit business is expanded year by year;the growth of consumer credit business slows down;housing loans grow rapidly.We analyze issues concerning development of consumer credit business in agricultural bank as follows:single variety of consumer credit business makes the operating scope narrow;the formality of consumer credit business is trivial,abating consumers' will to borrow;consumers' consumer attitudes are stale,yet to be further changed;the loan interest of consumer credit is beyond the majority of consumers' actual ability to pay;the existing regulations and systems are not sound;the risk prevention mechanism is not perfect.Based on this,we put forward the following countermeasures and proposals for further improving consumer credit business in China's agricultural bank:first,formulate reasonable marketing strategy of consumer credit business;second,establish and improve the internal management mechanism;third,establish and improve risk assessment system;fourth,improve consumer credit legal system.

Airtime Credit Banking: From Two Applications to One Application

This paper proposes how airtime credit could be used for banking purposes. The aim is to provide a means of converting airtime credit of any network service provider to a credit alert for a particular bank account user. This paper shows a simple implementation of the proposed system. The advantage of the proposed system is that it allows customers the right to convert their purchased airtime credit to a credit alert at anytime when they no longer wish to use the airtime credit again. Furthermore, it explains the limitations of the proposed system considering regulations in different countries of deployment. This approach could be extended to cover other vouchers for banking applications as well.

A Probe into the Talent Training Mode of Vocational Colleges with"l+X"Certificate System based on Credit Bank

Based on credit bank,the"1+X"certificate system is a"flyover"for learners to interchange between the academic and vocational education.It is a significant innovation to promote high-quality vocational education development and enhance the influence of national vocational education.Vocational colleges can implement"1+X"certificate system via the credit bank and in turn,the popularization of the"1+X"certificate system would enrich and improve the former.China's development of the credit bank and the existing research on the"1+X"certificate system are analyzed to look for a way in the collaboration of credit bank and the T+X"certificate system.The firm collaboration as well as the connection and optimization between government,schools,and enterprises as one body form a new talent training mode with the"1+X"certificate system that integrates academy and certificates as well as involving both,schools and enterprises according to China's credit bank concept.

Survey of the Creditor＇s Ability to Collect and Use the Enterprise Information

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the creditor＇s ability to collect, analyze and judge business information, which is a realistic problem for the bank to control the risk of loan effectively. We not only know the bank＇s application of financial and non-financial information during the process of credit extension but also investigate the use of non-financial information by questionnaire. It is discovered that the bank even believes the information that directly acquired by itself while collecting, analyzing and judging the reliability of business information. Through some sensitive information such as the changing of accounts receivable and cash flow and the connection trade, it can predict the potential risk further. In addition, the results show that it is the perfection of internal control system of intermediary （such as accounting firm） and the business enterprise itself that make the bank get the true information of business enterprise.

基于开放银行的征信创新模式——英国替代信用评分公司信用荣耀(Credit Kudos)研究

征信替代数据是目前全球征信行业发展的热点问题,有利于征信机构和金融科技公司增加个人信用评估有效覆盖度。开放银行机制释放的个人账户流水数据被认为是一种更有价值的替代数据。英国创新征信公司信用荣耀(Credit Kudos)的新模式利用开发银行提供的数据进行个人信用评估,获得众多科技公司的青睐。信用荣耀公司的商业模式和数据隐私处理方式也对我国征信建设带来了新的启示。

Rationale for Banking Regulation

Banking is one of the most heavily regulated sectors across the world. Generally,the public suggests that banks are vital to economic stability. In addition, the development and efficiency of the banking system are significant contributors to overall economic growth. In addition, the article will provide an analysis of the key underlying reasons for the range of regulations that face the banking sector. Last but not the least, the article will concentrate on the four main considerations of the traditional rationale for banking regulation and supervision.

基于Credit Risk+模型的我国西部地区农村商业银行信用风险评价及防范研究——以四川某农村商业银行为例

近几年西部地区农村商业银行发展迅速,但其现有的信用风险评价方法较为落后,不能很好地度量其信用风险,本文选用Credit Risk+模型作为研究我国西部地区农村商业银行的信用风险评价模型,以西部地区四川省某农村商业银行为例,对其信用风险进行评价分析,得出相关结论,并提出利于西部地区农村商业银行发展的对策建议。

基于Reputation与Credit的混合激励算法

针对Reputation机制中缺乏对高信誉值节点的奖励,以及Credit机制中静止的虚拟银行(VB:Virtual Bank)部署困难,同时交易价格无区分性等导致的激励效果不佳的问题,文中提出了一种新的基于Reputation和Credit的混合激励算法RCH(Reputation and Credit based Hybrid incentive algorism)。RCH主要是采取一种P2P的模式(无需VB),根据提供转发服务节点与消息目的节点的亲密度以及接受转发服务节点的自私度来完成对不同服务质量,不同服务对象的区别定价,从而鼓励理性地自私节点更多的去帮助其他节点转发消息。通过理论分析和仿真实验得出:该算法与Reputation机制和Credit机制相比,在激励效果方面得到了较大的改善,最终都体现在交付率,平均延迟等指标的优化上。

Causality between bank’s major activities and economic growth:evidences from Pakistan

Background:Banking is an important sector of Pakistan’s economy.It is general consideration that bank’s major activities saving and lending have positive impact on economic growth.So the aim of this study is to investigate this consideration and also investigate that either growth led deposits and credits,or deposit and credits led growth means the purpose of this study is to investigate the direction of this relationship.Methods:Johansen test of Co-integration and Granger Causality is employed by using time series data of Pakistan from 1961 to 2013.Results:The results show that two major activities of banking sector that are saving and lending don’t have any long run or short run causality towards economic growth so the general consideration of positive impact of these activities proved wrong in case of Pakistan.However there is unidirectional causality running from GDP growth to credit provided by banking sector which shows that economic prosperity or economic growth will have a major impact on lending activities of banks meaning that demand following hypothesis is true for Pakistan in case of GDP and Bank’s credit or we can say that growth led Bank’s credit in Pakistan.Conclusions:Hence Government and central bank should make policies by keeping this fact in consideration that bank’s two major activities that are saving and lending does not have impact on GDP growth.There might be other factors which influence economic growth of Pakistan more than banking sector these activities,which can be bank’s profitability,human resource,technology,infrastructure and other sectors of the economy.However GDP growth affects bank’s lending activities so during high economic growth year central bank and private bank’s management should introduce easy loans for businesses and industries and during poor economic growth years personal loan’s new schemes should be introduce by banks.

基于区块链技术的国家学分银行系统研究与设计

区块链作为一种新兴技术,具有去中心化和不可篡改等特征,它能为学分银行建设提供技术支持。突破以往从理论上论证区块链技术服务于学分银行建设的可行性,以国家开放大学推进学分银行建设实践为依托,系统介绍了区块链+学分银行的应用案例。同时,对基于区块链技术的国家学分银行系统可能存在的技术风险进行分析,并提出应对方案。

Influencing Factors of Rural Bank Development in China

As a new mode to offer finance support in rural areas, the establishment of rural banks provide not only service and support for the agricultural development and rural economy, but also solutions to the issue of long-standing fund shortage and poverty in China. However, there are still a lot of problems that restrict the development of rural banks, such as unreasonable property right, unsound system of management as well as rural social credit, lacking of high-quality employees, innovation, policy support, supervision system, social awareness. Therefore, the analytic hierarchy process was employed in the current study with the aim of figuring out the essential factors which restricted the development of rural banks from two aspects of internal factors and external factors, furthermore, relevant suggestions were put forward.

基于学习成果应用的学分银行建设探索——以上海市终身教育学分银行为例

学习成果的应用是学分银行存在和发展的基石。学分银行中学习成果应用价值发挥有利于促进学习者终身学习,为构建服务全民终身学习的教育体系赋能助力。当前学分银行面临学习成果“只存不用”的困境,上海市终身教育学分银行在探索学习成果应用价值层面建构了学习成果应用共同体、搭建了学习成果应用平台,创新了学习成果应用模式,为攻克学习成果应用困境提供了经验参考。未来学分银行可从激发学习成果高频应用主体需求、内外联动建立全纳的学习成果应用数据库和基于多维数据分析开拓学习成果新应用等拓宽学习成果应用路径,为实现学分银行内生发展开拓新势能。

培养创新创业能力的职业教育模式研究

如何更加高效地培养学生创新创业能力,探索出既不烦琐又可操作且广泛适用的职业教育模式,是现阶段各大高职院校亟须解决的重要课题。为进一步促进高职院校培养创新创业能力的职业教育模式改革与发展,对现有高职创新创业教育模式存在的弊端进行分析,提出“厚植学生创新创业观、完善高职院校创新创业教育体系、优化高职院校创新创业实践体系、建立健全创新创业能力培养评价机制”等策略,助力职业教育高质量发展,培养出理念先进、技术扎实、素养过硬的新时代复合型人才。

“双元制”下职业教育学分银行的现实困境、发展方向与改进路径

职业教育学分银行建设是强化职业教育类型属性、推动技能型社会建设、打造国家资历框架的综合性项目,也是推动职普融通、产教融合、科教融汇的系统性工程。在职业教育与学术教育“双元制”育人范式下,职业教育学分银行还存在框架制度不完善、功能结构不健全、管理运行有滞碍、评估评价尚待改进等制约性因素,外部应用还存在机制、跨界、管理的时度效等制度性障碍。当前,必须明确学分银行未来建设发展的方向,致力打造成为教育与技术协同互动的桥梁纽带、职业教育高质量发展的统筹抓手、职业教育系统化改革的重要内容。因此,要以“双元制”范式为指引,建立学分银行的组织框架,健全学分银行的功能属性,创新学分银行管理模式,规范学分银行评价体系,真正推动职业教育学分银行赋能、提质、增效。