Numerical Analysis of Interaction Between Pile-Supported Pier and Bank Slope

Two and three-dimensional finite element analysis programs for pile-soil interaction are compiled. Duncan-Chang's Model is used. The construction sequence of the pier is modeled. The pile-soil interface element is used. The influence of the combination type of piles on the deformation of bank slope and pile behaviour is analyzed. Different designs of a pile-supported pier are compared thoroughly. Calculation results show that the stresses and displacements of the pile are directly related to the distance from the bank slope and the direction of inclination. An inclined prop pile set in the rear platform would remarkably reduce the stresses of piles and the displacement of the pier.

Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on soil engineering properties of reservoir bank slopes at the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain

The instability of soil bank slopes induced by freeze-thaw cycles at the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain is very common.The failure not only caused a large amount of soil erosion,but also led to serious reservoir sedimentation and water quality degradation,which exerted a lot of adverse effects on agricultural production in the local irrigation areas.Based on field investigations on dozens of irrigation reservoirs there,laboratory tests were carried out to quantitatively analyze the freeze-thaw effect on the soil engineering characteristics to reveal the facilitation on the bank slope instability.The results show that the softening characteristics of the stressstrain curves gradually weaken,the effective cohesions decline exponentially,the seepage coefficients enlarge,and the thermal conductivities decrease after 7 freeze-thaw cycles.The freeze-thaw effect on the specimens with low confining pressures,low dry densities and high water contents is more significant.The water migration and the phase transition between water and ice result in the variations of the soil internal microstructures,which is the main factor affecting the soil engineering characteristics.Sufficient water supply and the alternation of positive and negative temperatures at the reservoir bank slopes in cold regions make the water migration and phase transition in the soil very intensely.It is easy to form a large number of pores and micro cracks in the soil freezing and thawing areas.The volume changes of the soil and the water migration are difficult to reach a dynamic balance in the open system.Long-term freeze-thaw cycles will bring out the fragmentation of the soil particles,resulting in that the micro cracks on the soil surfaces are developing continuously.The soil of the bank slopes will fall or collapse when these cracks penetrate,which often happens in winter there.

A modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion considering the damage to reservoir bank slope rocks under water saturation-dehydration circulation

After water is impounded in a reservoir, rock mass in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the reservoir bank slope is subject to water saturation- dehydration circulation （WSDC）. To quantify the rate of change of rock mechanical properties, samples from the Longtan dam area were measured with uniaxial compression tests after different numbers （1, 5, 10, 15, and 20） of simulated WSDC cycles. Based on the curves derived from these tests, a modified Hock- Brown failure criterion was proposed, in which a new parameter was introduced to model the cumulative damage to rocks after WSDC. A case of an engineering application was analyzed, and the results showed that the modified Hock-Brown failure criterion is useful. Under similar WSDC-influenced engineering and geological conditions, rock mass strength parameters required for analysis and evaluation of rock slope stability can be estimated according to this modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion.

Observation and Research on Gravitational Erosion Process of Bank Slopes in Headstream Area of Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan, China

To reveal the gravitational erosion process in the headstream area of Jiangjia Ravine, continuous observation was conduced duing the rainy season. The observation and research show that the change of water content of the bank slope lags the precipitation process, the infiltration water concentrates mainly in the shallow layer of the bank slope, also the bank slope was unsaturated, the floods and debris flows in the gully down cut the gully bed, and scour the foot of the bank slope. These results in many collapses, which is the main type of gravitational erosion process, and it provides large amounts of loose solid materials for the eruption of debris flows.

Primary Investigations on Yangtze River Bank Slope Stability in Wanzhou for the Three Gorges Reservoir Project

This paper investigates the main factors contributing to bank slope failures, such as the structure of rock and soil, water level change, bank slope gradient, vegetation, weathering and human activities. Based on these investigations, the bank slope failure models are analyzed. The stability of bank slopes in Wanzhou is investigated using geological surveying, 2D resistivity imaging surveying, excavated trenches and other methods. Finally, the disasters of bank slope failures in Wanzhou were investigated in detail. The results show that instability problems might occur in 60.38 km of bank slopes when the water level rises to 175 m. It is suggested that 37.8 km of unstable bank slopes should be stabilized, and 14.2 km of unstable banks should be moved or avoided after further geological surveying and reconnaissance. These results provide scientific basis and reliable data for the government to develop the third geodisaster prevention plan for the Three Gorges reservoir.

Effect of bank slope on the flow patterns in river intakes

In this work, we studied the dimensions of stream tube in the vertical as well as inclined bank conditions. Data were collected from both a physical model and a 3-D numerical model（SSIIM 2）. Equations for predicting stream tube dimensions were presented and compared with existing formulae. In comparison with vertical bank, it is found that inclining bank causes the bottom stream tube width to be greater than at the surface. The strength of secondary current formed at the entrance of branch channel is reduced. These changes in flow pattern can reduce the amount of sediment delivery into the intake.

Experimental Study of Vertical Two-dimensional Diffusion Concentration Distribution in Sloped Wave Bank Angular Field

[Objectives] This study was conducted to detect the two-dimensional diffusion concentration distribution from sloped wave bank. [Methods] Diffusion experiments of instantaneous line source discharge were carried out using two sloped wave banks with different inclination angles based on the developed two-dimensional diffusion tank device for sloped wave banks by the apex discharge method under grid oscillation frequencies n=15, 20, 40 and 60 r/min. The image acquisition and digital image processing techniques were applied to measure the two-dimensional concentration field distribution and to analyze the distribution laws of the pollutant in the angular field. [Results] The diffusion of the pollutant in the sloped wave bank area became faster with the increase of the grid oscillation frequency, and the pollution range became wider with the diffusion time. The point concentration of the pollutant at the water surface monotonically decreased with the increase of the abscissa, and the vertical concentration distribution decreased with the increase of water depth. The transverse diffusion rate of the pollutant in water was greater than the vertical diffusion rate, and its concentration distribution exhibited a distribution characteristic of farther diffusion in the adjacent area on the water surface. The diffusion experiment area of the sloped wave bank at θ=30° had a higher concentration of the pollutant at each point compared with the diffusion experiment of the sloped bank at θ=45°, under the same experimental conditions. A large-scale vortex appeared near the sloped wave bank at θ=45° during the experiment, and the presence of the vortex made the concentration distribution of the pollutant in the direction along the bank slope first decrease and then increase, while no obvious vortex was observed near the sloped wave bank at θ=30°, and the concentration of the pollutant decreased monotonously along the bank slope direction. [Conclusions] This study is of great significance for the concentration distribution laws and the lateral and vertical diffusion coefficients of side discharge at complex bank slopes and river banks.

水库黄土岸坡塌岸预测模型及参数敏感性研究

塌岸宽度预测是水电工程重要研究问题之一。现有的经验图解法基于塌岸最终稳定坡形进行塌岸宽度预测,难以反映塌岸的过程、特征,且对岸坡岩土体的物理力学性质考虑也较少。基于此,研究提出了基于极限平衡理论的黄土岸坡塌岸宽度预测模型,确定了模型关键参数取值,并对参数敏感性进行了分析。结果显示,基于极限平衡理论进行预测塌岸宽度时应选取合理的水下堆积系数,水下堆积系数随岸坡高度和水深的增加而增加。而岸坡角度对塌岸宽度的影响较小,且主要影响首次塌岸宽度,对后续塌岸宽度的影响不大。随着岸坡坡度的增大,塌岸宽度呈波动上升趋势。同时,塌岸参数敏感性分析结果显示,参数敏感性排序由大到小依次为岸坡高度、水下岸坡内摩擦角、水下岸坡黏聚力、水上岸坡重度、水深与岸高比、水上岸坡黏聚力、岸坡坡度、水上岸坡内摩擦角、水下岸坡重度,这与岸坡稳定性的参数敏感性分析结果基本一致。研究结果对黄土岸坡塌岸宽度预测具有重要意义。

库水升降作用下灰岩岸坡稳定性数值研究

基于现场调研与采样,采用室内力学试验测定灰岩力学参数与干湿循环下强度劣化规律;基于UDEC建立库岸边坡数值模型,研究了三峡库区反倾岸坡、顺层岸坡、近水平层状岸坡及含危岩体岸坡在库水升降作用下的失稳演化过程及消落带劣化深度与岩层厚度对岸坡稳定性的影响规律。结果表明:库水升降作用下岸坡的失稳过程可以分为裂隙萌生发育、裂隙发展贯通和坡体失稳破坏阶段;随着消落带劣化深度的增加,4种岸坡稳定性系数降低;随着岩层厚度的增加,4种岸坡的稳定性系数升高。近水平层状岸坡稳定性系数受以上2种因素影响最大,而随着干湿循环次数增加发生的变化最小;当劣化深度大于10 m以及岩层厚度大于5 m时,含危岩体岸坡稳定性系数随影响因素水平变化而产生的变化量较小。长远来看,受库水影响的4种典型岩质岸坡稳定性从大到小依次为反倾岸坡、近水平层状岸坡、顺层岸坡、含危岩体岸坡。

考虑消落带岩体劣化影响的典型危岩岸坡稳定性研究

三峡库区周期性水位升降引起的消落带岩体劣化对典型危岩岸坡稳定性具有重大影响。基于野外调研及地勘资料,采用通用离散单元法程序(universal distinct element code,简称UDEC)研究了消落带劣化区形态对近水平层状高陡危岩岸坡的稳定性影响。研究表明:目前三峡库区巫山段的近水平层状危岩岸坡消落带岩体劣化严重,在不同消落带劣化区存在紧密层状、松散碎裂状、溶蚀凹腔状、含挤压碎裂带等典型消落带劣化区形态;含有第1种消落带劣化区形态的危岩岸坡稳定性较好,危岩体位移较小,失稳模式为滑移破坏;含有第2种消落带劣化区形态的危岩岸坡危岩体先向坡内偏移,其后随着消落带岩体支撑强度弱化向坡外倾倒破坏;含有第3种消落带劣化区形态的危岩岸坡危岩体向坡外位移较大,失稳模式为倾倒破坏;含有第4种消落带劣化区形态的危岩岸坡稳定性主要受挤压破碎带的力学性质控制,易产生沿破碎带切割面的旋转滑移破坏;通过对以上4种劣化区形态的危岩岸坡增加防治加固措施,危岩体的变形位移得到了不同程度的有效控制。

渭北黄土台塬区水库水下岸坡稳定形态预测模型研究

黄土地区水库塌岸预测仍以卡丘金法等经验图解法为主,此类方法预测结果的准确性取决于对岸坡剖面形态的准确描述。为了提高黄土地区水库塌岸宽度预测的准确性,选取渭北黄土台塬区选择典型水库进行现场调查,对原河道岸坡形态与蓄水后岸坡形态进行对比分析,在此基础上建立了水下岸坡形态预测模型。结果表明,渭北黄土台塬区水库岸坡塌岸稳定后,水上岸坡呈直立状,高度可达30 m以上,水下岸坡呈曲线形,受水深和岸坡高度共同影响,塌落物可能露出水面。在此基础上基于对数螺线方程建立了水下岸坡形态预测模型,并与经典图解法所用直线型岸坡进行对比,误差分析结果表明采用对数螺线方程进行水下岸坡形态预测时堆积体积误差为4.50%~39.70%,均值为12.64%,而直线型岸坡的预测误差为25.75%~124.69%,均值为75.69%。即采用对数螺线方程可以更好的测水下岸坡形态及水下堆积量。相关研究成果对黄土台塬区水库塌岸预测方法的改进,以及黄河流域的渭北黄土台塬区的环境保护与高质量发展具有实际意义。

基于水流牵引力的河道岸坡稳定性分析

基于极限平衡理论,结合水平条分法,将Bishop法的竖直条间力关系转换到水平土条上,推导出水流牵引力作用下均质岸坡稳定安全系数的理论计算公式,将其结果与ABAQUS有限元软件的强度折减法模拟的计算结果进行对比分析。结合工程实际,分析水流牵引力对不同坡比河流岸坡的稳定性影响规律。结果表明,理论计算公式与软件模拟的结果基本吻合,误差不超过2.1%。河流中水流牵引力会增大岸坡土体的下滑力矩,降低河流岸坡土体稳定安全系数;当岸坡土体遭受降雨、坡脚土体劣化作用等多因素作用下而处于临界稳定状态时,水流牵引力可能成为滑坡启动的关键因素;在河流岸坡失稳滑动时,水流牵引力将导致滑体向河道方向滑移更远距离,加重滑坡对河流航道安全的危害;坡度越陡,岸坡稳定安全系数受水流牵引力的影响越大。在进行高陡河流岸坡稳定性分析时,水流牵引力是与强降雨、泥石流等因素同样重要且不可忽视的导致岸坡灾变失稳的外部荷载作用。

基于Copula理论的高桩码头岸坡可靠性分析

高桩码头岸坡稳定性对整体码头结构安全至关重要。为进一步探究高桩码头岸坡土体强度参数相关性及空间变异性对高桩码头岸坡可靠性的影响规律,基于Copula理论考虑岸坡土体参数的联合概率分布特性,采用PLAXIS计算平台建立高桩码头-岸坡体系数值计算模型,进一步通过Python API接口,编译完成了可自动数据交互与求解的外挂子程序SAPW,并实现了高桩码头岸坡体系参数化前处理、样本工况计算和可靠性求解的一体化、全链条可靠性分析框架流程,并在此基础之上结合蒙特卡罗模拟方法,开展了相关数值计算与参数化分析,探讨了黏聚力、内摩擦角变异系数以及二者相关系数对高桩码头岸坡可靠性的影响规律。结果表明:在高桩码头设计与分析中,忽略土体参数相关性和空间变异性会高估岸坡失效概率,进而导致相关可靠度分析偏于保守,在高桩码头岸坡可靠度分析中宜采用多种Copula函数进行综合考虑。

长时浸泡红砂岩加/卸荷条件下的剪切特性及细观损伤机理

三峡库区防洪限制水位(145m)以下岸坡岩体在库水升降过程中经历了长期浸泡作用,并且水位变化导致岩体受到切向加载剪切和法向卸荷剪切2种工况作用,而岩石剪切特性的差异直接影响岸坡在不同水库运营阶段的稳定性。文章以典型长石石英砂岩为研究对象,开展了不同浸泡天数下砂岩试样的切向加载、法向卸载剪切试验,得到了2种受力条件下砂岩剪切特性的变化规律,并结合溶液测试、SEM测试、核磁共振试验揭示了不同工况下岩石剪切特性产生差异的细观机理。研究结果表明:(1)与初始试样相比,经过80d的浸泡后,该类试样的黏聚力损失要大于内摩擦角的损失,切向加载剪切所得黏聚力降低了40.5%,内摩擦角最终仅降低了2%,而法向卸荷剪切所得黏聚力降低了31%,内摩擦角最终降低了8%;(2)试样经历长期浸泡导致胶结物矿物被溶解、溶蚀,次生孔隙逐步发育并贯通,孔隙度增大,经过60d浸泡后,试样的含水率、孔隙度、孔隙结构基本达到稳定状态,克服剪切作用的颗粒骨架几乎不再受浸泡水的影响,这是长期饱水试样剪切性质逐渐弱化并趋于平稳的原因;(3)法向卸荷剪切条件下,剪切主裂纹面与理论剪切面之间偏差增大,破裂面更倾向于形成“S型”和“M型”,实际剪切面的增大变相提高了岩石的抗剪强度,而对岩石抗剪强度贡献最大的是骨架颗粒,故岩石内摩擦角更大,而提供黏聚力的充填胶结物质在张剪破坏中的贡献小,所以法向卸荷中岩石的黏聚力更低。研究成果可为库区涉水边坡在水位升降中的稳定性评价以及考虑实际工况进行参数取值的试验方法选择提供参考。

近坝岸坡滑坡涌浪演化规律及工程影响模拟

近坝库区滑坡涌浪严重威胁大坝及周边人员安全,明晰库区涌浪演化规律是该类型灾害预警的首要任务。以黄河上游某水电站工程大坝左岸4号倾倒变形体为对象,建立了基于Flow-3D Hydro原型尺度三维数值模型,分析了4号倾倒变形体不同部位原位失稳时的涌浪特性及传播演化特性。结果表明:近坝岸坡4号倾倒变形体失稳产生的涌浪类型为弱非线性震荡波,这种波型经过演化后往往次生波表现出最大波高、最大爬高等特征;如果将4号倾倒变形体分不同部位原位失稳,多宗龙洼沟侧整体下滑对坝前及坝下游建筑物无影响,可不做工程处理;但黄河侧原位整体下滑时,右坝肩最大浪高14.19 m,左坝肩最大浪高16.40 m,坝前爬坡高程约至3 009.00 m,超过防浪墙顶高程,严重危害面板堆石坝的安全,需要进一步的工程减灾措施。该研究成果可为库区滑坡涌浪灾害预警提供技术支撑。

高心墙堆石坝接触黏土与岸坡接触特性的离心模型研究

为了提高砾石土心墙与岸坡之间的变形协调性,高心墙堆石坝通常在心墙与岸坡之间设置高塑性黏土,统称为接触黏土,接触黏土的变形特性对高心墙的应力变形性状和心墙的安全性有重大影响。开展了4组接触黏土与岸坡接触面的局部离心模型试验,通过调整施加的上覆荷载大小来探讨原型坝体不同高程处的接触面剪切位移发展规律。基于理论分析,提出了一个计算接触黏土与岸坡接触面离心模型试验中边界效应影响范围的解析表达式,以确定接触面离心试验中试验模型的相似比尺。试验结果表明:在原型坝体的不同高程处,接触黏土与岸坡之间均会产生一定的剪切位移,但不会出现分离现象;接触黏土和砾质心墙土变形主要以竖向下沉为主,并且接触黏土与砾质心墙土之间的沉降等值线变化较为连续,未出现陡变情况,这说明接触黏土起到了很好地协调变形的作用,因此在进行高心墙堆石坝的结构安全性分析过程中应考虑接触黏土与岸坡的接触效应。

降雨和库水位升降条件下考虑非饱和渗透系数空间变异的边坡可靠度分析

降雨和水位升降对库岸边坡具有显著影响,传统确定性分析难以准确评估其稳定性。考虑降雨和水位升降联合作用下水力参数的空间变异性,进行非饱和土边坡可靠度分析具有重要意义。以赣江库区中的莒洲岛边坡为研究对象,以贝叶斯方法校准的多元水力参数的联合随机场为基础,建立非饱和土边坡的稳定性分析方法。根据有限的岩土力学室内试验数据,采用贝叶斯方法校准土水特征曲线的模型参数,并从VGM、VGB、VG和FX模型中选出最优模型;联合多元水力参数的随机统计特征,生成非饱和土边坡渗透系数的随机场空间分布;针对2021年5月赣江水位快速升降并伴随暴雨的工程背景,将上述方法应用于莒洲岛库岸边坡的稳定性分析。研究结果表明,暴雨与水位变化的联合作用对边坡安全系数的影响显著,确定性分析的边坡安全系数偏低,考虑非饱和渗透系数空间变异性后计算所得到的SWCC综合可靠指标不能满足规范要求,需采取额外的边坡工程加固措施以保证边坡的长期稳定性。

复杂堆积体区导向井开挖及强卸荷裂隙高陡岸坡综合处治研究

万州长江公路大桥因三峡蓄水需增设防船撞设施。作为防撞设施关键环节的3#导向井地处长江陡崖下部的堆积体岸滩上,受库水消落、江岸强烈卸荷和库岸再造等影响,导向井处堆积体开挖支护困难、背侧70 m高陡岸坡崩塌风险大。为保障导向井施工以及防撞设施和航道的运营安全,根据项目区地形地质和构造水文特点,采用FLAC 3D有限元法对3#导向井开挖所形成的高陡岸坡稳定性进行了模拟分析,结果表明:开挖和暴雨工况下,岸坡处于欠稳定状态,存在较大的失稳风险,且在砂岩、泥岩和裂隙I交界处,存在明显的剪应力集中现象。根据仿真结果,制定了锚索地梁联合坡面喷射封闭的岸坡支护方案;比选了导向井处孤石群堆积体加固和卸荷方案,结合库水位消落和工期计划,采用了孤石群破碎清除和刷方膜袋混凝土防护方案,保证了3#导向井的安全建设。

基于降雨—库水作用下的某库岸堆积体滑带土力学性能及损伤模型研究

库水及降雨往复作用下滑带土的力学性能演化是库岸滑坡形成发展及破坏的内在控制因素。基于宏微观室内试验和理论分析手段,研究了干湿循环作用下滑带土性能的劣化机理及力学损伤特性,并建立了基于宏观强度的微观损伤演化模型。结果表明,随干湿循环次数的增加,滑带土内摩擦角和粘聚力均出现降低趋势,剪切强度劣化率随干湿循环扰动程度的增加而显著提高;亲水矿物及干湿循环下的水动力影响效应,使得土样微观结构由致密向疏松多孔转变,颗粒间微裂纹及原生孔隙迅速增加。基于损伤力学和室内试验提出的宏微观损伤模型可有效表征干湿循环作用下滑带土的劣化规律。

锚杆-混凝土预制格网结构的护岸稳定性数值分析

粉细砂土壤由于其特殊的物理性质和易侵蚀的特点,使得粉细砂岸坡的护岸结构至关重要。以湘江部分粉细砂河岸为研究对象,考虑其降雨频率高,河流流速大,河岸易受冲刷的特性,利用有限差分软件FLAC3D,结合所选河段粉细砂岸坡的地形及土体性能参数,提出锚杆-混凝土预制格网护岸结构,建立三维岸坡防护数学模型,探讨该护岸结构对岸坡稳定性的影响。结果表明,锚杆拉力以及预制格网自重作用下,应力场呈带状分布,锚杆-混凝土预制格网护岸结构极大程度限制了土体水平方向的位移,减弱了岸坡塑性区以及最大剪切应变增量带的发展,岸坡稳定性安全系数显著提高,锚杆长度和入土角度对提高粉细砂岸坡的整体稳定性有显著影响,锚杆长8 m,入土角度为30°的锚固方案可供实际工程参考。