Banking Sector Development and Agricultural Productivity in Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC)

There is high pressure for investment capital and financial services for agricultural activities necessary for poverty reduction,economic growth,sustainable development and food security.This study investigated the long-term causation between banking sector development and agricultural productivity in the six Central African Economic and Monetary Community(CEMAC)states from 1990 to 2018,hypothesizing no causation between banking sector and agriculture output.With the autoregressive distributed lag(ARDL)model and vector error correction model(VECM),the study demonstrates that banking sector and agricultural productivity in the CEMAC region are related.It implies long-run relationship exists between banking sector and agricultural productivity in the CEMAC zone.The results reveal that bidirectional causality exists between banking sector and agricultural productivity in the CEMAC region.This is insinuating that in the CEMAC region,agricultural productivity and banking sector development are operating in mutualism.The findings indicate the reason to establish the banking sector using proper macroeconomic,legal and regulatory policies to boost agricultural productivity by creating incentive systems that channel more credit to agricultural investment and promoting the banking system.

Counteraction to China?Impact of the U.S.International Development Finance Corporation on China’s Development Finance

The United States passed the Better Utilization of Investment Leading to Development(BUILD Act),as a counterweight to China’s overseas development activities.Under the Act,the US established a new federal agency,the U.S.International Development Finance Corporation(DFC),to enhance U.S.development financing capabilities.To better understand the impact of the DFC on China’s development finance,this article analyzes the DFC’s purpose,functions,structure,and funding.Then it focuses on the purpose of establishing the DFC,providing a preliminary analysis of the potential motivation for its establishment.It also compares the China Development Bank(CDB)and the DFC based on their focused sectors.Finally,through an in-depth analysis of financial frictions in China-U.S.relations,this article argues that the DFC competes with China’s overseas development financing activities in the context of broader strategic competition between China and the U.S.

BANK OF CHINA Overseas Business Development

The Bank of China has achieved steadyand considerable development invarious overseas businesses,hasexpanded,and has enhanced its overall strengthand made a tremendous contribution to thedevelopment of the State’s economicconstruction and foreign trade.At present,the Bank of China has 519 overseas agencies,distributed in 19 countries and regions.As ofthe end of June 1995,the total assets value inoverseas branches had surpassed US＄ 150billion.This information was revealed byWang Xuebing,the Chairman of the

Qingdao Tyre Deveopment Project Acclaimed by Asian Development Bank

The Qingdao Rubber Group Company has completed its technical renovation project on 300,000 sets of allsteel heavy-duty meridian tyres with a loan provided by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), After the renovation, its products have earned the standard certificate DOT from the United States and the ECE certificate from Europe, and entered the world market, Now the tyres are not only selling well in Third World countries, but also failing to keep up with demand in Britain, the United States, Europe and Australia, and other countries and regions.

Impact Analysis of Macroeconomic Factors on Stock Value of Shanghai Pudong Development Bank under PCA Regression

When we consider the factors affecting the stock market,we often consider the impact of macroeconomic factors on it.On the basis of the academic achievements of predecessor scholars on macroscopic factors affecting the overall stocks,this article selects six macroeconomic influencing factors:money supply,USDCNY exchange rate,GDP,national fiscal revenue,price index and interest rate,and uses PAC regression analysis method to construct a regression model.Analyze the influencing factors of Shanghai Pudong Development Bank stock;then conduct heteroscedasticity,autocorrelation,and multicollinearity tests to modify and adjust the regression model;finally,make relevant recommendations based on the analysis results.

Approach to the Reserve against Deposit System and the Sustainable Development of Chinese Commercial Banks

Since the establishment of the reserve against deposit system in China, theorists have different views about it. After analyzing some of those views, this essay proposes that presently, it is inappropriate to cancel that system, and the rate of the required reserve should be reduced instead of being removed. With the analysis, the author points out the defects of that system, and makes a further study of that system's influence on the sustainable development of the commercial banks in China. In the last part, from several aspects, namely, the institutional environment, the rate of required reserve, the structure, and the mode of calculating and drawing money, the author offers some suggestions for the perfection of China's reserve against deposit system, and the acceleration of the sustainable development of commercial banks.

The Role of Multilateral Development Banks and Institutions Are Important

These five recommendations cover the most critical aspects of infrastructure development:an attractive pipeline of projects,diversity of financial instruments and a conducive regulatory environment,the role of multilateral development institutions,as well as the management of project life-cycle pro-

Financing and the Role of Multilateral Development Banks are the Highlights

For me,the highlights of these recommendations are the financing and the role of Multilateral Development Banks.The recommendations I follow with most interest are the ones that protect and insure against political risk and regulatory risk.These

The Foundation for the Establishment of the BRICS New Development Bank:Immediate Impetus and Theoretical Rationale

The BRICS basic infrastructure suffers from a huge financing gap, but their massive foreign exchange reserves lack profitable outlets and member states＇ self-contained management costs are extremely high. The coincidence of the need for basic infrastructure investment and the need for profitable foreign exchange reserves are the immediate reasons for setting up the BRICS Development Bank. Comparative advantage and the co-movement of fluctuations in the BRICS member states optimize their cooperative interests. A co- movement game model analysis enables us to deduce the logical necessity for cooperation among the BRICS. Compared with other patterns of cooperation, virtual networks enable this financial cooperation to yield benefits in a short timeframe. The mutually supportive relationship between development and stability in the BRICS economies provides a solid rationale for the establishment of the New Development Bank.