This study analyzes how the meaning of yi(夷,barbarian)was constructed in different historical contexts at the end of the Qing dynasty,which is important for us to reconsider xenophobia and Sino-centrism both in the p...This study analyzes how the meaning of yi(夷,barbarian)was constructed in different historical contexts at the end of the Qing dynasty,which is important for us to reconsider xenophobia and Sino-centrism both in the past and present.Our study combines contextual with intertextual reading methods.It places different materials,including missionaries’works,newspapers,and official documents,in their specific historical contexts and links them to obtain a full picture of this transformation.We argue that yi was invented.Various agents and actors created the connotation of yi to suit their interests.It was transformed by the Qing court from“barbarians”to those who follow Confucianism to justify their rule.Then it was first translated as“foreigners”and later as“barbarians”when Europeans came to China.Our study situates the meaning of yi to help us rethink some of the labels and misconceptions attached to yi and the early missionaries in China.展开更多
文章以Controlling the barbarians汉译为基础,通过与参考译文进行比较,对彩云小译、DeepL、谷歌这三种常用翻译软件的汉译进行偏误分析。翻译理论文本时,词汇翻译存在一定差异,一词多义现象始终存在于翻译实践中,而如何确定最恰当的词...文章以Controlling the barbarians汉译为基础,通过与参考译文进行比较,对彩云小译、DeepL、谷歌这三种常用翻译软件的汉译进行偏误分析。翻译理论文本时,词汇翻译存在一定差异,一词多义现象始终存在于翻译实践中,而如何确定最恰当的词义是翻译难题。同时,通过机翻来辅助译文的完成已是常态,但机译仍存在诸多翻译漏洞,尤其是词汇方面。文章的研究目的首先是给相关软件开发者一些参考意见,方便软件后期的升级和维护,其次是给需要机译辅助的人员提供一些使用建议,在翻译实践中能避免翻译错误。展开更多
Nowadays a well-defined idea of barbarians as the cause of the decline of an advanced civilization is widespread.This paper aims firstly to analyze the different meanings that the term barbarian has assumed in media o...Nowadays a well-defined idea of barbarians as the cause of the decline of an advanced civilization is widespread.This paper aims firstly to analyze the different meanings that the term barbarian has assumed in media outlets context in recent years,with emphasis on Italian political dimension.Secondly,it aims to examine if(and how much)it could be argued that,in these cases of manipulation,the sources of the late antique world have a crucial role in this kind of cultural biases.The comparative analysis of these two categories seems to reveal the reiteration of a stratified archive that,formed in ancient times and consolidated over time,maintains its main purpose:opposing the dominant social group(ingroup)and heterogeneous minorities(outgroups).So,what is the cultural operations that stay behind this approach?Is it possible to affirm that certain ideological identity archives are replicated over time applied to phenomena perceived as similar to each other,or would it be more correct to look at them as autonomous narratives?展开更多
The cause of the decline of Roman Empire is a mystery to many historians of western civilization.Political and social weakness,or economic retroversion are conceived to be contributable factors.This issue,however,is a...The cause of the decline of Roman Empire is a mystery to many historians of western civilization.Political and social weakness,or economic retroversion are conceived to be contributable factors.This issue,however,is approached here from the perspective of military degeneration,which closely relates to political anarchy,economic depression and barbarian invasions,and therefore,makes it for the most part convenient for the third-century Persian Sassanids and Germanic peoples to invade into the Empire,and wipes Romans out on the historical stage.展开更多
Civilizations rise and fall as they evolve.There have always been central civilizations and marginal civilizations, and civilizations that have had or are having a greater impact on world development are naturally reg...Civilizations rise and fall as they evolve.There have always been central civilizations and marginal civilizations, and civilizations that have had or are having a greater impact on world development are naturally regarded as central civilizations.The central civilizations are like the dignitaries. Civilization, even once an exclusive label, belongs only to those central civilizations. While the relatively marginal civilizations are only affixed with an unfriendly label---barbarian.However, there is no eternal nobility.In fact, human history is one where the central civilizations and marginal civilizations,or civilization and barbarian interact with each other and compete for the dominant position.展开更多
During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty,the ethnic relations in China entered a new historical stage.Records of the Historian written during this period gives a basically factual account of the ethnic history in...During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty,the ethnic relations in China entered a new historical stage.Records of the Historian written during this period gives a basically factual account of the ethnic history in China since ancient epochs.It is the first specialized work on ethnic history.The national consciousness that Sima Qian presents in this work is distinctively different from the Confucian tradition,which draws a strict line between Hua(华,China)and Yi(夷,the barbarians).His attention on the commonality of the cultural genes between the farming peoples of the Central-Plains and the nomadic hunting peoples of the borderlands,his recognition of the integrated impact that multiple ethnic groups have on the rise and development of Huaxia(华夏,Chinese)civilization,his respect for"differences among barbarians of the four directions"(四夷各异),and his approval of the“merits of Hu attire”(胡服之功)are all embodiment of his liberal views.To explore the formation and development of the cultural community of the Chinese nation and to understand and interpret this historical process of ethnic integration,we should attach great importance to the positive significance of Sima Qian's national consciousness.展开更多
The translation equivalence between龍/lung and dragon as well as夷/i and barbarian embodies the way of discourse power competition between China and the United Kingdom of Great Britain with different discourse pedigre...The translation equivalence between龍/lung and dragon as well as夷/i and barbarian embodies the way of discourse power competition between China and the United Kingdom of Great Britain with different discourse pedigrees and discourse systems.The translation equivalence between龍/lung and dragon was constructed by means of mutation and discourse rewriting,and the political implication and cultural value of龍/lung in Chinese context were ablated.The equivalence between夷/i and barbarian in the English context was established through the translation manipulation of the British,and the meaning of夷/i was separated from the Chinese historical context forcibly.The British operated discourse mutation on core Chinese political discourses via translation manipulation to weaken the subjectivity of China and bring China into the modem international discourse system dominated by the West,providing support for the expansion and colonization of British imperial discourse.This research provides reference for dealing with the cultural characteristics and universality,and the relationship between subject and object of discourse in the translation of contemporary Chinese discourse.展开更多
文摘This study analyzes how the meaning of yi(夷,barbarian)was constructed in different historical contexts at the end of the Qing dynasty,which is important for us to reconsider xenophobia and Sino-centrism both in the past and present.Our study combines contextual with intertextual reading methods.It places different materials,including missionaries’works,newspapers,and official documents,in their specific historical contexts and links them to obtain a full picture of this transformation.We argue that yi was invented.Various agents and actors created the connotation of yi to suit their interests.It was transformed by the Qing court from“barbarians”to those who follow Confucianism to justify their rule.Then it was first translated as“foreigners”and later as“barbarians”when Europeans came to China.Our study situates the meaning of yi to help us rethink some of the labels and misconceptions attached to yi and the early missionaries in China.
文摘文章以Controlling the barbarians汉译为基础,通过与参考译文进行比较,对彩云小译、DeepL、谷歌这三种常用翻译软件的汉译进行偏误分析。翻译理论文本时,词汇翻译存在一定差异,一词多义现象始终存在于翻译实践中,而如何确定最恰当的词义是翻译难题。同时,通过机翻来辅助译文的完成已是常态,但机译仍存在诸多翻译漏洞,尤其是词汇方面。文章的研究目的首先是给相关软件开发者一些参考意见,方便软件后期的升级和维护,其次是给需要机译辅助的人员提供一些使用建议,在翻译实践中能避免翻译错误。
文摘Nowadays a well-defined idea of barbarians as the cause of the decline of an advanced civilization is widespread.This paper aims firstly to analyze the different meanings that the term barbarian has assumed in media outlets context in recent years,with emphasis on Italian political dimension.Secondly,it aims to examine if(and how much)it could be argued that,in these cases of manipulation,the sources of the late antique world have a crucial role in this kind of cultural biases.The comparative analysis of these two categories seems to reveal the reiteration of a stratified archive that,formed in ancient times and consolidated over time,maintains its main purpose:opposing the dominant social group(ingroup)and heterogeneous minorities(outgroups).So,what is the cultural operations that stay behind this approach?Is it possible to affirm that certain ideological identity archives are replicated over time applied to phenomena perceived as similar to each other,or would it be more correct to look at them as autonomous narratives?
文摘The cause of the decline of Roman Empire is a mystery to many historians of western civilization.Political and social weakness,or economic retroversion are conceived to be contributable factors.This issue,however,is approached here from the perspective of military degeneration,which closely relates to political anarchy,economic depression and barbarian invasions,and therefore,makes it for the most part convenient for the third-century Persian Sassanids and Germanic peoples to invade into the Empire,and wipes Romans out on the historical stage.
文摘Civilizations rise and fall as they evolve.There have always been central civilizations and marginal civilizations, and civilizations that have had or are having a greater impact on world development are naturally regarded as central civilizations.The central civilizations are like the dignitaries. Civilization, even once an exclusive label, belongs only to those central civilizations. While the relatively marginal civilizations are only affixed with an unfriendly label---barbarian.However, there is no eternal nobility.In fact, human history is one where the central civilizations and marginal civilizations,or civilization and barbarian interact with each other and compete for the dominant position.
文摘During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty,the ethnic relations in China entered a new historical stage.Records of the Historian written during this period gives a basically factual account of the ethnic history in China since ancient epochs.It is the first specialized work on ethnic history.The national consciousness that Sima Qian presents in this work is distinctively different from the Confucian tradition,which draws a strict line between Hua(华,China)and Yi(夷,the barbarians).His attention on the commonality of the cultural genes between the farming peoples of the Central-Plains and the nomadic hunting peoples of the borderlands,his recognition of the integrated impact that multiple ethnic groups have on the rise and development of Huaxia(华夏,Chinese)civilization,his respect for"differences among barbarians of the four directions"(四夷各异),and his approval of the“merits of Hu attire”(胡服之功)are all embodiment of his liberal views.To explore the formation and development of the cultural community of the Chinese nation and to understand and interpret this historical process of ethnic integration,we should attach great importance to the positive significance of Sima Qian's national consciousness.
文摘The translation equivalence between龍/lung and dragon as well as夷/i and barbarian embodies the way of discourse power competition between China and the United Kingdom of Great Britain with different discourse pedigrees and discourse systems.The translation equivalence between龍/lung and dragon was constructed by means of mutation and discourse rewriting,and the political implication and cultural value of龍/lung in Chinese context were ablated.The equivalence between夷/i and barbarian in the English context was established through the translation manipulation of the British,and the meaning of夷/i was separated from the Chinese historical context forcibly.The British operated discourse mutation on core Chinese political discourses via translation manipulation to weaken the subjectivity of China and bring China into the modem international discourse system dominated by the West,providing support for the expansion and colonization of British imperial discourse.This research provides reference for dealing with the cultural characteristics and universality,and the relationship between subject and object of discourse in the translation of contemporary Chinese discourse.