Evaporation from Bare Soil in Extremely Arid Environment in Southern Israel

Microlysimeters of different sizes(5 cm 10 cm and 15 cm in length)were used extensively in the present study for the measurements of soil evapondion in site in an extremely arid area in southern Israel.All of the data obtained from the microlysimeters were used to evaluate two conventional eVaporation models developed by Black et al.and Ritchie,respectively.Our results indicated that the models could overestimate total cumulative evaporation by about 30% in the extremely arid environment.Reducing the power factor of the conventional model by a faCtor of 0.1 produced good agreement between the measured and simulated cumulative evaporation.Microlysimeter method proved to be a simple and accurate approach for the evaluation of soil evaporstion.

Effect of climate change on the trends of evaporation of phreatic water from bare soil in Huaibei Plain, China

When the soil condition and depth to water table stay constant, climate condition will then be the only determinant of evaporation intensity of phreatic water from bare soil. Based on a series of long-term quality-controlled data collected at the Wudaogou Hydrological Experiment Station in the Huaibei Plain, Anhui, China, the variation trends of the evaporation rate of phreatic water from bare soil were studied through the Mann-Kendall trend test and the linear regression trend test, followed by the study on the responses of evaporation to climate change. Results indicated that in the Huaibei Plain during 1991-2008, evaporation of phreatic water from bare soil tended to increase at a rate of 5% on monthly scale in March, June and July while in other months the increase was minor. On the seasonal basis, the evaporation saw significant increase in spring and summer. In addition, annual evaporation tended to grow evidently over time. When air temperature rises by 1 °C, the annual evaporation rate increases by 7.24–14.21%, while when the vapor pressure deficit rises by 10%, it changes from-0.09 to 5.40%. The study also provides references for further understanding of the trends and responses of regional evapotranspiration to climate change.

Comparison and analysis of bare soil evaporation models combined with ASTER data in Heihe River Basin

Based on ASTER （Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer） remote sensing data, bare soil evaporation was estimated with the Penman-Monteith model, the Priestley-Taylor model, and the aerodynamics model. Evaporation estimated by each of the three models was compared with actual evaporation, and error sources of the three models were analyzed. The mean absolute relative error was 9% for the Penman-Monteith model, 14% for the Priestley-Taylor model, and 32% for the aerodynamics model; the Penman-Monteith model was the best of these three models for estimating bare soil evaporation. The error source of the Penman-Monteith model is the neglect of the advection estimation. The error source of the Priestley-Taylor model is the simplification of the component of aerodynamics as 0.72 times the net radiation. The error source of the aerodynamics model is the difference of vapor pressure and neglect of the radiometric component. The spatial distribution of bare soil evaporation is evident, and its main factors are soil water content and elevation.

Simulation of the Bare Soil Surface Energy Balance at the Tongyu Reference Site in Semiarid Area of North China

The performance of a I-D soil model in a semiarid area of North China was investigated using observational data from a cropland station at the Tongyu reference site of the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period （CEOP） during the non-growing period, when the ground surface was covered with bare soil. Comparisons between simulated and observed soil surface energy balance components as well as soil temperatures and water contents were conducted to validate the soil model. Results show that the soil model could produce good simulations of soil surface temperature, net radiation flux, and sensible heat flux against observed values with the RMSE of 1.54℃, 7.71 W m^-2, and 27.79 W m^-2, respectively. The simulated volumetric soil water content is close to the observed values at various depths with the maximal difference between them being 0.03. Simulated latent heat and ground heat fluxes have relatively larger errors in relative to net radiation and sensible heat flux. In conclusion, the soil model has good capacity to simulate the bare soil surface energy balance at the Tongyu cropland station and needs to be further tested in longer period and at more sites in semiarid areas.

A method to obtain soil-moisture estimates over bare agricultural fields in arid areas by using multi-angle RADARSAT-2 data

Soil moisture is an important parameter for agriculture, meteorological, and hydrological studies. This paper focuses on soil-moisture estimation methodology based on the multi-angle high-and low-incidence-angle mode RADARSAT-2 data obtained over bare agricultural fields in an arid area. Backscattering of the high-and low-incidence angles is simulated by using AIEM(advanced integral equation model), with the surface-roughness estimation model built based on the simulated data. Combining the surface-roughness estimation model with the backscattering model of the low-incidence-angle mode, a soil-moisture estimation method is put forward. First, the natural logarithm(ln) of soil moisture was obtained and then the soil moisture calculated. Soil moisture of the study area in Dunhuang, Gansu Province, was obtained based on this method; a good agreement was observed between the estimated and measured soil moisture. The coefficient of determination was 0.85, and the estimation precision reached 4.02% in root mean square error(RMSE). The results illustrate the high potential of the approach developed and RADARSAT-2 data to monitor soil moisture.

Measurement and simulation of evaporation from a bare soil

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微生物固化工程裸土抗风蚀扬尘性能试验研究

目的 岩土微生物技术在土木工程领域已广泛应用,本文基于微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积(MICP)固化土体技术,探究其固化土体的抗风蚀扬尘效果及固化机理。方法 利用巴氏生孢八叠球菌,对比分析微生物固化典型工程裸土建筑渣土和砂土试样和其洒水固化试样,通过风洞试验、表面强度测试、微观结构观测研究微生物固化试样抗风蚀扬尘性能,提出一种新型土壤抑尘措施。结果 根据风洞试验和表面强度测试结果发现:同比条件下,微生物固化试样风蚀质量累计损失远远低于洒水试样的,风洞试验后微生物固化试样表面强度虽有所下降,但其表面强度仍强于洒水试样,试验结果验证了微生物固化工程裸土提升其抗风蚀扬尘的可行性及其显著效能.基于电镜扫描和X射线能谱试验分析显示:渣土和砂土试样经微生物固化后,土颗粒表面和孔隙间均产生大量碳酸钙沉积,有效增强了土颗粒间黏结性能,但CaCO_(3)晶体结构在不同土壤中略有差异,在工程渣土试样中主要为片状结构、在砂土试样中为球状或球状堆积体结构。结论 微生物固化技术有效提升了土壤抗风蚀扬尘性能,且具备良好的时效性,对土壤防尘治理具有一定的参考价值。

三重指数裸土信息提取优化方法及其应用

快速、准确、简便地提取裸土信息对高效监测水土流失状况、科学开展水土保持工作具有重要意义。本研究以福建省长汀县为研究区域,构建了三重指数裸土信息的遥感提取方法,选取裸土指数BI初步提取裸土信息,再利用垂直不透水面指数PISI和仿归一化建筑指数NDBI*剔除裸土中混杂的建筑用地。将三重指数法应用于长汀县的结果表明:①长汀县裸土面积从2016年的128.61km^(2)下降至2022年的102.22km^(2),反映出该县水土保持工作的良好成效。②三重指数法操作简便,并且在分离裸土和建筑用地信息上有较好的表现,提取总精度在96%以上,Kappa系数大于0.89。

青海省东部高原鼠兔不同年限裸斑处土壤碳氮磷储量的变化

土壤碳氮磷储量是评价草地稳定和健康的有效指标,但目前关于生物干扰对草地土壤碳氮磷储量的研究尚不清楚,特别是在不同时间范围内土壤碳氮磷储量的变化过程以及局部对整体的影响研究相对较少。本研究于高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)干扰区内通过针对性取样和随机取样分别确定不同年限高原鼠兔裸斑处和高原鼠兔干扰区内土壤碳氮磷储量,分析高原鼠兔干扰区内植被覆盖区、高原鼠兔新裸斑、旧裸斑和废弃裸斑处土壤碳氮磷储量的差异,以及不同年限高原鼠兔裸斑对高原鼠兔干扰区内土壤碳氮磷储量的影响。结果表明:土壤全碳和全磷含量在高原鼠兔新裸斑处显著低于植被覆盖区域(P<0.05),土壤全碳和全氮储量在植被覆盖区域显著高于高原鼠兔新裸斑、旧裸斑和废弃裸斑处(P<0.05),但土壤容重、全氮和全磷储量在高原鼠兔不同年限的裸斑处没有差异。高原鼠兔新裸斑处土壤全碳、全氮含量以及全碳和全氮储量分别对高原鼠兔干扰区内土壤全碳和全氮含量以及全碳和全氮储量均有极显著影响(P<0.01),植被覆盖区的土壤容重对高原鼠兔干扰区内土壤容重有极显著影响(P<0.01)。而土壤含水量和有机碳含量对植被覆盖区域的土壤碳氮磷储量、高原鼠兔新裸斑处氨态氮含量对土壤碳氮磷储量以及高原鼠兔旧裸斑处全钾含量对土壤碳氮磷储量均有显著影响(P<0.05)。综上,本研究证实了高原鼠兔新裸斑对高寒草甸土壤碳氮磷储量变化的影响最大,因此在治理高原鼠兔造成的裸斑性高寒草甸时,应对高原鼠兔新裸斑重点修复。

古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭冠下裸斑形成土壤学机制

古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭与齿肋赤藓共生区域中,梭梭冠下常形成藓类结皮裸露斑块。为研究梭梭冠下裸斑形成机理,以裸斑内土壤、裸斑外藓类结皮土壤、背景裸地土壤以及背景藓类结皮土壤为研究对象,测定四类土壤营养物质含量和理化因子,并测定土壤代谢组以及分析其之间差异。结果表明,裸斑内土壤养分及生态化学计量比与裸斑外藓类结皮和背景藓类结皮土壤并无显著性差异,土壤养分及生态化学计量并非造成梭梭冠下藓类裸斑的原因。裸斑内土壤Na+、K+、Mg^(2+)、SO_(4)^(2-)、CO_(3)^(2-)、HCO_(3)^(-)含量显著高于裸斑外土壤、背景裸地土壤和背景结皮土壤,总盐含量最高为1.705 g/kg。这个含量不足以对齿肋赤藓正常生长造成影响,因此裸斑内土壤中较高的离子浓度也并非藓类裸斑产生的原因。土壤代谢组结果显示不同土壤代谢物具有极显著差异,油酰胺等酰胺类化合物相对丰度最高,占总代谢物的72.68%,且在裸斑内土壤中相对丰度显著高于裸斑藓类结皮土壤、裸地土壤和背景结皮土壤,因此推测裸斑内土壤中油酰胺等酰胺类化合物可能是抑制齿肋赤藓生长的主要原因,是造成古尔班通古特沙漠梭梭冠下藓类裸斑产生的主要土壤学机制。

黄河源区高寒草甸裸露斑块形成机理与生态修复关键限制因子

为探讨黄河源区斑块化退化高寒草甸可持续恢复技术,通过野外调查和室内盆栽验证试验相结合的方法研究了黄河源区健康草甸和高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)引起的退化斑块土壤质地组成,以及室内盆栽植物地上生物量和土壤特征等关键因子的变化规律,阐明了黄河源区高寒草甸裸露斑块的形成机理与生态修复关键限制因子。结果表明:健康草甸主要由土壤颗粒、根系和石块三部分组成。各组分单位重量占比从大到小依次为土壤颗粒(0.65±0.013)、根系(0.11±0.003)和石块(0.02±0.001)。各组分单位体积占比从大到小依次为根系(0.62±0.003)、土壤颗粒(0.30±0.004)和石块(0.06±0.002)。不同退化斑块间土壤质地组成(砂粒、粉粒和黏粒)差异均不显著(P>0.05)。高寒草甸的破碎化,导致草甸根系死亡,斑块土壤颗粒自然沉降形成裸露斑块。室内花盆裸露斑块土壤镇压处理可显著提高植物地上生物量(P<0.05)。土壤湿度、蓄水量、容重、电导率、紧实度、粘聚力和根⁃土⁃石块复合体抗剪强度随花盆土壤镇压深度的增加而显著增加(P<0.05)。土壤水分是影响高原鼠兔扰动形成不同退化斑块生态修复的关键限制因子。裸露斑块通过镇压显著增加土壤蓄水量(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,人工撒施有机肥和补播牧草后,不同退化斑块生态修复有效镇压深度控制在10—15 cm,补播的禾本科牧草能顺利发芽并出苗,植物生长表现最好。

工地扬尘管控措施效果量化研究

随着城市规划建设,大规模建筑工程在地基开挖、主体建设、外墙装修过程中,会产生以粗颗粒物(PM_(10))为代表的众多大气污染物。为尽量减少建筑工地扬尘产生PM_(10),相关部门要求建筑工地采取裸土覆盖、立体喷淋、围挡隔离等抑尘措施。基于现场抑尘措施控制试验和高精度数值风洞试验对各措施的抑尘效果进行逐一探究。结果表明:只开围挡喷淋时PM_(10)浓度下降5.1%,只开施工喷淋时浓度下降12.3%,二者全开时浓度下降11.4%。风速较大时,裸土覆盖的抑尘效果比小风天气显著,在三级风(大于2 m/s)下裸土覆盖的PM_(10)浓度均值相比裸土不覆盖时平均下降10.7%。裸土喷淋后的PM_(10)浓度比不喷淋时下降21.3%。整体上基坑阶段在围挡2、3、4和5 m时的扬尘削减率分别为3.6%、10.5%、18.4%和29.0%。在主体阶段,随着排放源的升高,扬尘扩散的影响距离逐渐降低。当源高10 m时,最大影响距离为工地外75 m;当源高30 m时,最大影响距离为工地外50 m;当源高50和90 m时,刚出工地的扬尘逸散率便在10%以内,即对工地外的影响可以忽略。

城市绿地用有机无机生态覆盖物的水文效应

[目的]优选水文效应较好的城市绿地生态覆盖物,为城市裸露绿地的覆盖管理提供理论指导。[方法]以4种有机生态覆盖物(秸秆、菇渣、锯木屑、松树皮)和4种无机生态覆盖物(陶粒、火山石、珍珠岩、麦饭石)为研究对象,采取室内浸泡法研究有机无机生态覆盖物应用于城市绿地的水文效应,并选出水文效应较好的生态覆盖物。[结果](1)有机、无机生态覆盖物的持水量、吸水速率变化趋势基本一致,其持水量与吸水速率呈显著对数函数关系,与浸泡时间呈显著幂函数关系。(2)有机生态覆盖物的最大持水能力、有效拦蓄能力都普遍高于无机生态覆盖物,在4种有机生态覆盖物中,锯木屑、秸秆的最大持水能力、有效拦蓄能力较好,菇渣次之,松树皮最差。在4种无机生态覆盖物中,火山岩、珍珠岩和陶粒的最大持水能力、有效拦蓄能力都较好,麦饭石最差。[结论]在实际的城市绿地覆盖应用中,在充分考虑当地各种自然环境因子的条件下,可以优先选取水文效应较好的有机生态覆盖物(锯木屑、秸秆)以及无机生态覆盖物(火山石、珍珠岩、陶粒)。

Effects of Shrub on Runoff and Soil Loss at Loess Slopes Under Simulated Rainfall

Improved understanding of the effect of shrub cover on soil erosion process will provide valuable information for soil and water conservation programs.Laboratory rainfall simulations were conducted to determine the effects of shrubs on runoff and soil erosion and to ascertain the relationship between the rate of soil loss and the runoff hydrodynamic characteristics.In these simulations a 20° slope was subjected to rainfall intensities of 45,87,and 127 mm/h.The average runoff rates ranged from 0.51 to 1.26 mm/min for bare soil plots and 0.15 to 0.96 mm/min for shrub plots.Average soil loss rates varied from 44.19 to 114.61 g/(min·m^2) for bare soil plots and from 5.61 to 84.58 g/(min·m^2) for shrub plots.There was a positive correlation between runoff and soil loss for the bare soil plots,and soil loss increased with increased runoff for shrub plots only when rainfall intensity is 127 mm/h.Runoff and soil erosion processes were strongly influenced by soil surface conditions because of the formation of erosion pits and rills.The unit stream power was the optimal hydrodynamic parameter to characterize the soil erosion mechanisms.The soil loss rate increased linearly with the unit stream power on both shrub and bare soil plots.Critical unit stream power values were 0.004 m/s for bare soil plots and 0.017 m/s for shrub plots.

Success of three soil restoration techniques on seedling survival and growth of three plant species in the Sahel of Burkina Faso(West Africa)

In the Sahel of Africa, where 90 % of the population depends on natural resources for their liveli- hood, a large part of the soils are structurally unstable, prone to crusting and hard setting, and have low water holding capacity, which hamper vegetation establishment. The effect of soil restoration techniques on survival and growth of seedlings of Acacia nilotica, Acacia tortilis and Jatropha curcas was tested in completely barren, degraded land in a Sahelian ecosystem in Burkina Faso. A total of 522 seedlings （174 plants of each plant species） were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates combining three soil preparation techniques： half-moon, zai＂ and standard plantation. Survival and growth rates evaluated over 20 months were significantly higher using the half-moon technique compared with the other two techniques. Survival rates of plant species planted using half-moon technique were 62.5, 28.57 and 10.71% for A. nilotica, A. tortilis and J. curcas respec- tively, but in za＇i and standard planting, seedling survival was zero. The low survival rate of J. curcas using the half-moon technique may indicate that J. curcas is unsuit- able for barren and degraded land, whereas A. nilotica and A. tortilis appear to be promising tree species for rehabil- itation of degraded land.

Remotely sensed estimation and mapping of soil moisture by eliminating the effect of vegetation cover

Soil moisture(SM), which plays a crucial role in studies of the climate, ecology, agriculture and the environment, can be estimated and mapped by remote sensing technology over a wide region. However, remotely sensed SM is constrained by its estimation accuracy, which mainly stems from the influence of vegetation cover on soil spectra information in mixed pixels. To overcome the low-accuracy defects of existing surface albedo method for estimating SM, in this paper, Qinghai Lake Basin, an important animal husbandry production area in Qinghai Province, China, was chosen as an empirical research area. Using the surface albedo computed from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) reflectance products and the actual measured SM data, an albedo/vegetation coverage trapezoid feature space was constructed. Bare soil albedo was extracted from the surface albedo mainly containing information of soil, vegetation, and both albedo models for estimating SM were constructed separately. The accuracy of the bare soil albedo model(root mean square error=4.20, mean absolute percent error=22.75%, and theil inequality coefficient=0.67) was higher than that of the existing surface albedo model(root mean square error=4.66, mean absolute percent error=25.46% and theil inequality coefficient=0.74). This result indicated that the bare soil albedo greatly improved the accuracy of SM estimation and mapping. As this method eliminated the effect of vegetation cover and restored the inherent soil spectra, it not only quantitatively estimates and maps SM at regional scales with high accuracy, but also provides a new way of improving the accuracy of soil organic matter estimation and mapping.

Seed movement of bare alkali-saline patches and their potential role in the ecological restoration in Songnen grassland, China

The dynamics of soil seed banks and seed movement was investigated in three bare alkali-saline patches in Songnen grassland, Northeast China, for exploring their potential role in the vegetation restoration of bare alkali-saline patches. The results showed that the seed banks and the seed movement in these patches were very similar to each other, and to some extent the seed movement was related to patch-side vegetation there. Seed movement across the soil surface of these bare alkali-saline patches was abundant and dominated by the seeds of pioneer species, such as Chloris virgata and Suaeda corniculata, which accounted for over 96% of these trapped seeds. In the contrast, soil seed banks of bare patches were extremely small, in different seasons, especially in May and June, even no any seed have been found, mainly due to lowest retaining capacity of surface soil to those abundant seed movement. Both soil seed banks and seed movement showed seasonal variation, and usually reached the maximum in October. Soil seed banks of bare alkali-saline patches, which were extremely small and difficult to recruit naturally, may inhibit speed of vegetation restoration. It is suggested that seed movement would be the potential seed source and play a potentially important role in the process of vegetation restoration of bare alkali-saline patches by enhancing the soft retaining capacity to seed movement.

Soil Detachment with Organic Mulching Using Rainfall Simulator in Comparison with a Short Duration Natural Rainfall for Effective Soil Conservation

The impact of raindrop on sandy soil was studied using rainfall simulator and natural rainfall to determine average soil detached. Erosion by rainfall is one of the major hazards threatening the productivity of farmlands. This study determined the rate of soil detachment in comparison between natural rainfall and simulated rainfall for effective soil conservation measure. The height of the simulator was varied considering the diameter of the nozzles which were considered during the design stage of the rain simulator. Two plots of dimensions 2 m × 2 m each were cleared with one considered for bare and treated soils for both the natural rainfall and simulated rainfall. Splash cups were installed on each of the plots at half depth of the cup after the clearing of the area at 0.4 m × 0.4 m apart. Two sets of rain gauge were placed at the experimental site to note the volume of natural rainfall on the farm. The average soil detached was analysed using statistical analysis where t-test was also carried out to know the difference in mean. There was a significant difference in the degree of soil detachment between bare and treated soil under natural rainfall experiment;t(18) = 8.917, p < 0.01. The mean of the natural rainfall for the bare soil was 11.6910 compared to that of the treated soil of 7.75. Size of effect (Eta-square (η2) = 0.8154) reveals that the nature of soil accounted for 81.5% variance in the average detachment rate. For simulated experiments with a mean value of 7.3360 have higher tendency of detachment than treated soil with a mean value of 4.2240. Size of effect (Eta-square (η2) = 0.630) reveals that the soil types accounted for 63% variance in the average detachment. It was concluded that 40.33% soil was found to be conserved using the cow dungs mixed with bare soil to compact the soil. The nozzle size, simulator height, rainfall intensity and other rainfall parameters all contributed to the amount of average soil detached.

基于RS的茂县干旱河谷裸土时空变化分析

茂县是岷江流域干旱河谷分布的典型地区,水土流失严重,裸土区域分布广,通过遥感及地理信息技术对茂县主要干旱河谷区域2000年以来的裸土分布时空变化进行分析,应用裸土指数提取法统计该区域地表裸土的时空变化。研究表明,2000—2020年间,茂县干旱河谷区域裸土面积共减少4 898.7 hm2,主要集中在沙坝镇、沟口镇、叠溪镇和凤仪镇区域,海拔分布在1 400~2 600 m之间。在近20年间,裸土面积呈先上升再逐步减少的趋势,客观反映了茂县干旱河谷裸土分布受地震灾害、生态治理等综合影响,分析结果表明通过人为治理可显著减少干旱河谷区域裸土面积,有效治理水土流失情况。

Effects of shrubs and precipitation on spatial-temporal variability of soil temperature in microhabitats induced by desert shrubs

Soil temperatures at 0, 5, 10 and 20 cm depths were monitored cominuously at different microhabitats （beneath shrub canopy （BSC）; bare intershrub spaces （BIS）） induced by xerophytic shrub （Caragana korshinskii Kom.） canopy, respectively. We mainly aimed to assess the effects of shrub canopy and precipitation on the spatial-temporal variability of soil temperature. Results indi- cate that both precipitation and vegetation canopy significantly affect soil temperature. In clear days, soil temperatures within the BSC area were significantly lower than in the BIS at the same soil depth due to shading effects of shrub canopy. Diurnal variations of soil temperature show a unimoclal sinusoidal curve. The amplitude of soil temperature tended to decrease and a hysteresis of di- urnal maximum soil temperature existed at deeper soil layers. Vertical fluctuations of soil temperature displayed four typical curves. In the nighttime （approximately from sunset to sunrise）, surface temperature within the BSC area was higher than in the BIS. In rainy days, however, soil temperatures were affected mainly by precipitation and the shrub canopy had a negligible effect on soil temperature, and little difference in soil temperature at the same soil depth was found between the BSC area and in the BIS. Diurnal variations in soil temperature decreased exclusively as rainfall continued and the vertical fluctuations of soil tempera~＇e show an increased tendency with increasing soil depth.