英语副词BARELY主观性演变的历时考察

作为英语形容词BARE的衍生词,副词BARELY在形式和意义上表现为肯定和否定的两种不同极性。基于语料,文章欲从历时的角度考察BARELY的主观性特征。研究发现,从17世纪到20世纪,副词BARELY主观性特征增强,客观性特征减弱。从语言结构维度看,BARELY会与人称代词、认知动词以及否定算子等语言元素进行搭配并体现出特定的语言现象。从语言范畴维度看,BARELY逐渐倾向于以受话人为主体,体现正面情感,具有较强的认知特征。总之,英语副词BARELY的主观性不仅体现为功能和意义上的转变,还表现出明显的范畴分化现象。

ToF-SIMS characterization of a bare-spot defect in a hot-dip galvanized boron-added steel sheet

To determine the root cause of a bare-spot defect in a hot-dip galvanized boron-added steel sheet,we performed metallurgical characterizations using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(ToF-SIMS)in addition to glow discharge optical emission spectrometry,field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),and energy dispersive spectroscopy.Mn and B enrichments on the steel surface in the bare-spot area were detected through various methods.FE-SEM revealed external oxide nodules and zinc droplets,which indicated poor wettability.ToF-SIMS further revealed considerably more detailed lateral and depth distributions of Mn,B,and Al.The formation of external Mn-B compound oxides on the steel surface prior to hot dipping,which substantially deteriorated the wettability and prevented the formation of a Fe_(2)Al_(5)inhibition layer,resulted in the formation of a bare-spot defect.ToF-SIMS mapping of Al ion proved that a slight reaction still occurred between the dissolved Al in the molten zinc bath and steel substrate,although no evident Fe_(2)Al_(5)inhibition layer formed in the bare-spot area.

转录组分析揭示BAM1/2与SPL调控拟南芥花药发育的功能关系及调控网络

花药的正常发育对于植物正常繁衍和农作物产量都有着至关重要的作用.转录因子SPL及受体蛋白激酶BAM1和BAM2均在调控孢原细胞分化的过程中发挥重要作用.但迄今对其功能关系及下游信号途径仍缺乏深入研究.本文利用高通量转录组测序手段,通过对拟南芥spl、bam1、bam2、bam1bam2突变体花药的转录组对比分析,明确了:1)BAM1和BAM2功能冗余地调控花药绒毡层发育、脂质转运、花粉壁形成等方面,但两者在调控部分基因表达上存在亚功能化;2)SPL与BAM1/2共同调控791个花粉发育、脂类转运和细胞壁形成等过程相关基因的表达,同时BAM1/2特异调控326个脱落酸、水杨酸、茉莉酸信号途径以及水分、防御等胁迫刺激相关基因的表达,而SPL还单独调控3 789个基因的表达,主要参与到生长素合成和信号响应、水分、温度、光等相关的胁迫刺激.以上结果为生殖发育领域相关研究提供了重要参考.

热重法研究BaRE(Cu_(0.5)Fe_(0.5))_2O_(5+δ)的氧含量变化及其透氧性能

用热重法研究了BaRE(Cu0.5Fe0.5)2O5+δ(RE=Lu^Pr)样品的氧含量的变化。结果表明仅RE=Pr、Nd、Gd时样品的氧含量随温度和氧分压变化而变化,其它样品的氧含量基本不发生变化。用暂态热重法研究了氧在RE=Pr、Nd、Gd样品的表面反应速度,发现氧在表面吸附速率比脱附要快。

定时截尾场合,指数分布的Bayes单样与双样预测

对时间截尾场合的指数分布,在近似概率匹配先验分布下,给出了Bayes单样与双样预测区间与预测子,并用数值例说明了这些方法。

Assessment of Climate Change Variability Impacts on Wheat and Barley Production in Palestine

The study aimed at addressing climate variability impacts on wheat and barley production in Palestine. A combination of literature survey and multiple semi-structured interviews with officials from the Palestinian governmental agriculture related agencies and active non-governmental organizations （NGOs） used for gathering information on wheat and barley production in Palestine. The gathered data along with information and subsequent results prevailed that the West Bank since the 1970s has experienced a significant decrease in winter rainfall. Across 15 sites, growing season rainfall （September to May） decreased by an average of 11% and the sum of rainfall in September and October decreased by 45%. Despite the large decline in rainfall, yields based on the actual weather data did not fall. These results were due to the rainfall changes mainly occurring in September and October, a period when rainfall often is less than crop demand. The study arrived at conclusion based on the study results that climate change variabilities have differential impacts on the yield growth of wheat and barley. However, both rainfed dependent crops are adversely affected by the current climate trends. The yields of barley and wheat are decreasing due to increased temperature and decreased precipitation.

Baer定理的推广

本文给出了超可解群被超可解群扩张仍为超可解群的几个充要条件．不但推广了Ｂａｅｒ在１９５７年的一个定理，而且获得了ｐ－超可解群和群系的一系列重要结果．

主体文化对译者的影响——以弗朗西斯·百灵致两广总督信件翻译为例

翻译是两种语言之间的转换,译者则是两者之间的桥梁,作为桥梁的译者不可避免地受到主体文化的影响,进而对源语进行处理以达到被目的语读者接受的目的。本文以Francis Baring致两广总督的信件翻译为案例来说明主体文化对译者的影响。

Evaporation from Bare Soil in Extremely Arid Environment in Southern Israel

Microlysimeters of different sizes(5 cm 10 cm and 15 cm in length)were used extensively in the present study for the measurements of soil evapondion in site in an extremely arid area in southern Israel.All of the data obtained from the microlysimeters were used to evaluate two conventional eVaporation models developed by Black et al.and Ritchie,respectively.Our results indicated that the models could overestimate total cumulative evaporation by about 30% in the extremely arid environment.Reducing the power factor of the conventional model by a faCtor of 0.1 produced good agreement between the measured and simulated cumulative evaporation.Microlysimeter method proved to be a simple and accurate approach for the evaluation of soil evaporstion.

Vegetation fractional coverage change in a typical oasis region in Tarim River Watershed based on remote sensing

Vegetation fractional coverage （VFC） is an important index to describe and evaluate the ecological system. The vegetation index is widely used to monitor vegetation coverage in the field of remote sensing （RS）. In this paper, the author conducted a case study of the delta oasis of Weigan and Kuqa rivers, which is a typical saline area in the Tarim River Watershed. The current study was based on the TM/ETM＋ images of 1989, 2001, and 2006, and supported by Geographic Information System （GIS） spatial analysis, vegetation index, and dimidiate pixel model. In addition, VBSl （vegetation, bare soil and shadow indices） suitable for TM/ETM＋ irrlages, constructed with FCD （forest canopy density） model principle and put forward by ITTO （International Tropical Timber Organization）, was used, and it was applied to estimate the VFC. The estimation accuracy was later prow^n to be up to 83.52%. Further, the study analyzed and appraised the changes in vegetation patterns and revealed a pattern of spatial change in the vegetation coverage of the study area by producing the map of VFC levels in the delta oasis. Forest, grassland, and farmland were the three main land-use types with high and extremely-high coverage, and they played an important role in maintaining the vegetation. The forest area determined the changes of the coverage area, whereas the other two land types affected the directions of change. Therefore, planting trees, protecting grasslands, reclaiming farmlands, and controlling unused lands should be included in a long-term program because of their importance in keeping regional vegetation coverage. Finally, the dynamic variation of VFC in the study area was evaluated according to the quantity and spatial distribution rendered by plant cover diigital images to deeply analyze the reason behind the variation.

Improvement of Surface Albedo Simulations over Arid Regions

To improve the simulation of the surface radiation budget and related thermal processes in arid regions, three sophisticated surface albedo schemes designed for such regions were incorporated into the Biosphere- Atmosphere Transfer Scheme （BATS）. Two of these schemes are functions of the solar zenith angle （SZA）, where the first one has one adjustable parameter defined as SZA1 scheme, and the second one has two empirical parameters defined as SZA2 scheme. The third albedo scheme is a function of solar angle and soil water that were developed based on arid-region observations from the Dunhuang field experiment （DHEX） （defined as DH scheme）. We evaluated the performance of the original and newly-incorporated albedo schemes within BATS using the in-situ data from the Oasis System Energy and Water Cycle Field Experiment that was carried out in JinTa, Gansu arid area （JTEX）. The results indicate that a control run by the original version of the BATS generates a constant albedo, while the SZA1 and SZA2 schemes basically can reproduce the observed diurnal cycle of surface albedo, although these two schemes still underestimate the albedo when SZA is high in the early morning and late afternoon, and overestimate it when SZA is low during noontime. The SZA2 scheme has a better overall performance than the SZA1 scheme. In addition, BATS with the DH scheme slightly improves the albedo simulation in magnitude as compared to that from the control run, but a diurnal cycle of albedo is not produced by this scheme. The SZA1 and SZA2 schemes significantly increase the surface absorbed solar radiation by nearly 70 W m^-2, which further raises the ground temperature by 6 K and the sensible heat flux by 35 W m^-2. The increased solar radiation, heat flux, and temperature are more consistent with the observations that those from the control run. However, a significant improvement in these three variables is not found in BATS with the DH scheme due to the neglect of the diurnal cycle of albedo. Further analysis indicates that during cloudy days the solar radiation simulations of BATS with these three schemes are not in a good agreement with the observations, which implies that a more realistic partitioning of diffuse and direct radiation is needed in future land surface process simulations.

Variations in sap flow of Zenia insignis under different rock bareness rate in North Guangdong,China

Understanding the impact of rock bareness on the transpiration in karst plants is essential to karst rocky desertification control and sustainable management of plantation in karst area.This study focused on the variations in sap flow of Zenia insignis caused by different rock bareness rate,and the impact of climate factors,soil water content(SWC)and leaf area index(LAI) on transpiration in karst plants,by continuously measuring sap flux densities (Fcd)of 12 sample trees using thermal dissipation probes and monitoring micrometeorology and SwC on a typical karst hill in north Guangdong of China during the year of 2016.Results show that:(1)the maximum hourly sap flux density occurred at11:00-14:00 and the peak daily sap flux density occurred in September.(2)Sap flow density of Zenia insignis increased with rock bareness rate at all hourly,daily and monthly scales,with the sequence of extremely severe>severe>moderate>mild rock bareness.(3)The transpiration of Zenia insi.gnis is controlled by different factors at different temporalscales.At hourly scale,transpiration was highly(n=144,R^2>0.72)correlated to Solar radiation(Rs),Air temperature(Ta),relative humidity(RH),and water vapor pressure deficit(VPD).At daily scale,transpiration was greatly(n=366,R2>0.31)affected by Solar radiation(Rs),Air temperature(Ta),and water vapor pressure deficit (VPD).While at monthly scale,transpiration was mainly(n=12,R^2=0.85)controlled by LAI.Our study proved that Zenia insi.gnis has a good physiecological adaption to fragile karst environment,and Zenia insignis plantation has long-term sustainability even in extremely rocky landscapes.The results may provide scientific basis for plantation management and ecological restoration in karst area.

Numerical study on the case effect of a bomb air explosion

When considering the bomb explosion damage effect,the air shock wave and high-speed fragments of the bomb case are two major threats.In experiments,the air shock wave was studied by the bare explosives superseding the real cased bomb;in contrast,the bomb case influence was ignored to reduce risk.The air explosion simulations of the MK84 warhead with and without the case were conducted.The numerical simulation results showed that the bomb case significantly influenced the shock wave generated by the bomb:the spatial distribution of shock wave in the near field changed,and the peak value of shock wave was reduced.Breakage of the case and kinetic energy of the fragmentation consumed 3 and 38% of the explosion energy,respectively.The increasing factors of the peak overpressure induced by the bare explosive on the ground and in the air were 1.43-3.04 and 1.37-1.57,respectively.Four typical stages of case breakage were defined.The mass distribution of the fragments follows the Mott distribution.The initial velocity distribution of the fragments agreed well with the Gurney equation.

IBPSO-Based MUSIC Algorithm for Broken Rotor Bars Fault Detection of Induction Motors

In spectrum analysis of induction motor current, the characteristic components of broken rotor bars（BRB） fault are often submerged by the fundamental component. Although many detection methods have been proposed for this problem, the frequency resolution and accuracy are not high enough so that the reliability of BRB fault detection is a ected. Thus, a new multiple signal classification（MUSIC） algorithm based on particle swarm intelligence search is developed. Since spectrum peak search in MUSIC is a multimodal optimization problem, an improved bare?bones particle swarm optimization algorithm（IBPSO） is proposed first. In the IBPSO, a modified strategy of subpopulation determination is introduced into BPSO for realizing multimodal search. And then, the new MUSIC algorithm, called IBPSO?based MUSIC, is proposed by replacing the fixed?step traversal search with IBPSO. Meanwhile, a simulation signal is used to test the e ectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The simulation results show that its frequency precision reaches 10-5, and the computational cost is only comparable to that of traditional MUSIC with 0.1 search step. Finally, the IBPSO?based MUSIC is applied in BRB fault detection of an induction motor, and the e ectiveness and superiority are proved again. The proposed research provides a modified MUSIC algorithm which has su cient frequency precision to detect BRB fault in induction motors.

Soil aggregation and aggregate associated organic carbon and total nitrogen under long-term contrasting soil management regimes in loess soil

This study investigated the effects of three contrasting soil management regimes and different nutrient treatments on the distribution of water-stable aggregates（〉2, 1–2, 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5, and 〈0.25 mm） and associated soil organic carbon（SOC） and total nitrogen（TN） content in loess soil. A 21-yr long-term experiment was performed, in which soil management regimes include cropland abandonment（Abandonment）, bare fallow（Fallow） and wheat-fallow cropping（Cropping）. Under Cropping, the following nutrient treatments were employed： control（CK, no nutrient input）, nitrogen only（N）, nitrogen and potassium（NK）, phosphorus and potassium（PK）, NP, NPK, and manure（M） plus NPK（MNPK）. Results demonstrated that Abandonment significantly increased the content of soil macro-aggregates（〉0.25 mm） and mean weight diameter（MWD） at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil horizons compared with Cropping, whereas Fallow yielded lower values of above two parameters. Abandonment increased SOC and TN contents in all aggregate sizes by 17–62% and 6–60%, respectively, at 0–10 cm soil layer compared with Cropping. Conversely, Fallow decreased SOC and TN contents in all aggregates by 7–27% and 7–25%, respectively. Nevertheless, the three soil management regimes presented similar SOC contents in all aggregates at 10–20 cm soil horizon. Only Cropping showed higher TN content in 〉0.5 mm aggregates than the two other regimes. Consequently, Abandonment enhanced the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN in 〉1 mm macro-aggregates, and Fallow promoted these proportions in micro-aggregates compared with Cropping. Under Cropping, long-term fertilization did not affect the distribution of aggregates and MWD values compared with those under CK, except for NPK treatment. Fertilizer treatments enhanced SOC and TN contents in aggregates at all tested soil depths. However, fertilization did not affect the partitioning proportions of SOC and TN contents in all aggregates compared with CK. Comprehensive results showed that different soil management regimes generated varied patterns of SOC and TN sequestration in loess soil. Abandonment enhanced soil aggregation and sequestered high amounts of SOC and TN in macro-aggregates. Long-term amendment of organic manure integrated with NPK maintained soil aggregate stability and improved SOC and TN sequestration in all aggregates in loess soil subjected to dryland farming.

A Novel High Nitrogen Nickel-free Coronary Stents System: Evaluation in a Porcine Model

Objective To study the safety of the novel high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel bare metal stents （BMS） in a recognized porcine coronary model and to select a better grid structure of it. Methods Three types of stents were randomly implanted in different coronary arteries of the same pig： 316L stainless steel BMS （316L-BMS） （n=12）, novel high nitrogen nickel-free stents Grid A （NF-A-BMS） （n=12） and novel high nitrogen nickel-free stents Grid B （NF-B-BMS） （n=12）. In total, eighteen animals underwent successful random placement of 36 oversized stents in the coronary arteries. Coronary angiography was performed after 36 d of stents implantation. Nine animals were respectively sacrificed after 14 d and 36 d for histomorphologic analysis. 〈br〉 Results Quantitative coronary angiography （QCA） showed similar luminal loss （LL） in the three groups：（0.21±0.17） mm for 316L-BMS, （0.16±0.12） mm for NF-A-BMS, （0.24±0.15） mm for NF-B-BMS （P=0.05）. Histomorphomeric analysis after 15 d and 36 d revealed that there was also no significant difference among the three groups in neointimal area （NA） with similar injury scores respectively. High magnification histomorphologic examination showed similar inflammation scores in the three groups, but NF-A-BMS group had poorer endothelialization scores compared with NF-B-BMS group, 2.00±0.63 vs. 2.83±0.41 （P=0.015） at 15 d, which also could be proved by the scanning electron microscope. However, the difference could not been observed at 36 d. Conclusion The novel NF-BMS showed similar safety as 316L-BMS during the short-term study. NF-B-BMS had better endothelialization than NF-A-BMS and this may owe to the specific strut units.

Seed movement of bare alkali-saline patches and their potential role in the ecological restoration in Songnen grassland, China

The dynamics of soil seed banks and seed movement was investigated in three bare alkali-saline patches in Songnen grassland, Northeast China, for exploring their potential role in the vegetation restoration of bare alkali-saline patches. The results showed that the seed banks and the seed movement in these patches were very similar to each other, and to some extent the seed movement was related to patch-side vegetation there. Seed movement across the soil surface of these bare alkali-saline patches was abundant and dominated by the seeds of pioneer species, such as Chloris virgata and Suaeda corniculata, which accounted for over 96% of these trapped seeds. In the contrast, soil seed banks of bare patches were extremely small, in different seasons, especially in May and June, even no any seed have been found, mainly due to lowest retaining capacity of surface soil to those abundant seed movement. Both soil seed banks and seed movement showed seasonal variation, and usually reached the maximum in October. Soil seed banks of bare alkali-saline patches, which were extremely small and difficult to recruit naturally, may inhibit speed of vegetation restoration. It is suggested that seed movement would be the potential seed source and play a potentially important role in the process of vegetation restoration of bare alkali-saline patches by enhancing the soft retaining capacity to seed movement.

Estimation of soil organic carbon storage and its fractions in a small karst watershed

With few available soil organic carbon(SOC)profiles and the heterogeneity of those that do exist, the estimation of SOC pools in karst areas is highly uncertain.Based on the spatial heterogeneity of SOC content of 23,536 samples in a karst watershed, a modified estimation method was determined for SOC storage that exclusively applies to karst areas. The method is a "soil-type method" based on revised calculation indexes for SOC storage. In the present study, the organic carbon contents of different soil types varied greatly, but generally decreased with increasing soil depth. The organic carbon content decreased nearly linearly to a depth of 0–50 cm and then varied at depths of 50–100 cm. Because of the large spatial variability in the karst area, we were able to determine that influences of the different indexes on the estimation of SOC storage decreased as follows: soil thickness > boulder content > rock fragment content > SOC content > bulk density. Using the modified formula, the SOC content in the Houzhai watershed in Puding was estimated to range from 3.53 to 5.44 kg m^(-2), with an average value of 1.24 kg m^(-2) to a depth of 20 cm, and from 4.44 to 14.50 kg m^(-2), with an average value of 12.12 kg m^(-2) to a depth of 100 cm. The total SOC content was estimated at 5.39*10^(5) t.

Structural Research on Embedment of a Bare Deflated Spiral Case

Complete bearing spiral case has not been applied to large power stations in China so far. The proposal of applying complete bearing spiral case necessitates an analysis of the reliability of the spiral case structure and the security of units under various working conditions. In combination with practice of a project, this paper presents a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element static analysis of the concrete using a concrete smeared crack model by means of the well-known finite element method （FEM） software ABAQUS. The stress distribution of the spiral case and reinforcing bars, the range of damages in surrounding concrete, and the displacement of structure are quantified. The computational results indicate that the embedment method ensures the structure＇s safety in strength. At the same time, the result shows that this embedment is a kind of preponderant method for embedment in aspects of economy and technique of construction, and the application of this embedment method to the hydropower station is feasible provided that some proper engineering measures are taken to constrain the width of the concrete in accord with the code＇s requirements. The paper proves the security and reliability of the structural design of spiral case in hydropower station accordingly.

Effects of Shrub on Runoff and Soil Loss at Loess Slopes Under Simulated Rainfall

Improved understanding of the effect of shrub cover on soil erosion process will provide valuable information for soil and water conservation programs.Laboratory rainfall simulations were conducted to determine the effects of shrubs on runoff and soil erosion and to ascertain the relationship between the rate of soil loss and the runoff hydrodynamic characteristics.In these simulations a 20° slope was subjected to rainfall intensities of 45,87,and 127 mm/h.The average runoff rates ranged from 0.51 to 1.26 mm/min for bare soil plots and 0.15 to 0.96 mm/min for shrub plots.Average soil loss rates varied from 44.19 to 114.61 g/(min·m^2) for bare soil plots and from 5.61 to 84.58 g/(min·m^2) for shrub plots.There was a positive correlation between runoff and soil loss for the bare soil plots,and soil loss increased with increased runoff for shrub plots only when rainfall intensity is 127 mm/h.Runoff and soil erosion processes were strongly influenced by soil surface conditions because of the formation of erosion pits and rills.The unit stream power was the optimal hydrodynamic parameter to characterize the soil erosion mechanisms.The soil loss rate increased linearly with the unit stream power on both shrub and bare soil plots.Critical unit stream power values were 0.004 m/s for bare soil plots and 0.017 m/s for shrub plots.