2种海上风力机漂浮式风电场平台动态响应对比

为研究不同海上风力机漂浮式风电场平台风浪流联合作用下动态响应,分别建立基于OC3-Hywind Spar与ITI Energy Barge平台漂浮式风力机的2×2阵列漂浮式风电场,结合辐射/绕射理论与有限元方法,使用海洋工程软件AQWA及风力机仿真软件FAST分别进行水动力学与气动载荷计算,分析2种漂浮式风电场平台时频响应特性。结果表明:Spar与Barge平台频域响应均集中在2.00 rad/s以下低频区域,在2种风电场中,Spar风电场各平台在垂荡、纵摇、横摇、艏摇4自由度及机舱振动加速度上稳定性较好;风电场中平台横荡、纵荡及机舱振动加速度大小与其在风电场中所处位置有关。

平台内TMD对新型Barge浮式风机振动抑制的研究

Barge型浮式风机是发展海上风电的重要装备,其运动响应可以通过被动控制装置调谐质量阻尼器(tuned mass damper,TMD)有效抑制。基于ITI Energy Barge风机,本研究设计了新型Barge浮式风机基础,建立平台配置TMD的风机动力学模型,在浮动平台内配置不同位置、质量、阻尼参数TMD,研究风浪载荷作用下风机平台配置最优参数TMD前后浮式风机运动响应的变化。结果表明:在新型风机平台内浮筒顶部配置质量比3%、阻尼比6%的TMD后,风机塔顶前后和左右位移分别减小15.56%、44.93%,平台纵摇和横摇抑制率达到22.97%、62.79%,风机塔基前后和左右弯矩分别减少15.62%、39.8%。此时,TMD控制效果最佳,风机整体稳定性大幅提高。

一种新型浮式综合发电平台的概念设计及其动态响应研究（英文）

参照OC3-Hywind Spar Buoy和ITI Energy Barge(以下分别简称Spar和Barge)的结构特点,提出了一种新型浮式综合发电平台的概念,根据海洋能发电的特性,构建了"风能-太阳能-波浪能"的联合发电系统,以实现多种能源的耦合互补,并以我国南海作为平台工作条件,采用ANSYS的水动力学模块对平台进行了数值计算。结果表明:该平台的动态响应较小,水动力性能良好,适合在南海海域使用。

基于动力特性的南海浮式风力机多准则评价

基于海上大功率风力机动力特性约束和海洋环境激励要素特征,采用理想最优多准则评估方法,综合考虑海上施工、安装、运营的环境影响、经济性能和结构水动力特性,比较评价南海环境条件下,3种不同大功率浮式风力机——Barge、Spar和TLP的整体工作性能。研究结果表明:浮式Spar风力机为给定条件下的理想最优。该方法可用于南海风力发电深水开发结构选型和新型结构开发的综合评价及方案决策。

极限海况下Barge平台漂浮式风电场动态响应

为提高漂浮式风力机平台稳定性,以Barge平台漂浮式风力机为研究对象,建立共用系泊系统3×3阵列Barge平台的漂浮式风电场。以叶素动量理论为基础,利用水动力学软件AQWA并结合有限元方法,对Barge平台漂浮式风电场和单个Barge平台在极限海况下考虑风波耦合作用的动态响应进行对比研究。结果表明,相较于单个Barge平台,风电场中各个平台的纵荡响应均小于单个Barge平台,位于两侧的各个平台产生不规则的横荡运动,但均较小;其次,Barge平台风电场的垂荡、纵摇及机舱加速度响应均优于单个Barge平台;同时,风电场中各平台表现出很好的首摇、横摇稳定性,波动幅度均未超过2°。研究结果验证了所建立的Barge平台漂浮式风电场的可行性,可为进一步开展新型漂浮式风电场研究提供理论依据。

Barge平台漂浮式风力机动态响应及稳定性控制研究

将调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)配置于漂浮式风力机机舱或塔架可提高其整体稳定性,但加剧了塔基疲劳载荷。为此,在平台内部配置TMD进行减振控制,以ITI Barge平台为研究对象,建立漂浮式风力机动力学模型,研究塔顶前后和侧向位移随TMD质量、阻尼及安装位置的变化规律,采用多岛遗传算法求得最优TMD参数,对比分析风波载荷作用下无TMD控制、机舱TMD控制及平台TMD控制对漂浮式风力机动态响应特性的影响。结果表明:塔顶前后和侧向位移随平台TMD参数变化较为显著,当位于相同位置处TMD质量和阻尼较大时,塔顶前后和侧向位移明显减小,平台TMD质量和阻尼不变时,塔顶前后和侧向位移随TMD位置升高逐渐减小。风波载荷作用下,TMD对漂浮式风力机动态响应控制效果较为明显,但各部位控制效果不同,塔顶侧向位移、平台横摇角及塔基横摇弯矩控制效果最为显著。此外,较之机舱TMD控制,平台TMD控制时漂浮式风力机稳定性更好。

普通和恶劣海况下漂浮式风电场概念设计及平台动态响应

为研究风、波浪、海流联合作用下漂浮式风电场平台的动态响应,建立了基于Barge平台的2×2阵列漂浮式风电场模型,根据辐射/绕射理论结合有限元方法,对比研究了单平台和多平台在普通海况和恶劣海况下的时频响应特性。结果表明:在普通海况下,多平台动态响应以低频为主;多平台在纵荡、垂荡和纵摇方向上的稳定性均高于单平台;在恶劣海况下,多平台运动响应主要集中在波频区;多平台在纵荡和纵摇方向上的稳定性较好,且越远离迎风浪侧,风电场平台的纵荡位移和纵摇角度越小。

系泊参数对漂浮式风力机平台的影响研究

海上漂浮式风力机的研究已成为风电领域的重点与热点,而系泊对漂浮式风力机平台的安全有极其重要的影响,因此本文选取基于Barge平台的NREL 5MW漂浮式风力机作为研究对象,研究系泊参数对漂浮式风力机动态响应及系泊缆张力的影响。结果表明:系泊直径和系泊长度的变化对漂浮式风力机纵摇及系泊缆顶端张力影响较大,对垂荡和纵摇影响较小;当系泊直径为0.3m时,纵荡位移偏移量达到最大,系泊缆顶端张力达到最小;随着系泊长度的增长,纵荡位移不断增大,系泊缆顶端张力不断减小。

Status and challenges of Chinese deepwater oil and gas development

There have been nearly 33 oil and gas fields with billions bbl resources found in deepwater areas all over the world since 1970,so deepwater areas are of prime importance for petroleum exploration and development.With the achievements of a series of deepwater petroleum exploration technology projects in the USA,Europe and Brazil,the GOM,Brazil and West Africa are becoming the focus of deepwater oil and gas exploration.The oil productivity derived from deepwater areas exceeds that of shallow water areas in GOM and Brazil since 2001.Deepwater is becoming very important for petroleum industries and the top area of technology innovations.On the basis of analyses of world deepwater technological innovations,this paper briefly introduces the history of the China National Offshore Oil Corporation （CNOOC）,and then presents the status and challenges of Chinese deepwater oil and gas development.

An Overview of Deepwater Pipeline Laying Technology

The technology and methods involved in pipeline laying in shallow water have evolved to the level of routine and commonplace. However, regarding the unexpected deepwater complexity, the traditional pipeline laying techniques have to confront many new challenges arisen from the increase of the water depth, diameter of the pipe and the welding difficuhy, all of which should be modified and/or innovated based on the existed mature experiences. The purpose of this investigation is to outline the existing and new engineering laying techniques and the associated facilities, which can provide some significant information to the related research. In the context, the latest deepwater pipeline laying technology and pipe laying barges of the renowned companies from Switzerland, Norway, Italy etc., are introduced and the corresponding comparison and discussion are presented as well.

Study on TMD Control on Stability Improvement of Barge-Supported Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Based on the Multi-Island Genetic Algorithm

A floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) has a great potential in producing renewable energy as offshore wind resource is rich in deep sea area (water deeper than 60 m) where fixed foundations are cost-effective or deployable. However, compared with a fixed-bottom installation, FOWT has to suffer more extreme loads due to its extra degrees of freedom. Therefore, the stability of an FOWT is a key challenge in exploiting offshore deep-water wind. Focusing on the stability of barge-type FOWT, this paper is to investigate the effect of passive structural control by equipping a tuned mass damper (TMD) on the nacelle. The turbulent wind with sharp fluctuations is established both in velocity and inflow direction based on standard Kaimal turbulence spectrum as suggested in the standard IEC61400-2. The irregular wave is generated according to the Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum. The dynamic structural characteristics of FOWT are calculated based on the fully coupled aero-hydro-servo-elastic solver FAST. Evidence has shown that the proposed method of the nacelle-based TMD is effective in controlling stability of an FOWT, as the sway and roll motions of barge and the side-side displacement of tower top decreased significantly. With the increase of mass, the side-side displacement of tower-top and the amplitude of roll motion of barge reveal a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The stiffness and damping have little effect. Furthermore, the multi-island genetic optimization algorithm (MIGA) is employed to find globally optimum structural parameters (mass, stiffness and damping) of the TMD. The optimum structure parameters of TMD are achieved when the mass is 21393 kg, damping is 13635 N/(m/s) and stiffness is 6828 N/m. By adopting the optimized TMD, stability of roll motion of barge and side-side displacement of tower-top increase up to 53% and 50% respectively when compared with the normal TMD. The simulation results verify the validity and reliability of the proposed TMD control and the optimization methods.

Comparison of Microbubble and Air Layer Injection with Porous Media for Drag Reduction on a Self-propelled Barge Ship Model

Ship resistance issues are related to fuel economy,speed,and cost efficiency.Air lubrication is a promising technique for lowering hull frictional resistance as it is supposed to modify the energy in the turbulent boundary layer and thereby reduce hull friction.In this paper,the objective is to identify the optimum type of air lubrication using microbubble drag reduction(MBDR)and air layer drag reduction(ALDR)techniques to reduce the resistance of a 56-m Indonesian self-propelled barge(SPB).A model with the following dimensions was constructed:length L=2000 mm,breadth B=521.60 mm,and draft T=52.50 mm.The ship model was towed using standard towing tank experimental parameters.The speed was varied over the Froude number range 0.11–0.31.The air layer flow rate was varied at 80,85,and 90 standard liters per minute(SLPM)and the microbubble injection coefficient over the range 0.20–0.60.The results show that the ship model using the air layer had the highest drag reduction up to a maximum of 90%.Based on the characteristics of the SPB,which operates at low speed,the optimum air lubrication type to reduce resistance in this instance is ALDR.

Numerical investigation of influence of wave directionality on the water resonance at a narrow gap between two rectangular barges

A three-dimensional time-domain potential flow model with second-order nonlinearity was applied to simulate the wave resonance in a gap between two side-by-side rectangular barges. In the model, the velocity potential was decomposed into the incident potential and unknown scattered potential which was obtained by solving the boundary integral equation. The fourth-order predict-correct method was applied to enforce the free surface conditions in the time integration. The influence of the wave direction on the first and second-order gap surface elevations was investigated. The results reveal that the incident wave angle does not affect the resonant wave frequency and the maximum surface elevation at resonance always occurs at the middle location along the gap. However, the corresponding maximum wave surface elevation at resonance varies with the incident wave angle. The location of the maximum wave elevation shifts either upstream or downstream along the gap, depending on the relative magnitude of incident wave frequency to the resonant frequency.

Dynamic Response of Offshore Wind Turbine on 3×3 Barge Array Floating Platform under Extreme Sea Conditions

Offshore wind farm construction is nowadays state of the art in the wind power generation technology.However,deep water areas with huge amount of wind energy require innovative floating platforms to arrange and install wind turbines in order to harness wind energy and generate electricity.The conventional floating offshore wind turbine system is typically in the state of force imbalance due to the unique sway characteristics caused by the unfixed foundation and the high center of gravity of the platform.Therefore,a floating wind farm for 3×3 barge array platforms with shared mooring system is presented here to increase stability for floating platform.The NREL 5 MW wind turbine and ITI Energy barge reference model is taken as a basis for this work.Furthermore,the unsteady aerodynamic load solution model of the floating wind turbine is established considering the tip loss,hub loss and dynamic stall correction based on the blade element momentum(BEM)theory.The second development of AQWA is realized by FORTRAN programming language,and aerodynamic-hydrodynamic-Mooring coupled dynamics model is established to realize the algorithm solution of the model.Finally,the 6 degrees of freedom(DOF)dynamic response of single barge platform and barge array under extreme sea condition considering the coupling effect of wind and wave were observed and investigated in detail.The research results validate the feasibility of establishing barge array floating wind farm,and provide theoretical basis for further research on new floating wind farm.

Coupled Responses of Sewol,Twin Barges and Slings During Salvage

Korean Sewol is successfully lifted up with the strand jack system based on twin barges. During the salvage operation, two barges and Sewol encounter offshore environmental conditions of wave, current and wind. It is inevitable that the relative motions among the three bodies are coupled with the sling tensions, which may cause big dynamic loads for the lifting system. During the project engineering phase and the site operation, it is necessary to build up a simulation model that can precisely generate the coupled responses in order to define a suitable weather window and monitor risks for the salvage operation. A special method for calculating multibody coupled responses is introduced into Sewol salvage project. Each body’s hydrodynamic force and moment in multibody configuration is calculated in the way that one body is treated as freely moving in space, while other bodies are set as fixed globally.The hydrodynamic force and moment are then applied into a numerical simulation model with some calibration coefficients being inserted. These coefficients are calibrated with the model test results. The simulation model built up this way can predict coupled responses with the similar accuracy as the model test and full scale measurement,and particularly generate multibody shielding effects. Site measured responses and the responses only resulted from from the simulation keep project management simultaneously to judge risks of each salvage stage, which are important for success of Sewol salvage.

极端海况下附配重系泊漂浮式风力机响应分析

为提高风波作用下平台稳定性并降低系泊拔锚风险,提出对Barge平台系泊添加配重的新型系泊系统。基于辐射/绕射理论和有限元方法,对比系泊添加配重前后Barge平台动态响应、系泊受力及躺地长度变化,并研究配重位置的影响。结果表明:在保证系泊安全的前提下,添加配重可有效降低平台纵荡、垂荡及纵摇响应并增加系泊躺地长度;当配重距锚点约160 m时,平台纵荡响应最小且躺地长度最大,纵荡、垂荡及纵摇响应幅值分别减小41.9%、20.4%及11.8%。此外,1~4号系泊躺地长度为未加配重时的12.9、2.0、1.9及0.9倍,张力略有增大,但仍在安全范围内;1号系泊(迎风浪侧)躺地长度最小,拔锚风险最高,4号系泊(背风浪侧)添加配重后其躺地长度缩短,拔锚风险增加。

适用于过渡水深的漂浮式风电机组的研究

在借鉴国内外已有的研究成果的基础上,介绍了几种适用于过渡水深的漂浮式风电机组,并从主尺度、总体性能、荷载与控制系统、结构设计与成本等方面进行了对比分析。通过分析发现,半潜(Semi-Sub)式漂浮式风电机组的技术成熟度最高,但运动响应和产生的疲劳荷载要比张力腿(TLP)式大,船(Barge)式、Semi-Sub式与TLP式的控制系统优化逻辑有一定差别;TLP式和Barge式的结构设计比Semi-Sub式简单,但TLP式的施工难度较大;不同类型漂浮式风电机组总建设成本相差不多,只有从整个产业链上降低成本,漂浮式风电机组的商业价值才能显现。

The influence of up-wave barge motion on the water resonance at a narrow gap between two rectangular barges underwaves in the sea

A three-dimensional time-domain potential flow model is developed and applied to simulate the wave resonance in a gap between two side-by-side rectangular barges. A fourth-order predict-correct method is implemented to update free surface boundary conditions. The response of an up-wave barge is predicted by solving the motion equation with the Newmark-β method. Following the validation of the developed numerical model for wave radiation and diffraction around two side-by-side barges, the influence of up-wave barge motion on the gap surfaceresonance is investigated in two different locations of the up-wave barge relative to the back-wave barge at various frequencies. The results reveal that the freely floating up-wave barge significantly influences the resonance frequency and the resonance wave amplitude. Simultaneously, the up-wave barge located in the middle of the back-wave barge leads to a reduction in the resonance wave amplitude and motion response when compared with other configurations.

Fluid Resonance Between Twin Floating Barges with Roll Motion Under Wave Action

The wave-induced fluid resonance between twin side-by-side rectangular barges coupled with the roll motion of the twin barges is investigated by both numerical simulation and physical model test.A 2D numerical wave flume,based on an open source computational fluid dynamics(CFD)package OpenFOAM,is applied for the numerical simulation.After numerical validations and convergent verifications,the characteristics of the fluid resonance in the gap between the twin rolling side-by-side barges are examined.The resonant frequency of the oscillating fluid in the gap between the twin rolling barges decreases compared with that between the twin fixed barges.Generally,the twin barges roll in the opposite directions,and their equilibrium positions lean oppositely with respect to the initial vertical direction.A physical model test is carried out for a further investigation,in which the twin barges are set oppositely leaning and fixed.From the present experimental results,a linear decrease of the resonant frequency with the increasing leaning angle is found.Combined with the numerical results,the deflection of the equilibrium positions of the twin barges is a relevant factor for the resonant frequency.Besides,the effects of the gap width and incident wave height on the fluid resonance coupled with roll motion are examined.