Study on the Characteristics and Efficient Cultivation Techniques of "Rice-Rice-Potato" Triple Cropping Rotation Pattern

The efficient cultivation technique of "rice-rice-potato" triple cropping rotation pattern is summarized by analyzing its characteristics and cultivation techniques in Yangjiang region of Guangdong Province,China,and machine-transplanted cultivation technique of double cropping rice and cultivation techniques of winter potato black film mulching are emphatically introduced,in order to promote the development of potato industry in Yangjiang City.The results will provide a scientific basis for the popularization and application of the "rice-rice-potato" triple cropping rotation pattern.

Effect of various crop rotations on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in paddy–upland systems in southeastern China

To evaluate the effects of various rotation systems on rice grain yield and N use efficiency, a paddy–upland cropping experiment(2013–2016) was conducted in southeastern China. The experiment was designed using six different rice––winter crop rotations: rice–fallow(RF),rice–wheat(RW), rice–potato with rice straw mulch(RP), rice–green manure(Chinese milk vetch; RC–G), rice–oilseed rape(RO), and rice–green manure crop(oilseed rape with fresh straw incorporated into soil at flowering; RO–G) and three N rates, N0(0 kg N ha-1), N1(142.5 kg N ha-1), and N2(202.5 kg N ha-1). Average rice yields in the RF(5.93 t ha-1) rotation were significantly lower than those in the rotations with winter crops(7.20–7.48 t ha-1)under the N0 treatment, suggesting that incorporation of straw might be more effective for increasing soil N than winter fallow. The rice yield differences among the rotations varied by year with the N input. In general, the grain yields in the RP and RO–G rotations –were respectively 11.6–28.5% and 14.80–37.19% higher than those in the RF in plots with N applied. Increasing the N rate may have tended to minimize the average yield gap between the RF and the other rotations; the yield gaps were 18.55%, 4.14%, and 0.23% in N0, N1, and N2, respectively. However, the N recovery efficiency in the RF was significantly lower than that in other rotations, except for 2015 under both N1 and N2 rates, a finding that implies a large amount of chemical N loss. No significant differences in nitrogen agronomic efficiency(NAE) and physiological efficiency(NPE) were found between the rotations with legume(RC–G) and non–legume(RO and RW) winter crops, a result that may be due partly to straw incorporation. For this reason, we concluded that the return of straw could reduce differences in N use efficiency between rotations with and without legume crops. The degree of synchrony between the crop N demand and the N supply was evaluated by comparison of nitrogen balance degree(NBD) values. The NBD values in the RP and RW were significantly lower than those in the other rotations under both N1 and N2 rates. Thus,in view of the higher grain yield in the RP compared to the RW under the N1 rate, the RP rotation might be a promising practice with comparable grain yield and greater N use efficiency under reduced N input relative to the other rotations. The primary yield components of the RF and RP were identified as number of panicles m-2 and numbers of kernels panicle-1, respectively. The NAE and NPE were positively correlated with harvest index, possibly providing a useful indicator for evaluating N use efficiency.

Cover Crops as Affecting Soil Chemical and Physical Properties and Development of Upland Rice and Soybean Cultivated in Rotation

Cover crops can provide changes in soil chemical and physical properties, which could allow a sustainable development of soybean and upland rice rotation in Brazilian Cerrado. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cover crops(cultivated in the offseason) in the soybean-upland rice rotation(cultivated in the summer season) on the soil chemical and physical properties, yield components and grain yield of the cash crops. The experimental design was a randomized block design in factorial scheme 4 × 2 with six replications. Treatments were composed by four cover crops: fallow, millet(Pennisetum glaucum) + Crotalaria ochroleuca, millet + pigeon pea(Cajanus cajans), and millet + pigeon pea + Urochola ruziziensis in the offseason with one or two cycles of cover crops, with rice(Oryza sativa)or soybean(Glycine max) in the summer season. Cover crops alone provided no changes in soil chemical properties. However, the rotation cover crops/cash crops/cover crops/cash crops reduced p H, Al and H + Al and increased Ca, Mg, K and Fe contents in the soil. The cover crops millet + pigeon pea and millet + pigeon pea + U. ruziziensis improved soil physical properties in relation to fallow,especially in the 0–0.10 m soil layer. In spite of the improvement of the soil physical properties after two years of rotation with cover crops and cash crops, the soil physical quality was still below the recommended level, showing values of macroporosity, S index and soil aeration capacity lower than 0.10 m3/m3, 0.035 and 0.34, respectively. Upland rice production was higher under mixtures of cover crops than under fallow, mainly because of soil physical changes done by these mixtures of cover crops.Soybean grain yield was similar under all cover crops tested, but was higher after the rotation cover crops/upland rice/cover crops than after only one cycle of cover crops.

Carbon Dioxide, Methane, and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Rice-Wheat Rotation as Affected by Crop Residue Incorporation and Temperature

Field measurements were made from June 2001 to May 2002 to evaluate the effect of crop residue application and temperature on CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions within an entire rice-wheat rotation season. Rapeseed cake and wheat straw were incorporated into the soil at a rate of 2.25 t hm(-2) when the rice crop was transplanted in June 2001. Compared with the control, the incorporation of rapeseed cake enhanced the emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the rice-growing season by 12.3%, 252.3%, and 17.5%, respectively, while no further effect was held on the emissions of CO2 and N2O in the following wheat-growing season. The incorporation of wheat straw enhanced the emissions of CO2 and CH4 by 7.1% and 249.6%, respectively, but reduced the N2O emission by 18.8% in the rice-growing season. Significant reductions of 17.8% for the CO2 and of 12.9% for the N2O emission were observed in the following wheat-growing season. A positive correlation existed between the emissions of N2O and CO2 (R-2 = 0.445, n = 73,p < 0.001) from the rice-growing season when N2O was emitted. A trade-off relationship between the emissions of CH4 and N2O was found in the rice-growing season. The CH4 emission was significantly correlated with the CO2 emission for the period from rice transplantation to field drainage, but not for the entire rice-growing season. In addition, air temperature was found to regulate the CO2 emissions from the non-waterlogged period over the entire rice-wheat rotation season and the N2O emissions from the nonwaterlogged period of the rice-growing season, which can be quantitatively described by an exponential function. The temperature coefficient (Q(10)) was then evaluated to be 2.3+/-0.2 for the CO2 emission and 3.9+/-0.4 for the N2O emission, respectively.

Effects of rice or wheat residue retention on the quality of milled japonica rice in a rice–wheat rotation system in China

In rice–wheat rotation systems, crop straw is usually retained in the field at land preparation in every, or every other, season. We conducted a 3-year-6-season experiment in the middle–lower Yangtze River Valley to compare the grain qualities of rice under straw retained after single or double seasons per year. Four treatments were designed as: both wheat and rice straw retained(WR), only rice straw retained(R), only wheat straw retained(W), and no straw retained(CK). The varieties were Yangmai 16 wheat and Wuyunjing 23 japonica rice. The results showed contrasting effects of W and R on rice quality. Amylopectin content, peak viscosity, cool viscosity, and breakdown viscosity of rice grain were significantly increased in W compared to the CK, whereas gelatinization temperature,setback viscosity, and protein content significantly decreased. In addition, the effect of WR on rice grain quality was similar to that of W, although soil fertility was enhanced in WR due to straw being retained in two cycles. The differences in protein and starch contents among the treatments might result from soil nitrogen supply. These results indicate that wheat straw retained in the field is more important for high rice quality than rice straw return, and straw from both seasons is recommended for positive effects on soil fertility.

Estimating daily actual evapotranspiration of a rice–wheat rotation system in typical farmland in the Huai River Basin using a two-step model and two one-step models

The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of three models for estimating daily evapotranspiration(ET) by employing flux observation data from three years(2007, 2008 and 2009) during the growing seasons of winter wheat and rice crops cultivated in a farmland ecosystem(Shouxian County) located in the Huai River Basin(HRB), China. The first model is a two-step model(PM-Kc);the other two are one-step models(e.g., Rana-Katerji(R-K) and advection-aridity(AA)). The results showed that the energy closure degrees of eddy covariance(EC) data during winter wheat and rice-growing seasons were reasonable in the HRB, with values ranging from 0.84 to 0.91 and R2 of approximately 0.80. Daily ET of winter wheat showed a slow decreasing trend followed by a rapid increase, while that of rice presented a decreasing trend after an increase. After calibrating the crop coefficient(Kc), the PM–Kc model performed better than the model using the Kc recommended by the Food and Agricultural Organization(FAO). The calibrated key parameters of the R-K model and AA model showed better universality. After calibration, the simulation performance of the PM-Kc model was satisfactory. Both the R-K model and AA model underestimated the daily ET of winter wheat and rice. Compared with that of the R-K model, the simulation result of the AA model was better, especially in the simulation of daily ET of rice. Overall, this research highlighted the consistency of the PM-Kc model to estimate the water demand for rice and wheat crops in the HRB and in similar climatic regions in the world.

Experiences and Research Perspectives on Sustainable Development of Rice-Wheat Cropping Systems in the Chengdu Plain, China

The rice and wheat cropping pattern is one of the main cropping systems in the world. A large number of research results showed that successive cropping of rice and wheat resulted in a series of problems such as hindering nutrition absorption, gradual degeneration of soil fertility, decline of soil organic matter, and increased incidence of diseases and pests. In China, especially in the Chengdu plain where rice-wheat cropping system is practiced, productivity and soil fertility was enhanced and sustained. This paper reviews the relevant data and experiences on rice-wheat cropping in the Chengdu Plain from 1977 to 2006. The principal sustainable strategies used for rice-wheat cropping systems in Chengdu Plain included： 1） creating a favorable environment and viable rotations; 2） balanced fertilization for maintenance of sustainable soil productivity; 3） improvement of crop management for higher efficiency; and 4） use the newest cultivars and cultivation techniques to upgrade the production level. Future research is also discussed in the paper as： 1） the constant topic： a highly productive and efficient rice-wheat cropping system for sustainable growth; 2） the future trend： simplified cultivation techniques for the rice-wheat cropping system; 3） the foundation： basic research for continuous innovation needed for intensive cropping. It is concluded that in the rice-wheat cropping system, a scientific and reasonable tillage/cultivation method can not only avoid the degradation of soil productivity, but also maintain sustainable growth in the long run.

Contribution of Promiscuous Soybean （Glycine max L.） to Upland Rice-based Cropping Systems in West Africa

A two-year on-farm study was carried out at Eglime in the moist savanna （MS） and Ouake in the dry savanna （DS） of Benin to evaluate the contribution of inoculation of dual-purpose soybean varieties to grain yield of upland NERICA rice fertilized with low N level. In 2005, four dual-purpose, promiscuous soybean varieties （cv. TGx1440-IE; TG×1448-2E; TG×1019-2EB; and TG×1844-18E）, and a popular improved variety （cv. Jupiter） were sown in 12 farmer fields with and without Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation. There was also land which was left fallow that acted as the control. In 2006, upland interspecific rice （NERICA 1） was sown in all the plots and supplied with 15 kg N haL. Dry matter yield, N accumulation, and net N-balance were significantly enhanced by over 40% with inoculation of cv. TG× 1844-18E than non-inoculation in the DS in comparison to other cultivars. There were no significant effects of inoculation of previous soybean cultivars on soybean grain yield and on the succeeding NERICA rice yield. Averaged over inoculation, previous cv. TG× 1019-2EB plots supplied with only 15 kg N hal gave the highest grain yield, more than twice the yield of control plots in the DS, possibly because of significant production of higher tillers, panicles and harvest index than the other cultivars; and it could be recommended for upland rice-based system for NERICA production.

Influence of rotation system on siderophere-producing microorganism(SPM) in rhizosphere soil of southern China

Soil siderophores are important for crop growth,benefit ferric iron absorption of root,and are affected by cropping patterns.The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantity of siderophores in soil of 2 continuous crop rotation patterns over 30 years in Anren country,China.Quantity and siderophore-producing capability of microorganisms in rice-riceoilseed rape(DDY)rotation and rice-rice(DD)rontinuous cropping rhizosphere soil were tested and analyzed by chrome azurol S method.Isolated strains were used to identify siderophore-producing microorganism(SPM)by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing.Results showed that 9 siderophore-producing bacteria strains were isolated from DDY rhizosphere soil while 7 strains were identified from DD rhizosphere soil.The mean solubility index which representing siderophore-producing capability of strains was 3.05.PCR amplification results indicated that bacterial were the major SPM in soil.This research indicates that crop rotation systems could drive microorganisms to produce siderophores and enrich them in bacterial communities.

巢湖流域不同轮作模式对水稻氮磷利用率和经济效益的影响评价

为了探究不同轮作模式对水稻产量和品质、肥料利用率和经济效益的影响,于2022年在环巢湖流域进行田间试验。试验设置12个处理:RW_(CK),小麦-水稻(不施肥);RO_(CK),油菜-水稻(不施肥);RM_(CK),绿肥-水稻(不施肥);RW_(PK),小麦-水稻(不施氮肥);RO_(PK),油菜-水稻(不施氮肥);RM_(PK),绿肥-水稻(不施氮肥);RW_(NK),小麦-水稻(不施磷肥);RO_(NK),油菜-水稻(不施磷肥);RM_(NK),绿肥-水稻(不施磷肥);RW,小麦-水稻(常规施肥);RO,油菜-水稻(常规施肥);RM,绿肥-水稻(常规施肥),分析不同处理的水稻产量及构成因子、氮磷累积量、氮磷利用率和经济效益的差异。在常规施肥条件下,水稻产量均超过9.0 t·hm^(–2),水稻产量由高到低的顺序呈现RO>RM>RW的规律,其中RO和RM显著高于RW,RO和RM产量较RW分别提高6.53%与4.90%。在不施肥条件下,水稻产量均超过7.0 t·hm^(–2),但处理间差异不显著。在施肥条件下,RM模式能够显著提高土壤全氮和有机质含量,与RW和RO模式相比,平均增幅8.9%和5.4%。施肥条件下,轮作模式对水稻外观品质影响显著。相比RW和RO,RM处理显著降低垩白度与垩白粒率,平均降幅分别为21.6%、16.1%,改善了水稻的外观品质。相比RW,RM和RO处理显著降低直链淀粉含量,增强胶稠度,其中,直链淀粉含量降幅为8.8%,胶稠度增幅为12.8%,改善了水稻的食味品质。在周年作物经济效益方面,相比RW模式,RO经济效益提高了15.6%。在周年氮磷利用率方面,与RW模式相比,RM可以显著提高周年作物氮磷利用效率,其中氮肥利用率提高21.6%,磷肥利用率提高64.3%。对比3种不同轮作模式,产量和周年经济效益方面,稻油模式最高;稻米品质方面,稻肥模式优于稻油与稻麦模式;在周年氮磷利用率方面,稻肥模式最高。因此从综合方面考虑,建议在巢湖流域一级保护区内增加稻肥模式种植面积,在二级保护区内增加稻油模式种植面积。研究结果可为水稻增产增收、提高肥料利用率、减轻农业面源污染压力及优化巢湖流域传统种植模式提供理论依据。

不同水旱轮作模式下秸秆还田与精量减氮对水稻产量、氮素吸收利用及土壤氮含量的影响

【目的】水旱轮作模式不仅影响土壤氮素残留率,而且旱作季秸秆还田后带入土壤的氮量也不同,导致对后茬水稻的氮素供应也不同。研究考虑秸秆氮素条件下的精准减氮量,以充分发挥秸秆氮素和轮作模式优势。【方法】以四川地区主推品种‘F优498’为材料,在四川农业大学现代化农业科研园区进行大田裂区试验,以3种水旱轮作模式下的秸秆还田为主区:油菜–水稻轮作(RR)、小麦–水稻轮作(WR)、青菜–水稻轮作(CR);以3个施氮量为裂区:不施氮(N_0)、传统施氮量(N_(1))、精量减氮(N_(2))。根据计算,RR、CR和WR轮作模式下N_(2)处理的施氮量分别为120、145和140 kg/hm^(2),分别较N1处理(150 kg/hm^(2))减少氮肥用量20.00%、3.33%和6.67%。于水稻拔节期、齐穗期、成熟期取植株样分析干物质积累和氮素吸收量,成熟期测定水稻产量和产量构成因素。旱季作物和水稻收获后取0—20 cm土壤样品,测定全氮及碱解氮含量。【结果】与CR和WR处理相比,RR平均水稻产量2018年分别增加3.85%和13.06%,2019年分别增加14.01%和2.57%,主要原因是其能保证较高的有效穗数和千粒重,促进籽粒灌浆结实;2018年干物质积累总量平均分别增加1.84%和23.50%,2019年分别增加12.87%和4.19%;2018年氮素积累总量平均分别增加17.29%和14.59%,2019年分别增加10.50%和5.00%;2018年氮肥偏生产力分别增加11.43%和17.08%,2019年分别增加25.57%和11.42%。2018、2019年RR处理稻田土壤全氮含量分别较CR和WR处理增加16.67%和9.25%、14.69%和2.01%,碱解氮含量分别增加了13.90%和9.80%、17.76%和8.48%。同一轮作模式秸秆还田下,N_(2)处理的水稻产量、干物质积累、氮素吸收及土壤氮素含量与N_(1)处理多无显著差异,但氮肥偏生产力、氮肥生理利用率多表现为N_(2)>N_(1),其中2018年N2处理在RR模式下的氮肥偏生产力较N1处理显著增加23.50%,2019年显著增加20.89%。RR、WR和CR模式综合评价表明,水稻生产力综合排序为RR>CR>WR,得分最高的处理是RR+N_(1),其次是RR+N_(2)。【结论】油菜–水稻轮作模式秸秆还田优化了水稻各生育时期的干物质和氮素积累,促进了氮素利用和土壤培肥,从而增加水稻产量,配合精量减氮处理不影响水稻正常生长,但能减少20%氮肥使用,有助于秸秆高效利用和水稻节肥稳产。

不同轮作模式对优质食味稻米品质的影响及氮肥调控效应

旨在探讨不同轮作模式与氮肥运筹对优质食味粳稻稻米品质的影响。试验采用了稻-麦、稻-紫云英和稻-羊肚菌3种轮作模式,设置了减氮10%和常规施用量2种氮肥用量水平,按照基蘖肥:穗肥比例设置了4种氮肥比例处理。结果表明,稻-羊肚菌轮作模式、减氮10%的施肥量以及6:4的氮肥比例策略对于优化稻米的加工品质和外观品质最为有利,其糙米率、精米率和整精米率分别达到85.17%、80.38%和72.60%,垩白粒率、垩白大小和垩白度分别为7.33%、18.17%和1.33%。而在蒸煮食味与营养品质方面,稻-紫云英模式结合减氮10%的氮肥用量和基蘖肥:穗肥比例为6:4的氮肥运筹策略表现出最佳的效果,其直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和蛋白质含量分别为13.68%、83.94 mm和6.65 g/100g;稻-羊肚菌模式与减氮10%和基蘖肥:穗肥比例为6:4的组合,直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和蛋白质含量分别为12.41%、85.14 mm和6.23 g/100g,也是一个相对较好的组合。在RVA谱特征值分析中,稻-紫云英模式和稻-羊肚菌模式,在减氮10%、基蘖肥:穗肥比例6:4处理时表现出较高峰值黏度、热浆黏度和崩解值。本研究证实,通过合理的轮作模式和氮肥管理策略,可以有效地调控优质食味粳稻的稻米品质,稻-羊肚菌和稻-紫云英轮作模式在减氮10%以及6:4的氮肥比例策略下,对稻米的加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味与营养品质及RVA谱特征值都有积极影响。

不同稻虾模式对硫酸盐还原菌群落结构及多样性的影响

硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)作为一种土壤中普遍存在的微生物,在生物地球化学循环中发挥关键作用。本研究以常规水稻单作模式为对照(CK),无环沟式稻虾(水稻和克氏原螯虾)共作模式(RS_(0))、有环沟式稻虾轮作模式(RS_(1))与有环沟式稻虾共作模式(RS_(2))为研究对象,采用16S rDNA高通量测序技术,探究不同稻虾模式对土壤硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)群落结构及多样性的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,3种稻虾模式均显著降低了水稻成熟期土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)和硫化物、硫酸盐、全硫含量,提高了pH和有机质、速效钾、碱解氮含量,其中RS_(0)提升效果最为显著;3种稻虾模式SRB群落结构存在差异:RS1、RS2和RS0处理的δ-变形菌纲相对丰度比CK分别下降46.00%、63.61%和51.94%,而α-变形菌纲则分别提高402.52%、441.01%和584.17%。3种稻虾模式硫酸盐还原菌Observed_species指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数与CK相比均显著提高,但不同稻虾模式间丰富度及多样性没有显著差异。RDA分析表明,速效钾、Eh、有机质、有效磷、碱解氮、硫酸盐、硫化物、全硫和pH是影响稻田土壤SRB群落结构的影响因子,其中全硫和硫化物是主要因子。综上,稻虾模式能维持或者提高稻田土壤养分状况和SRB群落丰富度及多样性,改善稻田土壤SRB群落结构,结果可为稻虾种养土壤生态健康及稻田综合种养土壤微生物研究提供参考和支撑。

华东稻麦轮作区立旋自走电驱动式定角度清秸机设计与试验

传统卧旋式清秸装置动土量较大,且湿黏土壤抛起时易黏附在机器上,导致作业质量下降、油耗增加,影响装置作业稳定性,针对这一问题,设计一种立旋式定角度清秸机,通过结构设计与分析实现清秸刀齿恒定角度作业,避免秸秆二次带回种床,通过对清秸刀齿切土迹距分析确定装置关键结构参数,应用三因素三水平正交试验方法,以作业速度、迹距系数和入土深度为试验因素,清秸率和单位面积作业功耗为试验评价指标,对影响清秸机作业性能的相关参数进行试验与优化。试验结果表明,当参数组合为作业速度4~8 km/h、迹距系数2和入土深度10 mm时,清秸率不小于89.7%、单位面积作业功耗不大于1.84 W·h/m^(2),整个作业过程均未发生土壤黏附现象。研究结果可突破湿黏土壤环境下播种装备作业局限,为稻麦轮作全程机械化提供技术支撑。

水稻—马铃薯轮作对盆栽土壤细菌群落结构的影响

【目的】研究耕作系统对土壤微生物群落的调节能力,为合理布局耕作系统奠定基础。【方法】以马铃薯连作为对照种植系统,在4种条件下(土壤灭菌加施肥、土壤灭菌不施肥、土壤不灭菌加施肥、土壤不灭菌不施肥)设计盆栽试验。通过PCR技术扩增并测序水稻—马铃薯轮作(以下简称“稻薯轮作”)和马铃薯连作系统中每个种植季节作物根区土壤样本的细菌16S rRNA基因的V3~V4区域,并比较细菌群落的物种组成、多样性、功能组成和生态网络。【结果】稻薯轮作可显著影响土壤细菌群落结构。在未灭菌条件下,轮作施肥和未施肥土壤的细菌群落丰富度指数分别显著提高15.62%和9.05%,香农多样性指数分别显著提高2.45%和1.71%;而连作土壤细菌群落的物种多样性和丰富度无显著变化。在土壤灭菌后,稻薯轮作土壤细菌群落物种的丰富度指数和香农多样性指数可提高到灭菌前水平;而连作土壤细菌群落物种的香农多样性指数显著降低,丰富度仅在施肥时恢复到土壤灭菌前水平。稻薯轮作和马铃薯连作土壤细菌群落功能组成差异分析表明:稻薯轮作可显著提高13类土壤功能菌群的丰度;而连作仅能提高4类土壤功能菌群的丰度,其中包括几丁质分解菌和植物病原菌。与连作相比,轮作土壤细菌群落生态网络的介数中心性、边数、图密度、节点数、平均度、图径、模块性和平均路径长度分别提高了10.00倍、2.50倍、2.40倍、1.10倍、0.64倍、0.63倍、0.55倍和0.40倍;而细菌病原菌属群体生态网络的介数中心性、图密度、边数、平均度、节点数和度中心性分别降低了71.4%、67.7%、50.9%、36.1%、23.2%和11.1%。此外,冬季马铃薯种植土壤的病原菌属群体物种的生态网络拓扑特征参数也较夏季耕作土壤显著降低。【结论】稻薯轮作可显著提高土壤细菌群落的物种和功能多样性及调控土壤细菌群落物种的相互作用,对土壤细菌群落具有显著的调节作用。

水稻轮作和不同土壤处理对甜瓜产量和品质的影响

为研究水稻轮作和不同土壤处理对甜瓜连作障碍的防治效果,以甬甜5号甜瓜为对象,探究了不同处理对甜瓜产量和品质的影响。结果表明,高温闷棚处理、微生物菌肥补充、大棚水稻轮作均有利于提高甜瓜的品质、产量和收益,降低甜瓜枯萎病的发生,其中以水稻轮作后的甜瓜产量和收益最佳。

烟-稻轮作下减氮配施生物炭对水稻茎鞘同化物转运和产量形成的影响

【目的】在烟-稻复种连作系统中,探讨烟后作水稻茎鞘物质转运及其产量对减氮配施生物炭处理的响应,以期为复种连作土壤改良提供科学依据。【方法】以杂交水稻甬优1540为材料,常规施氮栽培为对照(T0),在烤烟收获后全土层施用30t/hm2生物炭的前提下,设置纯氮不减施(T1)、纯氮减施10%(T2)、纯氮减施20%(T3)和纯氮减施30%(T4)处理,分析了水稻产量变化与茎鞘同化物积累、转运的关系及其调控机制。【结果】结果表明,2年田间试验各处理产量均表现为T1>T2>T3>T0>T4,其中减氮10%~20%处理(T2和T3)与未减氮处理(T1)之间差异不显著,但均显著高于T0和T4,T2与T3处理2年平均实际产量分别比对照提高了13.94%和13.46%。收获指数方面,T2和T3处理均显著高于其他处理,各处理谷草比表现为T3>T2>T4>T1>T0。生物炭处理并适当减氮下抽穗期叶片净光合速率及SPAD值均显著高于对照。T1处理分蘖数峰值最高,但其分蘖成穗率却显著低于T2和T3处理。在茎鞘物质输出率和茎鞘物质转化率上,T3与T2处理差异不显著,但均显著高于其他处理;茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物(Non-StructuralCarbohydrate,NSC)转运量、转运率及籽粒贡献率与茎鞘物质输出率和茎鞘物质转化率表现一致。茎鞘蔗糖相关酶活性分析表明,T3和T2处理水稻灌浆早中期α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶、蔗糖合成酶(SS)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性均最高,但抽穗后20d这些酶活性则以T1处理最高。【结论】生物炭可改善水稻灌浆期叶片光合性能,减施10%~20%氮肥有利于提高水稻抽穗期茎鞘蔗糖合成与转运酶活性,促进茎鞘物质的积累与转运,提高水稻收获指数,实现“减氮保产”的栽培目标。

基于育秧机插新技术创制的中国双季稻区“稻-稻-油”三熟制模式优化研究

本研究围绕提高中国双季稻区“稻-稻-油”三熟制的发展现状及可持续性展开,以江西省为研究对象,深入分析了该模式当前面临的主要挑战。研究发现,由于茬口紧张和较低的比较效益,农民对该模式的采纳率不高。通过解决水稻、油菜机播育苗移栽环节的瓶颈问题,本研究提出了培育长秧龄带蘖壮秧的新技术目标。利用钵体毯盘技术实现了精量稀播匀播,成功培育了早稻35 d的长秧龄壮秧以及中、晚稻30 d的长秧龄带蘖壮秧,有效缓解了“稻-稻-油”三熟制的茬口紧张问题。本研究的成果不仅提高了“稻-稻-油”模式的实际可操作性,还为促进农业机械化和提升作物生产效率提供了新的思路。

烟-稻轮作典型烟田团聚体分布特征及其与土壤养分、作物产量的关系

【目的】结合烟-稻两季定位调查与采样分析,研究土壤团聚体分布特征及其与土壤养分、作物产量的关系。【方法】选取同一母质正常烟田和障碍烟田各10个,进行定位调查和采样分析,采集0~20 cm表层土样,分析土壤团聚体、土壤养分与土壤生物学特征,研究烟-稻轮作土壤团聚体分布与土壤的关系。【结果】正常烟田土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮和速效钾以及土壤微生物基础呼吸、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、微生物生物量磷、β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素酶、氨基乙酰葡糖苷酶、β-D-吡喃木糖苷酶、酸性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶显著高于障碍烟田(P<0.05);正常烟田烟草季、水稻季土壤大团聚体(2~8mm)显著高于障碍烟田,分别为35.09%、31.75%,且土壤团聚体稳定性指标高。正常烟田烟叶农艺性状与作物产量均显著高于障碍烟田。烟草季水稻季土壤大团聚体与土壤有机碳、全氮呈显著正相关。【结论】正常烟田土壤大团聚体(2~8mm)比障碍烟田高,土壤养分和团聚体分布差异明显,长期的烟-稻轮作促进了土壤团聚体形成,是土壤肥力提高和土壤结构改良的重要途径。

内江市“水稻-大蒜”轮作高产高效栽培技术

内江市农业生产以水稻和大蒜为主要经济作物。长期以来实施的单一作物连作模式已经导致了土壤疲劳、肥力下降和病虫害增多等问题。为了解决这些问题,开发了一种水稻与大蒜的轮作高产高效栽培技术,旨在通过改良种植结构,提高农田生态系统的多样性,从而增加农作物的产量并保持土壤健康。轮作模式不仅提高了水稻和大蒜的单产,优化了产品的品质,还有效改善了土壤结构与肥力,减少了病虫害的发生。