Blood-brain barrier pathology in cerebral small vessel disease

Cerebral small vessel disease is a neurological disease that affects the brain microvasculature and which is commonly observed among the elderly.Although at first it was considered innocuous,small vessel disease is nowadays regarded as one of the major vascular causes of dementia.Radiological signs of small vessel disease include small subcortical infarcts,white matter magnetic resonance imaging hyperintensities,lacunes,enlarged perivascular spaces,cerebral microbleeds,and brain atrophy;however,great heterogeneity in clinical symptoms is observed in small vessel disease patients.The pathophysiology of these lesions has been linked to multiple processes,such as hypoperfusion,defective cerebrovascular reactivity,and blood-brain barrier dysfunction.Notably,studies on small vessel disease suggest that blood-brain barrier dysfunction is among the earliest mechanisms in small vessel disease and might contribute to the development of the hallmarks of small vessel disease.Therefore,the purpose of this review is to provide a new foundation in the study of small vessel disease pathology.First,we discuss the main structural domains and functions of the blood-brain barrier.Secondly,we review the most recent evidence on blood-brain barrier dysfunction linked to small vessel disease.Finally,we conclude with a discussion on future perspectives and propose potential treatment targets and interventions.

The Regulatory Role and Mechanism of Circadian Rhythm in Hemoglobin Co-cultured Neurovascular Unit

Objective Intracranial hemorrhage(ICH),the second most common subtype of stroke,exacerbates the disruption of the blood-brain barrier(BBB),leading to vasogenic edema,plasma protein extravasation,and infiltration of neurotoxic substances.The clearance capacity of the brain plays a crucial role in maintaining BBB homeostasis and facilitating patient recovery after hemorrhage.This study aimed to investigate the effect of circadian rhythms on BBB function,neuronal damage,and clearance capabilities.Methods The transwell model and hemoglobin were co-cultured to simulate the BBB environment after ICH.After intervention with different light groups,neuronal apoptosis was determined,glial phagocytosis was analyzed,the expression of endogenous clearing-related proteins aquaporin 4(AQP4)and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1(LRP1)was detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence dual standard method,and the expression of the tight junction protein occludin and melatonin receptor 1A(MTNR1A)was quantitatively analyzed.Results Circadian rhythms play a key role in maintaining the integrity of the BBB,reducing oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage,and improving microglial phagocytosis.Meanwhile,the expression of occludin and MTNR1A in neurovascular unit(NVU)co-cultured with hemoglobin improved the expression of AQP4 and LRP1,the key proteins in the NVU's endogenous brain clearance system.Conclusion Circadian rhythm(alternating black and white light)protects the NVU BBB function after ICH,promotes the expression of proteins related to the clearance of the hematoma,provides new evidence for the clinical treatment of patients recovering from ICH,and improves the circadian rhythm to promote brain metabolism and hematoma clearance.

Mechanical and Acoustic Performance Test of New Designed Metal Noise Barrier Unit Plate with No Riveted Connection

The modern transportation system is increasingly developed during recent years.It is an effective solution to set the noise barriers to reduce the traffic noise pollution caused by different kinds of transportation systems.Many deficiencies on concrete noise barriers and metal noise barriers with rivet structure can be eliminated by a new kind of noise barrier with no-riveted structure.The mechanical performance examination and acoustic performance test are conducted on the new-designed noise barrier with no-riveted structure.The results indicate that the maximum stress is 1.74 MPa and the maximum deformation is 1.04 mm with load acting on the unit plate.The noise reduction coefficient of this kind of no-riveted noise barrier unit plate is 0.75 and its noise insulation is 40 dB,which were conform to or superior to the standard requirements.Therefore,this new designed noise barrier meets the field application requirements of mechanical and acoustic performance,which demonstrates the noise barriers can be widely promoted.

Barriers to vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)control:experience from the United States

To date,the United States(U.S.)has been the most heavily impacted country by the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).By November 30,2020,when this paper was written,13.5 million cases were reported in the U.S.with over 268000 deaths.Historically,vaccines have been one of the most effective and efficient technical tools for controlling a communicable disease.While the development of these vaccines has certainly been a challenge,it could be more challenging to achieve robust vaccine uptake because of many barriers.In this review,we focused on two types of barriers documented from long-term experience in the U.S.:structural and attitudinal.Structural barriers are systemic issues that impact one's ability to access a service,and they include time,transportation,cost,and clinic or outlet location;while attitudinal barriers are beliefs or perceptions that impact the willingness of at-risk individuals to seek out and/or accept a service.In the context of vaccination they include beliefs about the communicable disease,beliefs about vaccines,fear,and trust in healthcare and governmental agencies.Of the attitudinal barriers,public trust is a barrier that is of particular importance.In addition to affecting reception of vaccines,it may exacerbate disparities and reduce the likelihood of success of a vaccination program.Recommendations are made to overcome attitudinal barriers to help improve the effectiveness of vaccination programs for COVID-19 control in the U.S.,such as building public support through bipartisan endorsements and leveraging social media platforms to promote vaccination.

Fingolimod protects against neurovascular unit injury in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Recent research on the underlying mechanisms of cerebral ischemia indicates that the neurovascular unit can be used as a novel subject for general surveys of neuronal damage and protein mechanisms.Fingolimod(FTY-720)is a newly developed immunosuppressant isolated from Cordyceps sinensis that exhibits a wide range of biological activities,and has recently attracted much attention for the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.In the current research,the role of FTY-720 and its possible mechanisms were assessed from an neurovascular unit perspective using a rat cerebral ischemia model.Our results revealed that FTY-720 markedly decreased infarct volume,promoted neurological function recovery,and weakened the blood-brain barrier permeability of ischemic rats.The protective roles of FTY-720 in ischemic stroke are ascribed to a combination of sphingosin-1-phosphate receptor-1 and reduced expression of sphingosin-1-phosphate receptor-1 in microvessels and reduction of interleukin-17A protein levels.These findings indicate that FTY-720 has promise as a new therapy for neurovascular protection and functional recovery after ischemic stroke.

Current overview of induced pluripotent stem cell-based blood-brain barrier-on-a-chip

BACKGROUND Induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)show great ability to differentiate into any tissue,making them attractive candidates for pathophysiological investigations.The rise of organ-on-a-chip technology in the past century has introduced a novel way to make in vitro cell cultures that more closely resemble their in vivo environments,both structural and functionally.The literature still lacks consensus on the best conditions to mimic the blood-brain barrier(BBB)for drug screening and other personalized therapies.The development of models based on BBB-on-achip using iPSCs is promising and is a potential alternative to the use of animals in research.AIM To analyze the literature for BBB models on-a-chip involving iPSCs,describe the microdevices,the BBB in vitro construction,and applications.METHODS We searched for original articles indexed in PubMed and Scopus that used iPSCs to mimic the BBB and its microenvironment in microfluidic devices.Thirty articles were identified,wherein only 14 articles were finally selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Data compiled from the selected articles were organized into four topics:(1)Microfluidic devices design and fabrication;(2)characteristics of the iPSCs used in the BBB model and their differentiation conditions;(3)BBB-on-a-chip reconstruction process;and(4)applications of BBB microfluidic three-dimensional models using iPSCs.RESULTS This study showed that BBB models with iPSCs in microdevices are quite novel in scientific research.Important technological advances in this area regarding the use of commercial BBB-on-a-chip were identified in the most recent articles by different research groups.Conventional polydimethylsiloxane was the most used material to fabricate in-house chips(57%),whereas few studies(14.3%)adopted polymethylmethacrylate.Half the models were constructed using a porous membrane made of diverse materials to separate the channels.iPSC sources were divergent among the studies,but the main line used was IMR90-C4 from human fetal lung fibroblast(41.2%).The cells were differentiated through diverse and complex processes either to endothelial or neural cells,wherein only one study promoted differentiation inside the chip.The construction process of the BBB-on-a-chip involved previous coating mostly with fibronectin/collagen Ⅳ(39.3%),followed by cell seeding in single cultures(36%)or co-cultures(64%)under controlled conditions,aimed at developing an in vitro BBB that mimics the human BBB for future applications.CONCLUSION This review evidenced technological advances in the construction of BBB models using iPSCs.Nonetheless,a definitive BBB-on-a-chip has not yet been achieved,hindering the applicability of the models.

中东巨厚复杂碳酸盐岩油藏分层系均衡注水开发技术

基于中东碳酸盐岩油藏注水开发实践,以两伊地区(伊拉克和伊朗)白垩系巨厚生物碎屑灰岩油藏为例,针对笼统注采导致开发效果差的难题,提出以隐蔽隔夹层为格架精细划分开发层系、多类型多井型井网有机组合、构建均衡注采体系为核心的巨厚复杂碳酸盐岩油藏均衡注水开发技术。两伊地区巨厚碳酸盐岩油藏具有垂向非均质性强、多成因超高渗透层发育、隔夹层隐蔽性强等特征,基于隐蔽隔夹层识别与刻画技术、封隔能力评估技术,提出均衡注水开发技术,形成常规层系架构、精细层系架构、深化层系架构3种均衡注水开发模式和技术。数值模拟表明,均衡注水开发技术可实现两伊地区巨厚复杂碳酸盐岩油藏精细高效注水开发、均衡动用不同类型储量,并为同类油藏的开发优化提供借鉴。

高校环境实验室危险源的风险分级与防范网络屏障的构建

高校环境实验室危险源的种类和危险特性多样,危险源的风险分级与防范网络屏障构建对高校实验室危险源的管理具有较大的推进作用。文章采用系统工程的方法,进行了环境实验室危险源的分类统计分析;基于事故风险链理论、多层次综合评价法和墨菲定律,构建了环境实验室危险源的风险分级指标体系和防范网络屏障。结果表明:(1)实验室的危险源风险分为危险因素和危险单元风险两个层次,危险因素和危险单元的风险分为极度危险、重度危险、显著危险、潜在危险和稍有危险五个等级。(2)实验物质、工艺设备、环境、人员、安全管理构成实验事故风险链条,事故发生是一个链条事件,构建层层防御屏障大大降低事故的发生概率。构建基于实验项目的实验全员分工负责、物环人管环环相扣、危险单元全周期、全方位、分级化精准监管的防范网络屏障是实验室安全的强有力保证。

新型双定子无刷双馈风力发电机直接功率控制

新型双定子无刷双馈发电机包括内外功率绕组和内外控制绕组,二者分别通过中间带隔磁环的背靠背笼障转子进行磁场耦合。针对该新型双定子无刷双馈风力发电机提出一种直接功率控制方法,内外功率绕组及内外控制绕组分别串联以保持各自同相绕组的电磁一致性,将功率绕组有功和无功功率滞环比较器输出值及控制绕组磁链扇区号综合,采用查找表得到控制绕组机侧变流器所需输出的电压空间矢量。通过定量对比研究12/8极50 kW样机控制系统阶跃信号作用下的特性仿真与实验结果,验证了所提双定子无刷双馈风力发电机直接功率控制在亚同步~超同步速度变化范围内变速恒频发电、最大功率跟踪、无功功率与单位功率因数控制等方面的正确性、可行性和有效性。

大单元教学的“入场阻隔”及其破解

大单元教学的“入场阻隔”是指由于各种原因造成的大单元教学未能真正成为教学实践活动而陷入困境的一种状态,表现为教师教学的“单元”认知阻隔、“概念”设计阻隔及“学科化”实施阻隔。原因在于:嵌套逻辑导致的“单元”认知局限,核心素养目标提取困难导致的“概念”设计惯性,以及形式化探究和刻板化教学引发的“学科化”模式固化。要破解大单元教学的“入场阻隔”,需要准确把握大单元教学中“大”的含义,突破“单元”教学的认知局限;以“大概念”统领教学设计,突破“概念”教学知识点状分布的设计局限;以核心素养统率教学实施,突破刻板的“学科化”实施局限。

成人ICU患者医用粘胶相关性皮肤损伤预防与管理最佳实践的障碍因素分析

目的了解成人ICU患者医用粘胶剂相关性皮肤损伤预防与管理的临床现状,明确证据转化过程中的障碍因素并探讨其应对策略。方法系统化检索相关文献,对纳入文献进行质量评价后提取证据,通过共识会议构建审查指标和确定目标值,开展基线审查,根据审查现状进行障碍因素分析。结果筛选出转化的证据共29条,制订27条审查指标,仅3条指标的执行率达到目标值。变革层面的主要障碍为缺乏相关护理制度及流程、需调整原有工作程序、冲击护士固有的思维方式;变革接受者层面的主要障碍为护士对工作量增加的抗拒、知识和技能缺乏、家属对医疗负担的担忧;组织环境层面的主要障碍为缺乏激励、支持和反馈机制,现场环境有待改善。结论成人ICU患者医用粘胶相关性皮肤损伤预防与管理最佳实践的障碍因素多样,应根据这些因素制订以变革、变革接受者、组织环境为中心的改进策略,将变革融入工作流程和管理体系,建立有效的激励机制与反馈机制,促使组织环境改善,推动最佳证据向临床实践转化。

Separate-layer balanced waterflooding development technology for thick and complex carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East

Based on the waterflooding development in carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East,in order to solve the problem of the poor development effects caused by commingled injection and production,taking the thick bioclastic limestone reservoirs of Cretaceous in Iran-Iraq as an example,this paper proposes a balanced waterflooding development technology for thick and complex carbonate reservoirs.This technology includes the fine division of development units by concealed baffles and barriers,the combination of multi well type and multi well pattern,and the construction of balanced water injection and recovery system.Thick carbonate reservoirs in Iran-Iraq are characterized by extremely vertical heterogeneity,development of multi-genesis ultra-high permeability zones,and highly concealed baffles and barriers.Based on the technologies of identification,characterization,and sealing evaluation for concealed baffles and barriers,the balanced waterflooding development technology is proposed,and three types of balanced waterflooding development modes/techniques are formed,namely,conventional stratigraphic framework,fine stratigraphic framework,and deepened stratigraphic framework.Numerical simulations show that this technology is able to realize a fine and efficient waterflooding development to recover,in a balanced manner,the reserves of thick and complex carbonate reservoirs in Iran and Iraq.The proposed technology provides a reference for the development optimization of similar reservoirs.

高速铁路声屏障通透隔声板选型设计研究

声屏障通透隔声板是高速铁路声学构件常见类型之一,作为轨旁设施长期承受列车气动荷载,其选型设计是否正确直接影响铁路运营安全。在声屏障通透隔声板选型设计过程中,还存在通透材料抗荷指标未按使用工况进行明确,忽视通透材料厚度设计等问题。为解决上述问题,首先对声屏障通透隔声板通透材料的隔声量、燃烧性能、抗荷性能和抗冲击性能等指标进行分析,给出不同使用场景和不同速度目标值下,玻璃和亚克力等常用通透材料的选用建议;再通过高速铁路通透声屏障列车气动荷载、限制性风速荷载和自然风荷载的取值和工况组合分析,提出声屏障通透隔声板不同工况下的变形抗荷指标、断裂抗荷指标和疲劳抗荷指标;此外,通过对声屏障通透隔声板隔声量、抗冲击性能和挠度的研究,给出不同工况下型材尺寸和不同通透材料厚度。研究表明,常规尺寸的夹层玻璃通透板厚度由抗冲击性能控制,建议其厚度≮(10+0.76+10)mm,台风地区桥梁地段2000 mm×1960 mm规格夹层玻璃厚度建议增加至(11+0.76+11)mm。亚克力材料厚度与通透隔声板尺寸有关,500 mm×1960 mm小尺寸规格亚克力隔声板通透材料厚度由抗冲击性能控制,建议其厚度≮15 mm;1000 mm×1960 mm以上大尺寸规格亚克力隔声板通透材料厚度由挠度控制,其中1000 mm×1960 mm规格亚克力隔声板应用于桥梁地段时,在时速350 km工况下,建议其厚度≮18 mm,台风工况下其厚度≮20 mm。

早期肠内营养治疗对儿童重症监护室患儿临床结局的影响

目的分析早期肠内营养治疗对儿童重症监护室(PICU)患儿临床结局的影响。方法选取2019年4月至2020年9月于广州市花都区妇幼保健院接受肠内营养治疗的420例重症患儿为研究对象,按照不同入住PICU时间分为三组,其中入住PICU时间24~48 h为早期组(140例),49~72 h为晚期1组(140例),>72 h为晚期2组(140例)。比较三组的肠屏障功能、营养指标、临床指标、并发症发生情况。结果治疗后,早期组二胺氧化酶、内毒素水平以及尿乳果糖/甘露醇比值均高于晚期1组和晚期2组(P<0.05);早期组治疗后血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、血清前白蛋白水平以及体重指数均高于晚期1组和晚期2组(P<0.05);早期组PICU住院时间、总住院时间短于晚期1组和晚期2组(P<0.05);早期组低钾血症、低钠血症发生率均低于晚期1组和晚期2组(P<0.05)。结论早期肠内营养治疗能够改善PICU患儿的营养状况,提高肠屏障功能,减少并发症,缩短住院时间,促进康复。

Hyodeoxycholic acid protects the neurovascular unit against oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation-induced injury in vitro

Calculus bovis is commonly used for the treatment of stroke in traditional Chinese medicine. Hyodeoxycholic acid(HDCA) is a bioactive compound extracted from calculus bovis. When combined with cholic acid, baicalin and jas-minoidin, HDCA prevents hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced brain injury by suppressing endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptotic signaling. However, the effects of HDCA in ischemic stroke injury have not yet been studied. Neurovascular unit(NVU) dysfunction occurs in ischemic stroke. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of HDCA on the NVU under ischemic conditions in vitro. We co-cultured primary brain microvascular endothelial cells, neurons and astrocytes using a transwell chamber co-culture system. The NVU was pre-treated with 10.16 or 2.54 μg/mL HDCA for 24 hours before exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation for 1 hour. The cell counting kit-8 assay was used to detect cell activity. Flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling were used to assess apoptosis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. Oxidative stress-related factors, such as superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde and γ-glutamyltransferase, were measured using kits. Pretreatment with HDCA significantly decreased blood-brain barrier permeability and neuronal apoptosis, significantly increased transendothelial electrical resistance and γ-glutamyltransferase activity, attenuated oxidative stress damage and the release of inflammatory cytokines, and increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor expression. Our findings suggest that HDCA maintains NVU morphological integrity and function by modulating inflammation, oxidation stress, apoptosis, and the expression of neurotrophic factors. Therefore, HDCA may have therapeutic potential in the clinical management of ischemic stroke. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Experimental Animals of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine(approval No. BUCM-3-2016040201-2003) in April 2016.

Exogenous platelet-derived growth factor improves neurovascular unit recovery after spinal cord injury

The blood-spinal cord barrier plays a vital role in recovery after spinal cord injury.The neurovascular unit concept emphasizes the relationship between nerves and vessels in the brain,while the effect of the blood-spinal cord barrier on the neurovascular unit is rarely reported in spinal cord injury studies.Mouse models of spinal cord injury were established by heavy object impact and then immediately injected with plateletderived growth factor(80μg/kg)at the injury site.Our results showed that after platelet-derived growth factor administration,spinal cord injury,neuronal apoptosis,and blood-spinal cord barrier permeability were reduced,excessive astrocyte proliferation and the autophagyrelated apoptosis signaling pathway were inhibited,collagen synthesis was increased,and mouse locomotor function was improved.In vitro,human umbilical vein endothelial cells were established by exposure to 200μM H2O2.At 2 hours prior to injury,in vitro cell models were treated with 5 ng/mL platelet-derived growth factor.Our results showed that expression of blood-spinal cord barrier-related proteins,including Occludin,Claudin 5,andβ-catenin,was significantly decreased and autophagy was significantly reduced.Additionally,the protective effects of platelet-derived growth factor could be reversed by intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg chloroquine,an autophagy inhibitor,for 3 successive days prior to spinal cord injury.Our findings suggest that platelet-derived growth factor can promote endothelial cell repair by regulating autophagy,improve the function of the blood-spinal cord barrier,and promote the recovery of locomotor function post-spinal cord injury.Approval for animal experiments was obtained from the Animal Ethics Committee,Wenzhou Medical University,China(approval No.wydw2018-0043)in July 2018.

Volunteering in the United Arab Emirates’ Health System—Motivations and Challenges

Background: The volunteer role has been cited as an important in supporting healthcare organizations in diverse areas such as contributing to research, health professional’s education, health care delivery, health policy development and patient administration. Proper motivation of volunteers is required for sustaining volunteer performance, while encumbrances to optimal engagement in health systems need to be addressed. This study aimed to investigate the main factors that motivate volunteers to participate in the UAE healthcare system, along with exploring the barriers and challenges being faced. Methods: This study was designed as a quantitative cross-sectional study in United Arab Emirates (UAE). A purposive sample of the Adult citizens and residents using purposive sampling directed at all major health volunteer recruitment agencies in UAE, who have volunteered at least once in the health system over the preceding 12 months. Participants Adult UAE residents were selected by a purposive sampling method from February to April 2017. Data were collected through electronic questionnaires using modified Volunteer Motivation Inventory (VMI). Data were analyzed from 667 adults’ residents who were reported to volunteer at least once in healthcare opportunities. Results: About 53% (n = 290) of the volunteers in this sample were full time employed individuals. Almost 63% (n = 422) were female. Overall, assessed self-reported motivations of volunteer participants were high. The main motivation for volunteering in healthcare opportunities in the UAE was Understanding dimension (Mean = 4.68), followed by self-esteem dimension (Mean = 4.60). Eight elements of volunteer motivation showed no statistically significant differences between male and female respondents. Organization/system barriers dimension was the highest among respondents (Mean = 2.9), followed by individual barriers (Mean = 2.6), interpersonal (Mean = 2.06) and contextual (Mean = 2.04). Conclusion: UAE health sector volunteers who participated in this study appeared to be highly motivated. The main motivation factor was understanding dimension which allowed volunteers in healthcare to gain a new perspective on things, through practical training and learning new things, dealing with different groups in the health sector, for example doctors, nursing, patients. What makes the health sector volunteer understand them self and the world around them. Therefore the organization should focus on volunteer motivation to ensure future intensions of them. The four main barriers to volunteer were Individual barriers, Interpersonal barriers, contextual barriers and organizations system barriers. Concerted efforts are needed to raise awareness about available volunteer opportunities, and optimally align the motivations of volunteers with organizational objectives in the UAE health sector.

Construction and imaging of a neurovascular unit model

In 2001,the concept of the neurovascular unit was introduced at the Stroke Progress Review Group meeting.The neurovascular unit is an important element of the health and disease status of blood vessels and nerves in the central nervous system.Since then,the neurovascular unit has attracted increasing interest from research teams,who have contributed greatly to the prevention,treatment,and prognosis of stroke and neurodegenerative diseases.However,additional research is needed to establish an efficient,low-cost,and low-energy in vitro model of the neurovascular unit,as well as enable noninvasive observation of neurovascular units in vivo and in vitro.In this review,we first summarize the composition of neurovascular units,then investigate the efficacy of different types of stem cells and cell culture methods in the construction of neurovascular unit models,and finally assess the progress of imaging methods used to observe neurovascular units in recent years and their positive role in the monitoring and investigation of the mechanisms of a variety of central nervous system diseases.

A neurovascular unit-on-a-chip:culture and differentiation of human neural stem cells in a three-dimensional microfluidic environment

Biological studies typically rely on a simple monolayer cell culture,which does not reflect the complex functional characteristics of human tissues and organs,or their real response to external stimuli.Microfluidic technology has advantages of high-throughput screening,accurate control of the fluid velocity,low cell consumption,long-term culture,and high integration.By combining the multipotential differentiation of neural stem cells with high throughput and the integrated characteristics of microfluidic technology,an in vitro model of a functionalized neurovascular unit was established using human neural stem cell-derived neurons,astrocytes,oligodendrocytes,and a functional microvascular barrier.The model comprises a multi-layer vertical neural module and vascular module,both of which were connected with a syringe pump.This provides controllable conditions for cell inoculation and nutrient supply,and simultaneously simulates the process of ischemic/hypoxic injury and the process of inflammatory factors in the circulatory system passing through the blood-brain barrier and then acting on the nerve tissue in the brain.The in vitro functionalized neurovascular unit model will be conducive to central nervous system disease research,drug screening,and new drug development.

中药提取物调控脊髓损伤后血-脊髓屏障机制研究进展

脊髓损伤后继发性神经损伤的病理生理过程主要与血-脊髓屏障破坏有关。脊髓损伤属中医学“痿证”“体惰”范畴,疏通督脉是中医治疗脊髓损伤主要原则,以活血、消肿、清热、益气等方法为主,具有此类功效的中药提取物对神经功能恢复具有积极作用。本文归纳近年脊髓损伤后血-脊髓屏障损伤机制研究,发现中药提取物对脊髓损伤后血-脊髓屏障损伤的修复策略主要与脊髓水肿、炎症反应、细胞凋亡与自噬等作用密切相关,为中医药治疗脊髓损伤机制研究及临床应用提供思路。