We show how the Koide relationships and associated triplet mass matrices can be generalized to derive the observed sum of the free neutron and proton rest masses in terms of the up and down current quark masses and th...We show how the Koide relationships and associated triplet mass matrices can be generalized to derive the observed sum of the free neutron and proton rest masses in terms of the up and down current quark masses and the Fermi vev to six parts in 10,000. This sum can then be solved for the separate neutron and proton masses using the neutron minus proton mass difference derived by the author in a recent, separate paper. The oppositely-signed charges of the up and down quarks are responsible for the appearance of a complex phase exp(iδ) and real rotation angle θ which leads on an independent basis to mass and mixing matrices similar to that of Cabibbo, Kobayashi and Maskawa (CKM). These can then be used to specify the neutron and proton mass relationships to unlimited accuracy using θ as a nucleon fitting angle deduced from empirical data. This fitting angle is then shown to be related to an invariant of the CKM mixing angles within experimental errors. Also developed is a master mass and mixing matrix which may help to interconnect all baryon and quark masses and mixing angles. The Koide generalizations developed here enable these neutron and proton mass relationships to be given a Lagrangian formulation based on neutron and proton field strength tensors that contain vacuum-amplified and current quark wavefunctions and masses. In the course of development, we also uncover new Koide relationships for the neutrinos, the up quarks, and the down quarks.展开更多
Based on the thesis that baryons including protons and neutrons are Yang-Mills magnetic monopoles which the author has previously developed and which has been confirmed by over half a dozen empirically-accurate predic...Based on the thesis that baryons including protons and neutrons are Yang-Mills magnetic monopoles which the author has previously developed and which has been confirmed by over half a dozen empirically-accurate predictions, we develop a GUT that is rooted in the SU(4) subgroups for the proton/electron and neutron/neutrino which were used as the basis for these predictions. The SU(8) GUT group so-developed leads following three stages of symmetry breaking to all known phenomenology including a neutrino that behaves differently from other fermions, lepto-quark separation, replication of fermions into exactly three generations, the Cabibbo mixing of those generations, weak interactions which are left-chiral, and all four of the gravitational, strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions. The next steps based on this development will be to calculate the masses and energies associated with the vacuum terms of the Lagrangian, to see if additional empirical confirmations can be achieved, especially for the proton and neutron and the fermion masses.展开更多
The following article has been retracted due to the investigation of complaints received against it. Mr. Mohammadali Ghorbani (corresponding author and also the last author) cheated the authors’ name: Alireza Heidari...The following article has been retracted due to the investigation of complaints received against it. Mr. Mohammadali Ghorbani (corresponding author and also the last author) cheated the authors’ name: Alireza Heidari and Seyedali Vedad. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and we treat all unethical behavior such as plagiarism seriously. This paper published in Vol.3 No.6 492-495, 2012, has been removed from this site.展开更多
Z-boson decay provides a good opportunity to search for theΞbQ baryon because a large number of its events can be collected at high energy colliders.In this paper,we perform a complete investigation of the indirect p...Z-boson decay provides a good opportunity to search for theΞbQ baryon because a large number of its events can be collected at high energy colliders.In this paper,we perform a complete investigation of the indirect production of theΞbc andΞbb baryons via the Z-boson decay process Z→Ξbo+b+Q with a Q=(c,b)quark under the NRQCD factorization approach.After considering the contibution from the diquark states(be)PSil3/6,<bc)[^(1)Sol3/6,(bb)[^(3)Sol6,and(bb)[3S1l3,the calculated branching fractions are B(Z-→Ξbe+X)=3.595×10^(-5)and B(Z→Ξbb+X)=1.213×10^(-6).Furthermore,theΞbe andΞbb production events are predicted to be of the order of 104 and 103 at the LHC collider,and the order of 107 and 106 for the CEPC collider.We then estimate the produc tion ratio for Z→c2(bb)→Ξbc+X withΞbc→Λ^(+)_(c)in Z-boson decay,that is,R(Z→cc→Ξ0bc+X)~0(10^(-6))br and R(Z→bb→Ξbc+X)~0(10^(-5)),respectively.Finally,we present the differential decay widths ofΞbc andΞbb with respect to 823 and z distributions and analyze the uncertainties.展开更多
Motivated by the experimental progress in the study of heavy baryons,we investigate the mass spectra of strange single heavy baryons in theλ-mode,using the relativistic quark model and the infinitesimally shifted Gau...Motivated by the experimental progress in the study of heavy baryons,we investigate the mass spectra of strange single heavy baryons in theλ-mode,using the relativistic quark model and the infinitesimally shifted Gaussian basis function method.We show that experimental results are well captured using the predicted masses.The root mean square radii and radial probability density distributions of the wave functions are analyzed in detail.Meanwhile,the mass spectra allow us to successfully construct the Regge trajectories in the(J,M^(2))plane.We also preliminarily assign quantum numbers to the recently observed baryons,includingΞ_(c)(3055),Ξ_(c)(3080),Ξ_(c)(2930),Ξ_(c)(2923),Ξ_(c)(2939),Ξ_(c)(2965),Ξ_(c)(2970),Ξ_(c)(3123),Ξ_(b)(6100),Ξ_(b)(6227),Ξ_(b)(6327),andΞ_(b)(6333).Finally,the spectral structure of strange single heavy baryons is discussed.Accordingly,we predict several new baryons that may be observed in forthcoming experiments.展开更多
The static properties and semileptonic decays of ground-state doubly heavy baryons are studied in the framework of a non-relativistic quark model.Using a phenomenological potential model,we calculate the ground-state ...The static properties and semileptonic decays of ground-state doubly heavy baryons are studied in the framework of a non-relativistic quark model.Using a phenomenological potential model,we calculate the ground-state masses and magnetic moments of doubly heavy Ω and Ξ baryons.In the heavy quark limit,we introduce a simple form of the universal Isgur-Wise function used as the transition form factor and then investigate the exclusive b→c semileptonic decay widths and branching fractions for 1/2→1/2 baryon transitions.Our obtained results are in agreement with other theoretical predictions.展开更多
In this study,we investigate possible molecular states composed of two charmed strange baryons from theΞ_(c)^((′,∗))Ξ_(c)^((′,∗))interaction and their hidden-charm hidden-strange partners from theΞ_(c)^((′,∗))Ξ...In this study,we investigate possible molecular states composed of two charmed strange baryons from theΞ_(c)^((′,∗))Ξ_(c)^((′,∗))interaction and their hidden-charm hidden-strange partners from theΞ_(c)^((′,∗))Ξ¯_(c)^((′,∗))interaction.With the aid of heavy quark chiral effective Lagrangians,the interactions of charmed strange baryons are described with light meson exchanges.The potential kernels are constructed and inserted into the quasipotential Bethe–Salpeter equation.The bound states are produced from most interactions considered,which suggests that strong attractions exist widely between the charmed strange baryons.Experimental search for these types of molecular states is suggested in future high-precision measurements.展开更多
This is essentially an update of Ref. [1] [H. Y. Cheng, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 24 (Suppl. 1), 593 (2009)], a review of charmed baryon physics around 2007. Topics covered in this review include the spectroscopy, stro...This is essentially an update of Ref. [1] [H. Y. Cheng, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 24 (Suppl. 1), 593 (2009)], a review of charmed baryon physics around 2007. Topics covered in this review include the spectroscopy, strong decays, lifetimes, nonleptonic and semileptonic weak decays, and electromagnetic decays of charmed baryons.展开更多
Up to now, the excited charmed and bottom baryon states have still not been well studied experimentally or theoretically. In this paper, we predict the mass of Ωb, the only L=0 baryon state which has not been observe...Up to now, the excited charmed and bottom baryon states have still not been well studied experimentally or theoretically. In this paper, we predict the mass of Ωb, the only L=0 baryon state which has not been observed, to be 6069.2 MeV. The spectra of charmed and bottom baryons with the orbital angular momentum L= 1 are studied in two popular constituent quark models, the Goldstone boson exchange (GBE) model and the one gluon exchange (OGE) hyperfine interaction model. Inserting the latest experimental data from the "Review of Particle Physics", we find that in the GBE model, there exist some multiplets (∑c(b), ≡c(b) and Ωc(b)) in which the total spin of the three quarks in their lowest energy states is 3/2, but in the OGE model there is no such phenomenon. This is the most important difference between the GBE and OGE models. These results can be tested in the near future. We suggest more efforts to study the excited charmed and bottom baryons both theoretically and experimentally, not only for the abundance of baryon spectra, but also for determining which hyperfine interaction model best describes nature.展开更多
The constituent quark model is used to compute the ground and excited state masses of QQQ baryons containing either c or b quarks.The quark model parameters previously used to describe the properties of charmonium and...The constituent quark model is used to compute the ground and excited state masses of QQQ baryons containing either c or b quarks.The quark model parameters previously used to describe the properties of charmonium and bottomonium states were used in this analysis.The non-relativistic three-body bound state problem is solved by means of the Gaussian expansion method which provides sufficient accuracy and simplifies the subsequent evaluation of the matrix elements.Several low-lying states with quantum numbers J^P=1/2^±,3/2^±,5/2^±and 7/2^+are reported.We compare the results with those obtained by the other theoretical formalisms.There is a general agreement for the mass of the ground state in each sector of triply heavy baryons.However,the situation is more puzzling for the excited states,and appropriate comments about the most relevant features of our comparison are given.展开更多
Using the one-boson-exchange model,we studied the possible existence of very loosely bound hidden-charm molecular baryons composed of an anti-charmed meson and a charmed baryon.Our numerical results indicate that the ...Using the one-boson-exchange model,we studied the possible existence of very loosely bound hidden-charm molecular baryons composed of an anti-charmed meson and a charmed baryon.Our numerical results indicate that the Σ c * and Σ c states exist,but that the Λ c and Λ c * molecular states do not.展开更多
CHARMED BARYONS Revised March 2012 by C.G. Wohl (LBNL). There are 17 known charmed baryons, and four other candidates not well enough established to be promoted to the Summary Tables.* Fig. l(a) shows the mass sp...CHARMED BARYONS Revised March 2012 by C.G. Wohl (LBNL). There are 17 known charmed baryons, and four other candidates not well enough established to be promoted to the Summary Tables.* Fig. l(a) shows the mass spectrum,展开更多
The loss of Baryonic Matter through Black Holes from our spatial 3-D Universe into its 4th dimension as Dark Matter, is used along with the Conservation of Angular Momentum Principle to prove theoretically the acceler...The loss of Baryonic Matter through Black Holes from our spatial 3-D Universe into its 4th dimension as Dark Matter, is used along with the Conservation of Angular Momentum Principle to prove theoretically the accelerated expansion of the 3-D Universe, as has already been confirmed experimentally being awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics. Theoretical calculations can estimate further to indicate the true nature of the acceleration;that the outward acceleration is due to the rotation of the Universe caused by Dark Energy from the Void, that the acceleration is non-linear, initially increasing from zero for the short period of about a Million years at a constant rate, and then leveling off non-linearly over extended time before the outward acceleration begins to decrease in a non-linear fashion until it is matched by the gravitational attraction of the matter content of 4D Space and the virtual matter in 3-D Vacuum Space. m = m(4D) + m(Virtual). The rotation of our 3D Universe will become constant once all 3D matter has entered 4D space. As the 3-D Universe tries to expand further it will be pulled inward by its gravitational attraction and will then keep on oscillating about a final radius r<sub>f</sub> while it also keeps on oscillating at right angles to the radius r<sub>f</sub> around final angular velocity ω<sub>f</sub>, until it becomes part of the 4-D Universe. The constant value of the Angular Momentum of our Universe is L = .展开更多
Most of the results published before 1975 were last included in our 1982 edition, Physics Letters 111B 1 (1982). Some further obsolete results published before 1984 were last included in our 2006 edition, Journal of...Most of the results published before 1975 were last included in our 1982 edition, Physics Letters 111B 1 (1982). Some further obsolete results published before 1984 were last included in our 2006 edition, Journal of Physics (generic for all A,B,E,G) G33 1 (2006).展开更多
We present the masses of N baryons up to 3300 MeV. The radial and orbital excited states are determined using hypercentral constituent quark model with the first-order correction. The obtained masses are compared with...We present the masses of N baryons up to 3300 MeV. The radial and orbital excited states are determined using hypercentral constituent quark model with the first-order correction. The obtained masses are compared with the experimental results and other theoretical predictions. The Regge trajectories are also determined in(n, M^2) and(J, M^2) planes. Moreover, the magnetic moments with J^p =(1^+/2,1^-/2) are calculated. We also calculates the Nπ decay width of excited nucleons.展开更多
文摘We show how the Koide relationships and associated triplet mass matrices can be generalized to derive the observed sum of the free neutron and proton rest masses in terms of the up and down current quark masses and the Fermi vev to six parts in 10,000. This sum can then be solved for the separate neutron and proton masses using the neutron minus proton mass difference derived by the author in a recent, separate paper. The oppositely-signed charges of the up and down quarks are responsible for the appearance of a complex phase exp(iδ) and real rotation angle θ which leads on an independent basis to mass and mixing matrices similar to that of Cabibbo, Kobayashi and Maskawa (CKM). These can then be used to specify the neutron and proton mass relationships to unlimited accuracy using θ as a nucleon fitting angle deduced from empirical data. This fitting angle is then shown to be related to an invariant of the CKM mixing angles within experimental errors. Also developed is a master mass and mixing matrix which may help to interconnect all baryon and quark masses and mixing angles. The Koide generalizations developed here enable these neutron and proton mass relationships to be given a Lagrangian formulation based on neutron and proton field strength tensors that contain vacuum-amplified and current quark wavefunctions and masses. In the course of development, we also uncover new Koide relationships for the neutrinos, the up quarks, and the down quarks.
文摘Based on the thesis that baryons including protons and neutrons are Yang-Mills magnetic monopoles which the author has previously developed and which has been confirmed by over half a dozen empirically-accurate predictions, we develop a GUT that is rooted in the SU(4) subgroups for the proton/electron and neutron/neutrino which were used as the basis for these predictions. The SU(8) GUT group so-developed leads following three stages of symmetry breaking to all known phenomenology including a neutrino that behaves differently from other fermions, lepto-quark separation, replication of fermions into exactly three generations, the Cabibbo mixing of those generations, weak interactions which are left-chiral, and all four of the gravitational, strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions. The next steps based on this development will be to calculate the masses and energies associated with the vacuum terms of the Lagrangian, to see if additional empirical confirmations can be achieved, especially for the proton and neutron and the fermion masses.
文摘The following article has been retracted due to the investigation of complaints received against it. Mr. Mohammadali Ghorbani (corresponding author and also the last author) cheated the authors’ name: Alireza Heidari and Seyedali Vedad. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and we treat all unethical behavior such as plagiarism seriously. This paper published in Vol.3 No.6 492-495, 2012, has been removed from this site.
基金Supported in part by the Natural Science Foundation of China (12265010)the Project of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education (KY[2021]030)
文摘Z-boson decay provides a good opportunity to search for theΞbQ baryon because a large number of its events can be collected at high energy colliders.In this paper,we perform a complete investigation of the indirect production of theΞbc andΞbb baryons via the Z-boson decay process Z→Ξbo+b+Q with a Q=(c,b)quark under the NRQCD factorization approach.After considering the contibution from the diquark states(be)PSil3/6,<bc)[^(1)Sol3/6,(bb)[^(3)Sol6,and(bb)[3S1l3,the calculated branching fractions are B(Z-→Ξbe+X)=3.595×10^(-5)and B(Z→Ξbb+X)=1.213×10^(-6).Furthermore,theΞbe andΞbb production events are predicted to be of the order of 104 and 103 at the LHC collider,and the order of 107 and 106 for the CEPC collider.We then estimate the produc tion ratio for Z→c2(bb)→Ξbc+X withΞbc→Λ^(+)_(c)in Z-boson decay,that is,R(Z→cc→Ξ0bc+X)~0(10^(-6))br and R(Z→bb→Ξbc+X)~0(10^(-5)),respectively.Finally,we present the differential decay widths ofΞbc andΞbb with respect to 823 and z distributions and analyze the uncertainties.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11675265,12175068)the Continuous Basic Scientific Research Project(WDJC-2019-13)+1 种基金the Leading Innovation Project(LC 192209000701)the Central Government Guidance Funds for Local Scientific and Technological Development of China(Guike ZY22096024)
文摘Motivated by the experimental progress in the study of heavy baryons,we investigate the mass spectra of strange single heavy baryons in theλ-mode,using the relativistic quark model and the infinitesimally shifted Gaussian basis function method.We show that experimental results are well captured using the predicted masses.The root mean square radii and radial probability density distributions of the wave functions are analyzed in detail.Meanwhile,the mass spectra allow us to successfully construct the Regge trajectories in the(J,M^(2))plane.We also preliminarily assign quantum numbers to the recently observed baryons,includingΞ_(c)(3055),Ξ_(c)(3080),Ξ_(c)(2930),Ξ_(c)(2923),Ξ_(c)(2939),Ξ_(c)(2965),Ξ_(c)(2970),Ξ_(c)(3123),Ξ_(b)(6100),Ξ_(b)(6227),Ξ_(b)(6327),andΞ_(b)(6333).Finally,the spectral structure of strange single heavy baryons is discussed.Accordingly,we predict several new baryons that may be observed in forthcoming experiments.
基金Supported by Kosar University of Bojnord(Grant No.0011191444)。
文摘The static properties and semileptonic decays of ground-state doubly heavy baryons are studied in the framework of a non-relativistic quark model.Using a phenomenological potential model,we calculate the ground-state masses and magnetic moments of doubly heavy Ω and Ξ baryons.In the heavy quark limit,we introduce a simple form of the universal Isgur-Wise function used as the transition form factor and then investigate the exclusive b→c semileptonic decay widths and branching fractions for 1/2→1/2 baryon transitions.Our obtained results are in agreement with other theoretical predictions.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11675228)。
文摘In this study,we investigate possible molecular states composed of two charmed strange baryons from theΞ_(c)^((′,∗))Ξ_(c)^((′,∗))interaction and their hidden-charm hidden-strange partners from theΞ_(c)^((′,∗))Ξ¯_(c)^((′,∗))interaction.With the aid of heavy quark chiral effective Lagrangians,the interactions of charmed strange baryons are described with light meson exchanges.The potential kernels are constructed and inserted into the quasipotential Bethe–Salpeter equation.The bound states are produced from most interactions considered,which suggests that strong attractions exist widely between the charmed strange baryons.Experimental search for these types of molecular states is suggested in future high-precision measurements.
文摘This is essentially an update of Ref. [1] [H. Y. Cheng, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 24 (Suppl. 1), 593 (2009)], a review of charmed baryon physics around 2007. Topics covered in this review include the spectroscopy, strong decays, lifetimes, nonleptonic and semileptonic weak decays, and electromagnetic decays of charmed baryons.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11175020,11575023,U1204115)
文摘Up to now, the excited charmed and bottom baryon states have still not been well studied experimentally or theoretically. In this paper, we predict the mass of Ωb, the only L=0 baryon state which has not been observed, to be 6069.2 MeV. The spectra of charmed and bottom baryons with the orbital angular momentum L= 1 are studied in two popular constituent quark models, the Goldstone boson exchange (GBE) model and the one gluon exchange (OGE) hyperfine interaction model. Inserting the latest experimental data from the "Review of Particle Physics", we find that in the GBE model, there exist some multiplets (∑c(b), ≡c(b) and Ωc(b)) in which the total spin of the three quarks in their lowest energy states is 3/2, but in the OGE model there is no such phenomenon. This is the most important difference between the GBE and OGE models. These results can be tested in the near future. We suggest more efforts to study the excited charmed and bottom baryons both theoretically and experimentally, not only for the abundance of baryon spectra, but also for determining which hyperfine interaction model best describes nature.
基金Supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M650617)National Natural Science Foundation of China(11535005,11775118)+2 种基金Spanish Ministerio de Economía,Industria y Competitividad under contracts no.FPA2017-86380-P and FPA2016-77177-C2-2-P.P.G.O.the financial support from Spanish MINECO’s Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación programmeGrant Agreement No.IJCI-2016-28525
文摘The constituent quark model is used to compute the ground and excited state masses of QQQ baryons containing either c or b quarks.The quark model parameters previously used to describe the properties of charmonium and bottomonium states were used in this analysis.The non-relativistic three-body bound state problem is solved by means of the Gaussian expansion method which provides sufficient accuracy and simplifies the subsequent evaluation of the matrix elements.Several low-lying states with quantum numbers J^P=1/2^±,3/2^±,5/2^±and 7/2^+are reported.We compare the results with those obtained by the other theoretical formalisms.There is a general agreement for the mass of the ground state in each sector of triply heavy baryons.However,the situation is more puzzling for the excited states,and appropriate comments about the most relevant features of our comparison are given.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (11175073,11075004,11021092,11035006,11047606,10805048)Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2009CB825200)+1 种基金Ministry of Education of China (FANEDD 200924,DPFIHE20090211120029,NCET NCET-10-0442)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(lzujbky-2010-69)
文摘Using the one-boson-exchange model,we studied the possible existence of very loosely bound hidden-charm molecular baryons composed of an anti-charmed meson and a charmed baryon.Our numerical results indicate that the Σ c * and Σ c states exist,but that the Λ c and Λ c * molecular states do not.
文摘CHARMED BARYONS Revised March 2012 by C.G. Wohl (LBNL). There are 17 known charmed baryons, and four other candidates not well enough established to be promoted to the Summary Tables.* Fig. l(a) shows the mass spectrum,
文摘The loss of Baryonic Matter through Black Holes from our spatial 3-D Universe into its 4th dimension as Dark Matter, is used along with the Conservation of Angular Momentum Principle to prove theoretically the accelerated expansion of the 3-D Universe, as has already been confirmed experimentally being awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics. Theoretical calculations can estimate further to indicate the true nature of the acceleration;that the outward acceleration is due to the rotation of the Universe caused by Dark Energy from the Void, that the acceleration is non-linear, initially increasing from zero for the short period of about a Million years at a constant rate, and then leveling off non-linearly over extended time before the outward acceleration begins to decrease in a non-linear fashion until it is matched by the gravitational attraction of the matter content of 4D Space and the virtual matter in 3-D Vacuum Space. m = m(4D) + m(Virtual). The rotation of our 3D Universe will become constant once all 3D matter has entered 4D space. As the 3-D Universe tries to expand further it will be pulled inward by its gravitational attraction and will then keep on oscillating about a final radius r<sub>f</sub> while it also keeps on oscillating at right angles to the radius r<sub>f</sub> around final angular velocity ω<sub>f</sub>, until it becomes part of the 4-D Universe. The constant value of the Angular Momentum of our Universe is L = .
文摘Most of the results published before 1975 were last included in our 1982 edition, Physics Letters 111B 1 (1982). Some further obsolete results published before 1984 were last included in our 2006 edition, Journal of Physics (generic for all A,B,E,G) G33 1 (2006).
文摘We present the masses of N baryons up to 3300 MeV. The radial and orbital excited states are determined using hypercentral constituent quark model with the first-order correction. The obtained masses are compared with the experimental results and other theoretical predictions. The Regge trajectories are also determined in(n, M^2) and(J, M^2) planes. Moreover, the magnetic moments with J^p =(1^+/2,1^-/2) are calculated. We also calculates the Nπ decay width of excited nucleons.